Kulendawo yebhizinisi elawula ngokushesha, umthetho ufeza indima eyisisekelo ekulolongeni indlela izinkampani ezisebenza ngayo, zincintisana ngayo, futhi zisebenzelana ngayo nomphakathi. Kusukela ekuqaleni kufike kwinhlangano enkulu yezizwe ngezizwe, ibhizinisi ngalinye kumelwe lisebenzise ulwembu oluyinkimbinkimbi lwemithetho elawulayo, izindleko ezisebenzayo, kanye nokusebenza okuthatha isikhathi eside. Ukuqonda ithonya lemithetho yezebhizinisi akuyona nje indlela yemfundo yemfundo ephambili, futhi kubaluleke kakhulu kubafundisi, abafundi bezezomnotho, abasunguli bezebhizinisi, abashicingi bemithetho, kanye nabahwebi ngokufanayo. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukucubukiswa okubanzi, okunelisayo, indlela imithetho ethinta ngayo imisebenzi yezebhizinisi, ukuhlola kokubili izinzuzo nemithwalo yokulalela, ukuhlola izimo zangempela ezimbonini zezezwe, futhi ukubukeka phambili kokuzimbonisa izinto ezikhona eminyakeni edlulile ukuvela kwezenyuko.

Ukuqonda Ukuvuselelwa Kwebhizinisi: Izisekelo Nemisebenzi Yefaramende

Umthetho webhizinisi uhlanganisa yonke imithetho, imithetho, kanye nemithetho ebekwe ohulumeni nezinhlangano ezilawulayo ezilawula imisebenzi yamabhizinisi. Izinjongo eziyinhloko zokulawula ukuvikela abathengi, ukuqinisekisa ukuncintisana okulungile, ukulondoloza ukuqina kwezomnotho, ukuvikela impilo yomphakathi nokuphepha, kanye nezinkulumo ezingaphandle ezinjengokungcola kwendawo ezungezile. Ukubuyiselwa kungavela endaweni, embusweni, ezweni, noma ezimisweni zomhlaba, nakububanzi bezinga kuyahlukahluka kakhulu kuye ngokwemboni, ukuma kwezwe, ukuma kwezwe, nangokomlando.

Izwe lanamuhla lokuqondisa liye lakhula kakhulu kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili leminyaka, liqhutshwa izenzakalo ezinjengezentengiselwano ezinkulu zokwehla kwemali, izinhlangano zendawo ezungezile, izinkinga zezimali, nokungahleleki kwezobuchwepheshe. Ngokwesibonelo, ukwakhiwa kweSikhungo sobuPhindi no-Exchange Commission (SEC) ngo-193434 kwaba ukusabela okuqondile ekuwohlokeni kwemakethe yezentengiselwano yemali ngo- 1929, ihlose ukubuyisela ukuqiniseka okungokokukhanya nokuqondisa. Ngokufanayo, i-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA) yasungulwa ngo-1970 ukuze ixazulule ukukhathazeka okukhulayo ngokungcola nempilo yomphakathi. Ukuqonda lo kuziphendukela kwemvelo kusiza ukuba kube nokubaluleka kokuthiseka kwemithetho yezente nanganye indlela abaqhubeka ngayo.

Izinhlobo Zemithetho Yebhizinisi

Imithetho ingahlukaniswa ibe ngezinhlobo eziningana ezibanzi, ngayinye ifeze injongo ehlukile futhi ithinte amabhizinisi ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene.

  • Imithetho engokomnotho - Lena ilawula ukungena nokuphuma kwemakethe, ipringing, ukukhiqizwa, nohlobo lwenkonzo. Izibonelo zihlanganisa izikhomishane zezenzuzo zomphakathi ezilawula amazinga kagesi, noma imithetho evimbela ukulawulwa kwemithetho eyodwa. Umthetho wezomnotho uvame kakhulu ezimbonini ezibhekwa njengezimonothi ezingokwemvelo, njengamanzi, igesi, kanye nezokuxhumana.
  • Imithetho engokomthetho - Igxile ekuvikeleni izithakazelo zomphakathi ezibanzi, lezi zihlanganisa izindinganiso zokuphepha emsebenzini (OSA), ukuphepha komkhiqizo wabathengi (CPSC), ukudla kanye nezidakamizwa (FDA), kanye nezimiso zendawo ezungezile (EPA). Izimiso zomphakathi zivame ukubiza izindleko eziqondile emabhizinisini kodwa ziveza izinzuzo ezinkulu zomphakathi.
  • Imithetho ephetheyo - Lawa abusa izici ezingokwesiko zokwenza ibhizinisi, njengokubika intela, ukufaka i-insula, ukugcina amarekhodi, nemibhalo yemisebenzi. Nakuba ingabonakali, iyisisekelo sokugcinwa kwasemthethweni futhi ingaba umthwalo omkhulu emabhizinisini amancane.

Izindikimba Eziyinhloko Nemishini Yesimiso

Emhlabeni wonke, izinhlangano eziningi nohlelo lwezobuchwepheshe lokwakha ibhizinisi. E-United States, i-Federal Trade Commission (FTC) imisa imithetho emelene nokuthembana nokuvikela abathengi, kuyilapho i-SEC iqondisa izimakethe zokuvikela izimali. I-General Data Protection Regial (GDPR) iye yaba i-parking yembulunga yonke yemininingwane yemininingwane yezindaba, ithinta noma iyiphi inkampane elawula imininingwane ye-EU. Ngokufanayo, i-Basel Accons imisa izindinganiso zebhange lezwe lonke ukuqinisekisa ukuqina kwezimali. Ukuqonda lemikhampane yezente esebenzela amabhizinisi asebenza ezindaweni eziningi, njengoba ukuvuma kudinga amasuntswodwa ezindawo ezizungezile ezisebenzela i-EU.

Ithonya Elihle Lokuvumelaniswa Kwemikhuba Yebhizinisi

Nakuba imithetho ivame ukugxekwa njengomthwalo, ibuye inikeze izinzuzo ezingalungiseka ezingathuthukisa imikhuba yebhizinisi, ukuthuthukisa izinto ezintsha, nokuqinisa izimakethe.

Isivikelo Sethengiselwano Nokwethenjwa

Enye yezindima eziyisisekelo kakhulu zokulawula ukuvikela abathengi emikhiqizweni eyingozi, emikhubeni yokukhohlisa, nasekutholeni ukwaziswa okunganembile. Ngokwesibonelo, izinqubo ze-FDA ezigunyaza ukudayiswa kwemithi ziqinisekisa ukuthi imithi iphephile futhi iyasebenza ngaphambi kokufika emakethe. Lokhu kwakha ukwethemba umphakathi, okuthi kamuva kusize amabhizinisi ahambisana nezindinganiso eziphakeme. Ukuhlola kwa 2019 kwe-OECD kwathola ukuthi amapulani anamandla okuvikela abathengi asebenza ngokuqiniseka okuphakeme nokusebenzisa imali, kubonisa ukuhleleka okungokomnotho emabhizinisini asebenza endaweni ezungezile ezungezile ehleliwe.

Ukuncintisana Okulungile Nokwethembeka Kwezentengiselwano

Izimiso ezilwa nokukhokha izivumelwano, njenge-Sherman Act ne-Clayton Act e-U.S., zivimbela ukuziphatha okumelene nokuncintisana okunjengokuvala intengo, ukuphola, nokuzingela i-prign. Ngokugcina izinga lokudlala, lemithetho ivumela izimboni ezincane ukuba zincintisane nezinkampani ezinkulu, zithuthukise izinhlobonhlobo nentuthuko. Ngaphandle kwalezi zikhungo, abadlali abanamandla bangavimbela ukuncintisana, kuholele entengo entengweni ephakeme nasekhetheni enciphileni enciphile. Imiphumela engcono iyabonakala emangxenyeni anjenge-temetammaternametic, lapho ukungenela kabusha kuphule khona izikhundlano ezinkulu, ukukhuthaza izinhlobonhlobo.

Ukuzivuselela Nokuphumelela

Ngokuphambene nombono wokuthi imithetho ivimbela ukusungulwa kwemisebenzi, imithetho ebekwe kahle ingayibhebhethekisa ngempela. Izindinganiso zokugunyaza embonini yezimoto, ngokwesibonelo, zisunduza abakhiqizi ukuba bathuthukise izinjini ezihlanzekile nobuchwepheshe obuxubile. Ngokufanayo, izimfuneko zempumelelo yamandla yemishini ziye zaqhubekisela phambili ekuklanyweni kwemisebenzi. Imithetho ihlela isisekelo sokwenza umsebenzi, ikhuthaza amabhizinisi ukuba ahlangabeze noma adlule izisulu, okungaphumela ezinzuzoni zokuncintisana nasemakelweni amabhizinisi amasha.

Izinselele Zokulinganisela: Izindleko Nezinkinga Eziyinkimbinkimbi

Naphezu kwezinzuzo, umthwalo ohambisana nomthetho ungokoqobo futhi ungaba makhulu kakhulu emabhizinisini amancane nawamancane. Ukuqonda lezinselele kubaluleke kakhulu kubenzi bezimiso abafuna imithetho elinganiselwe nasemabhizinisini akha amasu aphumelelayo okuthobela.

Izindleko Zemali Zokuncintisana

Ukunamathela ezimisweni ngokuvamile kudinga ukutshala imali eningi. Amabhizinisi kungadingeka aqashe izikhulu ezikhethekile ezilalelayo, athenge i-software entsha ukuze abike, afake izinhlelo zokuqeqesha, noma afake imishini ekhucululwayo ukuze ahlangabezane nezindinganiso zokuphepha. Ngokwe-S. Small Business Administration, izindleko ezilinganiselwa ku-R2 000 zikahulumeni kumsebenzi ngamunye ngo-2020 zazingaba amabhizinisi amancane, uma kuqhathaniswa nemali engu-R1 000 emafemu amakhulu (R1 000) kodwa njengenani lemali eh6 000 ehlawulo, umthwalo unzima kakhulu ezinto ezincane.

Umthwalo Onzima Nokuyinkimbinkimbi

Ukumisa indawo elawulayo ngokuvamile kudinga ulwazi olukhethekile lwezomthetho nobuchwepheshe. Kumnini bhizinisi omncane, oqonda imithetho yentela, imvume yendawo ezungezile, imithetho yezisebenzi, nezimfuneko zemboni ezingaqondakaliyo kungakhungathekisa. Umthamo omkhulu wemithetho //i-federal, isifundazwe, nezindawo zendawo, kuholele ekungangeni kwemithetho engokomthetho, ngisho nangezinhloso ezinhle. 201] Umbiko we-OELT [ uqokomisa ukuthi ukulawulwa kwemithetho kuyisithiyo enzima yohwebo, ikakhulukazi emagumbini alawulwa kakhulu njengezempilo nezezimali.

Izindleko Zokungaqiniseki Nokuzivumelanisa Nezimo

Ushintsho oluqhubekayo emithethweni ludala ukungaqiniseki okubangela ukuhlelwa kwezikhathi ezinde. Ngokwesibonelo, ukushintsha kwenqubo yendawo ezungezile noma imithetho yentela kungabangela ukuba ukutshala izimali esikhathini esidlule kuphelelwe isikhathi. Amabhizinisi kumelwe aqhubeke ehlola intuthuko yokulawula futhi avumelanise imisebenzi yawo ngokuvumelana nalokho, okudla isikhathi nemithombo yemali. Lokhu kuyinselele kakhulu ezimbonini ezibhekene noshintsho olusheshayo lwezobuchwepheshe, lapho imithetho ngokuvamile iphazamisa khona, ishiya amabhizinisi ezindaweni eziyingozi.

Umphumela Olawulayo Ngaphesheya Kwezimboni: Ukuhlola Icala

Ukuhlola izibonelo zangempela ezisezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene kwembula izindlela ezicacile zokulawula ibhizinisi elilawulayo zokwenza imisebenzi() kusukela ekushintsheni okuhambisana nokulalela kuya ekusunguleni izinto.

Izinkonzo Zezimali: Ngemva Kwenhlekelele Ka - 2008

Inkinga yembulunga yonke yezomnotho ka-2008 yabangela izinguquko ezinkulu ezingokomthetho, ikakhulukazi i-Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reformation and Consumer Protection Act e-United States kanye ne-Basel III e-sigqemeni yomhlaba wonke. Lezimiso zandisa izimfuneko zezimali, zagunyaza ukuhlolwa kokucindezeleka, futhi zadala i-Consumer Financial Protection Bureaue (CFPB) ukuze zengamele inqubo yokuboleka. Imali ebhange kakhulu izindleko zokukhokhwama kanye namasuntswana ebeke kakhulu. Nokho, iziqondiso zanciphisa izingozi zesimiso somphakathi futhi zabuyiselwa intengo yomthengi. Ngokwesilinganiso se-Federal Reserve, U. Izinhloko zebhange ziye zaphinda kabili inani lemali kusukela ngo 2008, zenza isimiso sezimali sincipheke kakhulu. Nakuba ezinye izibalo zokukhokhwasa amabhizinisi amancane, abanye baphawula ukuthi ukulondolozwa okubekwa ngemithetho kusungulwe isikhathi eside.

Ukunakekelwa Kwempilo: IHIPAA Nesivikelo Semininingwane Yeziguli

I-Heal Inshorensisment Portability and Accounting Act ka-1996 (HIPAA) emisiwe izindinganiso zezwe zokuvikela ukwaziswa okunesineke esizwela kwempilo. Kulabo abanakekela impilo, abaqinisekisi, nabasebenza nabo, i-HIPAA ukuvumelana kudinga izilinganiso eziqinile zemininingwane, ukuqeqeshwa kwezisebenzi, nokubekwa kwemithetho ye-protocolment. Izindleko zokungaphazamisi izindleko zingaba zikhulu, nezijezivuvuvu, nezijeziso ezisukela ku-R100 kuya ku-R150 000 (R150 000) ngokwephulwa. Nokho, umthetho uye waqhubela imboni yezigidi zemali emboni yezempilo engokwezempilo ne-software ye-software. Inze futhi kwangcono ukuthemba okunezeleka kakhulu kokusebenza kwezokusebenza kwempilo, okuthuthukisiwe ukusebenza nokusebenza. [FLD:0] Ukuhlolwa nge-FTC[FFFFF1] [FP1]]

Izindinganiso Zendawo Ezungezile: Ukushayela Ukulondoloza

Izimiso zendawo ezungezile, njenge-Ceac Air Act ne-Ceac Water Act in the U.S., kanye nezivumelwano zomhlaba wonke ezifana ne-Paris Tract, ziye zashintsha kakhulu ukukhiqizwa, ukukhiqizwa kwamandla, nokulawulwa kwemfucumfucu. Amabhizinisi aye athatha isinyathelo ngokufaka izindleko zesayensi eluhlaza, ukwamukela izimiso zezentengiselwano, izimiso zendawo ezungezile, nokubika izenhlalo, nokubusa (EG) kwe-millimeters. Ngokwesibonelo, ukushintshela kwezemishini yezimoto ezimotweni ezisebenzayo ezihambayo ezimotweni zikagesi (e - eV) kuye kwasheshiswa ngezindinganiso zezentengo yomnotho nemfutho yezentengo. Nakuba izindleko ze-EPA zibaluleke kakhulu, kulinganiselwa izindleko ezinkulu zokungcoliswa kokungcola komoya cishe izigidi ezingu-R36 000 000 000 000 000 (R3) ngonyaka, ngokwezinzuzo zezentengo ezindaweni zezendawo ezindaweni zezente, ngokwezivuvuvuvuvu ye-EPA.

Izindaba Zobuchwepheshe Nezokwaziswa: IGDPR neCCPA

I-European Union’s General Data Protection Reggation (GDPR), ephumelelayo yo-2018, iye yaba indinganiso yegolide yomhlaba wonke yezemininingwane. Ibeka imithetho eqinile ngendlela izinkampani eziqoqa ngayo, ezigcina, nezokuhlela imininingwane yazo, ngokukhokha imali efinyelela ku-4% yenguquko yomhlaba wonke. Ekuphenduleni kwayo, amabhizinisi aye athuthukisa imisebenzi yawo yokuphatha ukwaziswa, amiswa abaphathi bezokwaziswa, futhi asebenzisa imfihlo ngezimiso zemininingwane. I-Consunderly Ancy Act (CPAC) ilandela intelogo ehambisana ne-mfakethe yomthetho we-U.S. Nakuba intengo ekhotho ikhudlwa imali echithwa izigidigisa amanani futhi umthetho ukwandisa amalungelo abo okuthenga nokuthembana ezinkonzweni zobuchwepheshe. Izinkampani zezobuchwepheshe, GDR, zivelise futhi ziveza izimiso ezincintine zemali ezinamandla zokuphatha izinto ezibonisa ukukholisa izimali eziyimfihlo.

Ukulinganisela Ukuqondisa Nokukhula Kwebhizinisi: Izinyathelo Zokuphumelela

Uma kucatshangelwa indlela yokulawula ehlukene, qha qha, isivikelo nemithwalo ye-$(masheya) kanye nabenzi bezimiso ngokufanayo badinga amasu okulinganisela kahle. Umgomo awukho ukuqeda imithetho kodwa ukwenza ibe ehlakaniphile, ephumelelayo, nekwaziyo ukuyenza ihleleke.

Ukuhlaziya Izindleko Zokuhlelwa Kwesimiso Sokuqondisa

Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa iziqondiso ezintsha, ohulumeni basebenzisa izindleko zezindleko (CBA) ukuze bahlole imiphumela engokomnotho. Imibiko yeBhange leWorld Business yeBhange iPriving Comment iqokomise ukubaluleka kokulawula intuthuko yezomnotho. Kubaholi bezamabhizinisi, ukuqonda iCBA kusiza ekusekeleni imithetho elinganiswayo. Ukuhlanganyela ezinkathini zokukhulumela nohlolwa kwezemboni kuvumela amabhizinisi ukuba anikeze ukwaziswa ngezindleko ezivumelanayo futhi kusikisele izindlela zokuthuthukisa intuthuko ephansi.

Izinhlangano Zokungenela Ezincane Neziphakathi

Ukushaya indiva kunganciphisa umthwalo ngokuthatha indlela eqhubekayo, ehlelwe kahle. Lokhu kuhlanganisa:

  • Ukusebenzisa i - computer yokuqondisa i - autolator ebikayo nokulandelela.
  • Ukusebenzelana nama - professor anikeza isiqondiso esiqondisayo nesobuhlakani.
  • Ukugcwalisa indima yesikhulu esilalelayo, ngisho nengxenye yesikhathi, ekubekeni umthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko.
  • Ukusebenzisa amabhokisi aqondisayo nezinhlelo zokushayela izindiza ukuze kuhlolwe imikhiqizo emisha ezindaweni ezilawulwayo.
  • Izinhlelo zikahulumeni ezisizayo, njengemithombo yengcebo yeSBA yokusekela.

Amabhizinisi amancane aqala ukuthonya imisebenzi yawo akuthola kulula ukulinganisela, njengoba egwema ukufakwa kwemikhuba ebizayo engahambisani nemisebenzi yawo.

Indima Yezindinganiso Zokuzivumelanisa Nezokuhweba

Kwezinye izingxenye, amaqembu ezimboni asungula izindinganiso zokuzithandela eziphelelisa noma ezibekela umthetho kahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, iNhlangano yomhlaba wonke ye- Standardgamente (ISO) inikeza izisekelo zokuphatha inzuzo (ISO 9001) kanye nokuphatha indawo ezungezile (ISO 14001). Ukuzihlela ngokwako kunganciphisa isidingo semithetho kahulumeni yokubhalwa kusengaphambili, kuvumele amabhizinisi ukuba avumelane kakhudlwana kuyilapho esafuna imiphumela engokwenhlalo. Nokho, ukuzilawula kusebenza kangcono kakhulu uma kunemboni eqinile yokuzimela nokuziphendulela komphakathi; ngaphandle kwalokho, kungabangela ukuba uhulumeni angenele.

Ikusasa Lokubuyiselwa Kwebhizinisi

Amandla anamandla ahlukahlukene abuye ahleleke ngendlela eklanywa ngayo, enziwa futhi athotyelwe ngayo. Abaholi bamabhizinisi nabafundisi kumelwe bahlale behambisana nalemiqondo ukuze balungiselele ikusasa.

Ukushintsha Nokulungisa Inqubo

Njengoba imisebenzi yezebhizinisi ihamba kuyi-inthanethi, imithetho ihlela ukusingatha izinselele ze-meya eziyimfihlo, i-inthanethi, ubandlululo lwe-algoric, nokuhlakanipha kokwenziwa. I-European Union’s Arect Intelligence Act iyisibonelo sakuqala. Amakhampani kumelwe akhe izisekelo zokuvumelana ezikwazi ukusingatha izimfuneko ezintsha njengoba zivela. Ukukhula kobuchwepheshe bokubuyisela izimo ezisemzimbeni (Regtech) kunikeza amathuluzi okuhlola imishini esebenzelayo, kodwa futhi kusho ukuthi amabhizinisi kudingeka afake imishini emishinini ekwazi ukubhekana nezimfuneko ezintsha lapho ziphuma.

Ibhizinisi Lohwebo Oluningi Nezimpikiswano Eziningi

Ukuhwebelana kwezwe lonke, ukudlula kwemininingwane yemingcele, nokuthunyelwa kwezindawo ezinamaketanga embulunga yonke kusho ukuthi izinkampani ngokuvamile zibhekene nemithetho ebekwayo evela ezindaweni eziningi. Ngokwesibonelo, inkampani ye-software esekelwe e-U.S. esebenzela abathengi baseYurophu kumelwe ivumelane nayo yomibili imithetho ye-omshoshaphansi kahulumeni ne-GDPR. Lokhu kudala ubunkimbinkimbini nokungavumelani okungase kwenzeke. Imizamo yokulungisa i-Xermonation, njenge-Base Erosion and Intelligence Shifting (BEPS) iprojectal, injongo yokunciphisa ukuhlukanisa intela. Nokho, kuze kube yilapho amabhizinisi edinga iseluleko esiqinile esingokomthetho nezimiso zokuthobela ezingasingatha izimfuneko ezihlukahlukene.

Umthwalo Wemfanelo Wezenhlalo Nezindinganiso Zokuziphatha

Amathemba omphakathi ngokuphathelene nokuziphatha kwenkampani ayanda. Abathengi, abatshali bezimali, nezisebenzi bafuna kakhulu ukuba amabhizinisi asebenze ngokwezimiso zokuziphatha, ngokunenzuzo, nangokungaguquguquki. Nakuba ezinye zalezi zimfuno ziba yimithetho engokomthetho (njengesikhankaso esiphoqelelwe se-EU), ezinye zisenomthetho othambile noma izimiso ezingokwesiko. Izinkampani ezithatha izindinganiso eziphakeme zokuziphatha ngokuvamile zizithola zihamba phambili, zithola idumela nokuthola ukufinyelela emakethe. Ngokuphambene, lezo ezimelana nomthetho wokuzitika ezithengiselwayo noma ekugcineni eziwumthetho oweqikelele kakhulu kunaleyo owezezezimboni ezinkulu kakhulu.

Isiphetho

Ukubuyiselwa kuyithonya elingenakugwenywa nelethonya ebhizinisini lanamuhla. Kungavikela abathengi, kuthuthukise ubulungisa, ukusungulwa kwezimiso ezishayelelayo, futhi kuqinise izomnotho − kodwa futhi kuphoqelela izindleko zangempela kanye nezinkimbinkimbi ezibekela amabhizinisi inselele, ikakhulukazi amancane. Ukuqonda ithonya lemithetho emikhankasweni yebhizinisi kudinga umbono ocacile ovuma kokubili izinzuzo zayo kanye nemithwalo yayo. Njengoba indawo ezungezile elawulayo esemhlabeni iqhubeka iveza ukusabela kahle ekuhlelekeni kweze-redicial, izinkinga zemvelo, nokushintsha kwezindinganiso zomphakathi, ikhono lokusebenzisa imithetho ekhona ngokuphumelelayo liyohlala liyimpikiswa abaholi bebhizinisi. Abafundi nabafundi, behlola imithetho yabo yokuhlolwa kanye nezindlela zokubheka phambili. Ngokuzingela futhi ngokuthuthukisa inzuzo, ukuzuza inzuzo emabhizinisini, bangaguqula inzuzo esemthethweni