Table of Contents
Ukuqonda ukuhlukaniswa kwemithwalo yemfanelo phakathi kohulumeni bakahulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela imithetho nezinkonzo eziphathwa ngayo e-United States. Uhulumeni wamazwe ahlangene nezwe ngalinye lama-50 emasimini awo ahlukene, ukudala isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi sokubusa esithinta zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika. Lesiqondiso esiningilizayo sinikeza ukucaciswa okuningiliziwe kwendima eziyinhloko zesigaba ngasinye sikahulumeni, izisekelo zomthetho-sisekelo ezichaza lezindima, nendlela esebenza ngayo ndawonye ekukhonzeni abantu baseMelika.
Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo SobuFederalism
UFederalism uyilungiselelo lenhlangano elenza amazinga amabili kahulumeni ozimele ngokuqhathaniswa, ngalinye elinawo amandla okuthatha isinyathelo ngokuqondile ngenxa yabantu abanegunya elilinikwe umthetho-sisekelo wesizwe. Lesimiso saklanywa ngamabomu abasunguli ukuba bavimbele ukugxiliswa kwamandla kunoma iyiphi into eyodwa futhi bavumele ukubuswa okungasingatha kokubili izinkathazo zesizwe nezidingo zendawo.
Uhulumeni wezwe wase-United States wakhiwa amagatsha amathathu ahlukene: ukushaya umthetho, ukuphatha, nokwahlulela, anemibuso echazwa futhi yanikezwa uMthetho - sisekelo wase-United States, oye wasebenza ngokuqhubekayo kusukela ngoMarch 4, 1789.
ISichibiyelo Seshumi Namandla Agciniwe
Isisekelo segunya likahulumeni siseSichibiyelweni seshumi kuMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. Ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi kuMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., yonke imibuso ayinikezwanga uHulumeni we-Federal igcinelwe i-Estance nabantu. Lesi simiso simisa ukuthi yonke imibuso ayinikezwanga uhulumeni kahulumeni wombuso uMthetho-sisekelo, yakha lokho okwaziwa ngokuthi "imibuso egciniwe."
Loluhlobo lobukhosi obulinganiselwe (okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi "ubukhosi obuvamile" noma "ababusi abahlukene" ngolimi lomthetho-mthetho) lususelwa esiGuqulweni seshumi kuya kuMthetho-sisekelo, oqinisekisa ukuthi imibuso ilondoloza inkululeko ephawulekayo ekubuseni amasimu ayo kuyilapho iseyingxenye yesimiso sikahulumeni esikhulu.
Amandla Asembusweni Kahulumeni Kazwelonke
Uhulumeni usebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso samagunya adwetshiwe, okusho ukuthi angasebenzisa lawomandla anikezwa wona ngokuqondile nguMthetho - sisekelo. Ingxenye 8, lezi zihlanganisa imibuso yokuqoqa nokuqoqa izintela; ukukhokha imali nokulawula inani layo; ukunikeza isijeziso sokushaya amahhovisi eposi nemigwaqo, ukusungula izimvume, ukwakha izinkantolo ezigunyazweyo ezingaphansi kweNkantolo Ephakeme, ukulwa nezigebengu, ukumemezela impi nokusekela amabutho, nokunikeza imikhumbi yempi, nokunikeza imithetho yemithetho yezwe neyabasemuva, ukunikeza, ukumiswa kwengalo nesiyalo, ukusetshenziswa kwemithetho ekhethekile eSifundeni saseColivini saseColini, izikhulu zezohwebo, nokukhipha imithetho edingekayo efanelekile ukuze kusetshenziswe imibuso engokomthetho.
Imithwalo Yemfanelo Kahulumeni Ozimele
Uhulumeni kahulumeni usingatha izindaba ezithinta lonke izwe futhi ezidinga izindinganiso zesizwe ezifanayo. imithwalo yawo yemfanelo ihlanganisa imisebenzi eminingi ebucayi imibuso ngayinye engenakukwazi ukuyisingatha ngokuphumelelayo.
Ukuzivikela Kwezwe Nemisebenzi Yezempi
Ukuze kulungiselelwe ukuvikela abantu okuvamile, uhulumeni kahulumeni ungaphakamisa amabutho futhi usekele futhi umemezele impi. UMthetho-sisekelo ubeka ukuzivikela kwesizwe ezandleni zikahulumeni kahulumeni, ne-Agament II, iSigaxa sesibili sibiza umongameli ngokuthi isikhulu sezempi sase-U.S. namabutho ezwe, noma onogada besizwe.
Indima kamongameli njengomphathi-nhloko ibalulekile. Umongameli usebenza njengomphathi we-ī-in-in Admid Forcess wase-United States, okusho ukuthi umongameli uqondisa indlela izikhali zempi ezizosetshenziswa ngayo, lapho kuthunyelwa amabutho nalapho kuthunyelwa khona imikhumbi. Leligunya lezempi elisenkabeni liqinisekisa ukuthi lihlela ukuzivikela kwesizwe futhi livimbele izingxabano phakathi kwamazwe ezindabeni zempi.
Ukusetshenziswa Kwemithetho Yakwamanye Amazwe Nobuhlobo Bomhlaba Wonke
Uhulumeni umelela izithakazelo zesizwe kwamanye amazwe, umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu njengoba amazwe ehlangana kakhulu esimisweni sanamuhla sezizwe zonke. UMthetho-sisekelo uhlukanisa igunya lokwenza isimiso sangaphandle phakathi kwamagatsha emithetho nezikhulu, kanye noMnyango woMbuso ukulondoloza inxanxathela yezinhlangano emazweni omhlaba wonke ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukamongameli.
Lomthwalo wemfanelo okhethekile kahulumeni uqinisekisa ukuthi iUnited States ikhuluma ngezwi elilodwa ezindabeni zomhlaba wonke, ivimbela ukudideka nezingxabano ezingase zivele uma amazwe ahlukahlukene ayengaqhuba ubuhlobo bawo bezinye izizwe.
Ukusebenzelana Nezwe Nezentengiselwano Zakwamanye Amazwe
Igatsha lemithetho lenza yonke imithetho, limemezela impi, lilawula ezentengiselwano zamazwe ahlukene nakwamanye amazwe futhi lilawula ukukhokhwa nokusetshenziswa kwezimiso.
Ukuze kulungiselelwe inhlalakahle yabantu, uhulumeni kahulumeni ungakhokha intela, uboleke imali, ulawule ezentengiselwano zamazwe ahlukene nakwamanye amazwe, futhi uvikele amalungelo empahla.
Ukulawula Imali Nezomnotho
Uhulumeni kahulumeni ulondoloza ukulawula okukhethekile kwemali yesizwe nesimiso semali. Ngaphansi kwe-Theats of Confederation, izifundazwe zingashicilela imali yazo, eyaholela ezinxushunxushu zezomnotho, ishukumisela oFata Abasungulayo ukuba balwe nalezizinkinga ngokudala imali yesizwe futhi bayibeke ngaphansi kokulawula kukahulumeni.
NgokweSiphakamiso I, iSigaxa 8 soMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S., uMkhandlu unegunya lokukhokha izintela ze - levy, imisebenzi kanye nezikhungo zokuqoqa imali ukuze kukhokhelwe izikweletu zezwe, ungaboleka imali futhi ulawule kokubili ezentengiselwano zomhlaba wonke nezihlangene, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, unamandla okunyathelisa noma ukukhokha imali, futhi ulawula inani layo.
Izisekelo Nezinkonzo Zesizwe
Ukuhlanganiswa kwesizwe nobunye kukhuthazwa ngamandla kahulumeni ngaphezu kokukhokha imali, ukusungula imvelo, izinkonzo zeposi, neminye imithwalo yemfanelo. Uhulumeni umisa futhi ugcine izimiso ezihlanganisa sonke isizwe, kuhlanganise nenkonzo yeposi, izimiso zemvume nezokugunyaza, kanye nezimiso zemigwaqo emikhulu kahulumeni.
Izinhlelo Zomphakathi Neziqu Zamagama
Uhulumeni uphethe izinhlelo ezinkulu zezenhlalo ezinikeza izinzuzo kubantu baseMelika ezweni lonke. Lezi zihlanganisa i-Social Security, enikeza izinzuzo zomhlalaphansi nezikhubazeko; iMedicare, enikeza abagugile nabakhubazekile abathile umshuwalense wempilo; neMedicaid, enikeza ukunakekelwa kwempilo kubantu abathola imali encane nemikhaya, nakuba amazwe efeza indima ebalulekile ekuqondiseni izinhlelo zeMedicaid.
Lezi zinhlelo ziqinisekisa izinga eliphansi lokusekela umphakathi kuzo zonke izifundazwe, zivimbela ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kwezinkonzo ezibalulekile ezisekelwe kuphela endaweni umuntu ahlala kuyo.
Ukufuduka Nokuzivuselela Kwemvelo
Uhulumeni kahulumeni unegunya elikhethekile ngenqubo yokufuduka nenqubo yokuguqula imvelo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukunquma ukuthi ubani ongangena ezweni, ngaphansi kwezimo, isikhathi abangahlala kuso, nezimfuneko zokuba isakhamuzi sase-U.S. Lokhu kulawula okusemqoka kuqinisekisa izindinganiso ezifanayo zokufuduka kuwo wonke amazwe.
Imithetho Yendawo Ezungezile
Nakuba imibuso futhi inemithwalo yemfanelo yendawo ezungezile, uhulumeni kahulumeni ubeka izindinganiso zesizwe zokuvikela indawo ezungezile, ikakhulukazi ezimpikiswaneni ezidlula imingcele yombuso njengomoya namanzi, isivikelo sezilwane ezisengozini, nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
Imithwalo Yemfanelo Kahulumeni
Ohulumeni bagxila ezindabeni ezisemingceleni yabo futhi banegunya elikhulu lokusingatha izidingo zansuku zonke zezakhamuzi zabo. Ohulumeni boMbuso banamandla amaningi ahlanganisa amandla okumisa nokugcina uhulumeni wendawo, amandla okulawula ezentengiselwano phakathi kwezwe, amandla okukhokha intela nokusebenzisa imali, amandla okulawula ukusetshenziswa kwezwe nemithombo yemvelo engaphansi kwemingcele kahulumeni, namandla okwakha nokumisa imithetho yezwe.
Izimiso zemfundo
Ohulumeni baseMelika banomthwalo wemfanelo oyinhloko wemfundo, ukuthuthuka kwezomnotho, izakhiwo zokuhamba, imithetho ethile yendawo ezungezile, nokusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo zokusekela iholo. Imfundo iwumthwalo wemfanelo kahulumeni obaluleke kakhulu, onezimo ezinquma izinga lezifundo, izimfuneko zokufundisa, izinqubo zokuxhasa isikole, nezimiso zemfundo.
Ohulumeni boMbuso banikeza imfundo, beqondisa yonke into kusukela enkulisa kuya esikoleni esiphakeme.
Ukuphepha Komphakathi Nomthetho Ophoqelelwayo
Imibuso nohulumeni bendawo banikeza isivikelo nokulondeka.amazwe alondoloza izinhlangano zawo eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho, kuhlanganise namaphoyisa kahulumeni noma amaphoyisa asemigwaqweni emikhulu, futhi amisa imithetho yobugebengu echaza lokho okuwubugebengu obungaphansi kwegunya lawo nezijeziso zokwephula umthetho.
Icala lokugqekeza eColorado liyoqulwa futhi linqunywe ezinkantolo zikahulumeni zaseColorado kusetshenziswa imithetho kahulumeni waseColorado, futhi amacala amaningi aqulwa ezinkantolo zikahulumeni, hhayi ezinkantolo zikahulumeni. Lokhu kubonisa indlela amazwe asingatha ngayo izindaba eziningi zobugebengu nezomthetho.
Izakhiwo Zokuhamba
Izwe linomthwalo wokwakha nokugcina izakhiwo zezokuhamba ezisemingceleni yalo. Imigwaqo emikhulu ihlukaniswa phakathi kwezinga ezintathu ezihlukene, izifundazwe eziningi zihlukanisa imigwaqo ngokwezinga eliyinhloko, elesibini, nelendawo, isimiso esinqumayo ukuthi isifundazwe, isifundazwe, noma ohulumeni bendawo kumelwe bakhokhele futhi balondoloze imigwaqo.
Izifunda eziningi zineminyango yezinto zokuhamba, eqondisa futhi iqondise izinto zokuhamba zasenyakatho, eqondisa yonke into kusukela okwakhiwani kwemigwaqo kuya ezimisweni zokuthutha zomphakathi nokubhaliswa kwezimoto.
Ukushintsha Amalambu Nokushintsha Kobuchwepheshe
Izwe linikeza abashayeli amalayisensi, futhi livumela ukuba basebenzise indawo ethile. Ngaphandle kwezincwadi zokushayela, kulawula imisebenzi eminingi, idinga ilayisense yodokotela, abameli, othisha, izazi zesayensi yokwakha, kanye nezinye izazi eziningi. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi odokotela bahlangabezana nezindinganiso ezincintisanayo futhi bavikela ukuphepha komphakathi.
Umthetho Womkhaya Nobuhlobo Basekhaya
Izwe linegunya elikhethekile ezindabeni zomthetho womkhaya, kuhlanganise nezemishado, isehlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwabantwana, ukutholwa, nefa.
Isakhiwo Nezwe Kusetshenziswa Ukuvuselela Imvelo
Izindawo zilawula amalungelo empahla, ukuthengiselwa kwezindawo nendawo nendawo ezungezile, nokusetshenziswa kwezindawo ezisemingceleni yazo. Zimisa imithetho elawula indawo ekhona, nezimiso zendawo ezungezile ezilawula indlela indawo engathuthukiswa futhi isetshenziswe ngayo. Amazwe futhi aphatha imithombo yemvelo emasimini awo, kuhlanganise namalungelo amanzi, ukukhiqizwa kwamaminerali, kanye nokunakekelwa kwezilwane zasendle.
Ukuvumelana Nomthetho Webhizinisi Nomthetho Ogunyaziwe
Amazwe alawula amabhizinisi asebenza emikhawulweni yawo, kuhlanganise nokumisa izinkampani, ukukhipha amalayisense ebhizinisi, nokumisa imithetho yokuvikela abathengi. Umbuso ngamunye unomthetho wawo wezezinkampani, okuyisizathu esenza ukuba amabhizinisi amaningi akhethe ukuzihlanganisa ezifundazweni ezinezimo ezinhle zebhizinisi njengeDelaware.
Izinkonzo Zempilo Nempilo Yomphakathi
Amazwe anendima enkulu empilweni yomphakathi, eminyangweni yezempilo kahulumeni, eqondisa izikhungo zokunakekela impilo, eqondisa ochwepheshe bezempilo, futhi elawula izimo eziphuthumayo zezempilo zomphakathi. Amazwe ahlela nezinhlelo eziningi zempilo zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nezingxenye eziyinhloko zeMedicaid, futhi angamisa imishuwalense yawo siqu yempilo.
Ukukhetha Nokusakaza
Nakuba uMthetho - sisekelo umisa uhlelo lokhetho lukahulumeni, izifundazwe zinegunya elikhulu lokuqhuba ukhetho, kuhlanganise nokumisa izimfuneko zokuvota, ukunquma izindawo zokuvota, ukuqondisa ukuvota kwasekuqaleni nokuphuma kwevoti, nokuqinisekisa imiphumela yokuvota.
Isakhiwo Sikahulumeni Kahulumeni
Ukuqonda indlela ohulumeni bezwe abahlelwe ngayo kuyasiza ekucaciseni indlela abafeza ngayo imithwalo yabo yemfanelo.
Igatsha Eliphethe Uhulumeni
Igatsha eliphethe kuwo wonke amazwe liholwa umbusi okhethiwe. UMbusi uphethe uhulumeni futhi angakhonza unyaka emibili noma emine, nakuba amagama e-gabernerator eyiminyaka emine kunoma isifundazwe, i-Sobhusayithi, kanye nesifundazwe, ngaphandle kwe-New Hampshire neVermont enamagalelo amabili.
Njengabaholi bakahulumeni, oMbusi bathuthukisa futhi baphishekele izimiso nezinhlelo ezintsha ezibukeziwe besebenzisa amathuluzi ahlukahlukene, phakathi kwabo kusetshenziswa amathuluzi ahlukahlukene, iziyalezo zokuqondisa iziphathimandla, izimali zokusetshenziswa kwemithetho, nezihlongozo zokushaya umthetho, nanjengezikhulu zikahulumeni, abaHluleli basebenza njengobuhlobo obuphakathi kohulumeni kahulumeni olwela umbuso.
Izifunda eziningi zinomphathi ophethe ngobuningi, lapho amalungu amaningana ayinhloko egatsha eliphethe ekhethwa ngokuqondile abantu futhi ekhonza khona kanye nombusi, kuhlanganise namahhovisi kambusi (ngokuvamile ethikithi elihlangene nombusi) nommeli - jikelele, unobhala - jikelele kahulumeni, abazwayo (noma abaqondisi noma abalawuli), abagcini bezimali, abaphethe ikhomishane yezolimo, ummeli noma umphathi wezemfundo, nomphathi womshuwalense.
Igatsha Elingokomthetho LoMbuso
Igatsha lomthetho likahulumeni lihlanganisa abameleli abakhethiwe balesosifundazwe, abanezifunda ezisebenzisa isimiso se-bamaral, okusho ukuthi umbuso ngamunye unamakamelo amabili okumisa, njengesimiso somthetho kahulumeni. Okuhlukile yi-Nebraska, enesishaya-mthetho esine-uncameral.
Leligatsha likahulumeni wezwe linomthwalo wemfanelo wokwakha umthetho wezwe ongaba umthetho kazwelonke futhi ukuvumela uhlelo lwemali nomthetho wentela kahulumeni nokuqalisa. Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni ziyahlukahluka kakhulu endleleni ehlelwe ngayo nasemsebenzini, kanye nokuhlangana konyaka wonke kanye nokunye okuhlangane ezimisweni ezilinganiselwe kuphela.
Igatsha Lokwahlulela LoMbuso
Igatsha lokwahlulela ezifundazweni eziningi linenkantolo yokugcina ebizwa ngokuthi iNkantolo Ephakeme elalela izikhalo ezinkantolo zikahulumeni eziphansi. Igatsha lombuso lokwahlulela yilelo simiso senkantolo kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nabaphathi beNkantolo Ephakeme, neNkantolo Ephakeme kahulumeni ebhekisa phezulu igatsha lokwahlulela lombuso.
Amagatsha okwahlulela kahulumeni ngokuvamile aholwa inkantolo ephakeme yezwe, ezwa izikhalo ezinkantolo zikahulumeni ezisezingeni eliphansi, ezinezinkantolo nezinqumo zokwahlulela/izimemezelo ezinqunywe ngomthetho noma umthetho kahulumeni, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme igxile ekulungiseni amaphutha enziwe ezinkantolo eziphansi futhi ngaleyondlela ingaqulwanga, lapho kukhishwa izinqumo ezingokomthetho eziyinhloko; kodwa, lapho kuphakanyiswa imibuzo ngokuphathelene nokuvumelana neU.S.S., iMithetho - sisekelo, ingadluliswa ngokuqondile eNkathini Ephakeme yase-United States.
Imithwalo Yemfanelo Ehlanganyelwayo Namandla Akhona
Imisebenzi eminingi kahulumeni idinga ukubambisana phakathi kohulumeni bakahulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni. Amandla ahlangene angamandla ahlanganyelwa uhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni nohulumeni bakahulumeni, njengamandla entela nokumisa izinkantolo.
Ukukhokha Intela
Bobabili ohulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni banamandla okukhokha izintela zentela kubantu ngabanye nasemabhizinisini. Uhulumeni uqoqa intela yeholo, intela yentela ebhaliswayo, nokukhipha intela, kuyilapho imibuso ingaphoqa intela yeholo, intela yokuthengisa, izintela zempahla, kanye nentela ehlukahlukene. Lesimiso sokukhokha intela sivumela kokubili amazinga kahulumeni ukuba akhokhe imisebenzi nezinkonzo zawo.
Ukuphoqelelwa Komthetho Nobulungisa Besigebengu
Ukugcinwa komthetho kusebenza ngamazinga amaningi, nezinhlangano zikahulumeni ezinjenge - FBI, i - DEA, ne - ATF zisingatha ubugebengu obudlula imingcele kahulumeni noma obuphula umthetho kahulumeni, kuyilapho amaphoyisa ombuso nawomphakathi esingatha ubugebengu obusezindaweni zawo. Izinhlangano eziphoqelelwe zomthetho nohulumeni ngokuvamile zibambisana ekuhloleni nasekusebenzeni, ikakhulukazi ezindabeni ezinjengokushushumbisa izidakamizwa, ubugebengu obuhleliwe, nobuphekula.
Isivikelo Sendawo Ezungezile
Isivikelo sendawo ezungezile sidinga ukuhlanganiswa kohulumeni bakahulumeni bakahulumeni bezwe nohulumeni. uhulumeni kahulumeni umisa izindinganiso zendawo ezungezile eziyisisekelo ngezinhlangano ezinjenge-EPA, kuyilapho imibuso ingasebenzisa lezizindinganiso futhi imise izimfuneko eziqinile. Izwe futhi lilawula izinhlelo zalo zendawo ezungezile ezimayelana nezimpikiswano ezinjengokuhlanzeka kwamanzi, ukungcola komoya, kanye nokulawulwa kwemfucumfucu.
Izakhiwo Zokuhamba
Ezindaweni eziningi, izifundazwe zinendima enkulu kodwa futhi zihlanganyela umthwalo wemfanelo wokuphatha kohulumeni bendawo nohulumeni. Uhulumeni kahulumeni unikeza izimali zemigwaqo emikhulu ephakathi kwezifunda zezwe futhi umisa izindinganiso zokuphepha, kuyilapho imibuso yakha futhi ilondoloza imigwaqo, amalayisense okushayela, nokuphoqelela imithetho yezimoto. Ohulumeni bendawo baphatha imigwaqo yamadolobha kanye nezimiso zokuthutha zomphakathi.
Izinyathelo Zokuqala Empilweni Yomphakathi
Impilo yomphakathi ihilela wonke amazinga kahulumeni. uhulumeni uqhuba ukucwaninga, unikeza izimali, futhi uhlela ukusabela ezinkingeni zempilo zesizwe ngezinhlangano ezinjengeCDC neNIH, izifundazwe eziphethe iminyango yezempilo, izikhungo zezokwelapha zelayisense nochwepheshe, futhi usebenzise nezinhlelo zezempilo zomphakathi. Iminyango yezempilo yendawo inikeza izinkonzo eziqondile emiphakathini.
Ukuqondisa Inhlekelele Nokusabela
Njengesikhulu esiphethe, oMbusi banomthwalo wemfanelo wokuqinisekisa isifundazwe sabo ngokufanele ngezinhlekelele eziphuthumayo nezingazo zonke izinhlobo nobukhulu, lapho kunezimo eziphuthumayo nezinhlekelele eziningi ezisingathwa endaweni, futhi bambalwa abadinga isimemezelo senhlekelele kamongameli noma bakhange imithombo yezindaba yomhlaba wonke, nokho oMbusi kumelwe balungele izenzakalo zosuku oluza kushubayo − footornate, izikhukhula, imililo yamandla, izimboni, nezinto eziyingozi ezichitheka ngesilinganiso sobhadaka lwe - CHOVID, i - Hurringle Katrina, noma ukuhlasela kwamaphekula ngoSeptember 11.
Uhulumeni kahulumeni unikeza imithombo yesimo, ukubambisana, nokusekela izinhlekelele ezinkulu nge - FEMA, kuyilapho amazwe elondoloza izinhlangano zawo siqu zokuqondisa isimo esiphuthumayo futhi eqondisa ukusabela kwendawo.
Izinkonzo Zomphakathi Nezinhlelo Zenhlalakahle
Kuwo 1990, uMkhandlu wanikeza iziphakamiso ezivelele ngezinhlelo zenkokhelo ephansi kahulumeni ngokubavumela ukuba bamise izimfuneko ezifanele kanye nezimiso zosizo zesikhashana zosizo lwe-Implicio for Needy Families (TANF). Izinhlelo eziningi zenkonzo yezenhlalo zihilela ukuxhasa kwezwe nezindawo zikahulumeni, zivumele amazwe ukuba avumelane nezinhlelo nezidingo zendawo kuyilapho egcina izindinganiso zesizwe.
Ukuziphendukela Kwesigaba Somphakathi
Ukulinganisela kwamandla phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni kuye kwashintsha kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, okubonisa ukushintsha kwezinto eziza kuqala ezweni nezincazelo zegunya lomthetho - sisekelo.
Inkathi yokusakaza yangemva
ISichibiyelo seshumi siqinisa lesi simiso: "Igunya elinganikezwanga i-United States nguMthetho-sisekelo, noma elenqatshelwe yiwo, ligcinelwe izifundazwe, noma abantu." Khona - ke, amandla oMbuso ayevikelwe hhayi ngamandla ombuso avikelayo, kodwa ngokulinganisela ikhono likahulumeni ukuba athathe isinyathelo endaweni yokuqala.
Ushintsho Lwempi Yangemva Kwempi
UFederal washintsha ngemva kweMpi Yombango, iRepublicans eMkhandlwini we-Eighth emisa iSichibiyelo seshumi nantathu, isusa amandla emibuso ukuze iphoqelele ubugqila phakathi kwemingcele yayo. Kulenkathi kwakhula kakhulu amandla kahulumeni phezu kwemibuso, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene namalungelo omphakathi.
Inhlangano Entsha Yezohlobo Lwemali
INkantolo I yachaza iSiphakamiso I ukuba sinikeze uMkhandlu amandla okulawula ngokuphelele umsebenzi wezomnotho wamazwe angaphandle othinta kakhulu ezentengiselwano zamazwe angaphandle, futhi ngenxa yokuthi ukwanda nokubaluleka kwezomnotho zesizwe kwakuwudlule kakhulu umbono wezentengiselwano zamazwe angaphansi kwezwe ezaziphethwe abasunguli, amandla okulawula noma yini ethinta ezentengiselwano zamazwe ahlukahlukene ilingana namandla okulawula cishe yonke into, okusho ukuthi uhulumeni wezwe manje ungalawula ezindaweni ezazibuswa yimibuso kuphela.
Uhulumeni Wanamuhla
Ngokwenqubo, ubuhulumeni buye banda futhi bancipha kusukela lapho kusungulwa, futhi ubuhlobo bezwe nohulumeni belokhu buncintisana, futhi ubuzwe bunezigaba ezine ezihlukene phakathi nenkathi ezine ezihlukene emlandweni wethu womthetho-sisekelo: i-post-Foounding, iMpi yangemva kweCivil, i-New Deal, futhi kusukela eRehnquist Court kuze kube namuhla.
Ama - check Nezinga Phakathi Kohulumeni Bomhlaba NoMbuso
Isimiso sikahulumeni sihlanganisa nezindlela zokuhlola isilinganiso ngasinye sikahulumeni ukuze kuhlolwe amandla esinye, kugcinwe ukulinganisela kwesimiso sikahulumeni.
Uhulumeni Uhlola Amandla Awokubusa
Umbuso uhlukanisa phakathi kwezinga (eliphakathi kwezwe nezwe) namagatsha (abezomthetho, awezomthetho, nabaphathi) uvikela ekusetshenzisweni kabi kwamandla agxilwe kunoma yiliphi izinga noma igatsha, ohulumeni bezwe besebenza njengenhlolo - vo enkulu ezinhlanganweni zesizwe.
Izwe linegunya elingokomthetho lokunqanda izifiso zikahulumeni kahulumeni: ukunqaba ukuguqula u-U.S. umthetho-sisekelo, ukumangalela uhulumeni kahulumeni noma ukubekela imithetho kahulumeni inselele enkantolo, nokumisa imithetho kahulumeni ngendlela esekela izimiso ezibekwe emithethweni yombuso.
Ukuhlolwa Kwamandla Ombuso
I - Supremacy Claus igomela ngokuthi umthetho kahulumeni uthatha indawo yokuqala kunomthetho kahulumeni lapho kunengxabano, okusho ukuthi uma umthetho kahulumeni uphikisana nomthetho kahulumeni, umthetho kahulumeni uyanqoba, uqinisekisa isisekelo esingokomthetho esifanayo esizweni sonke, esibaluleke kakhulu ekulondolozeni ukuhleleka nokungaguquguquki ekubuseni.
Uhulumeni kahulumeni ungasebenzisa futhi amandla awo okusebenzisa ukuze athonye isimiso sikahulumeni ngokuhlobanisa izimo ezivumelwaneni zikahulumeni, futhi izinkantolo zikahulumeni zingashaya imithetho kahulumeni ephula uMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S.
Indima kahulumeni wendawo esimisweni sokuhlola
Nakuba uhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni nohulumeni bezwe behlanganyela amandla ngezindlela eziningi, uhulumeni wendawo kumelwe unikezwe umbuso. ohulumeni bendawo bakhona njengezidalwa zikahulumeni kahulumeni wombuso futhi basebenzise leyomibuso abayinikwe umbuso wabo kuphela.
Ngokuvamile ohulumeni bendawo bahlanganisa izitezi ezimbili: izitezi, ezaziwa nangokuthi ama - borough e - Alaska nanjengezifunda zaseLouisiana, namasipala, noma amadolobhana, namazwe athile ahlukanisa izifunda - zwe zibe amalokishi, futhi akhiwe ngezindlela eziningi, njengoba kuchazwa imithetho - sisekelo kahulumeni, futhi ebizwa ngokuthi, amalokishi, amadolobha, noma amadolobhakazi ahlukahlukene.
Ngokuvamile ohulumeni banomthwalo wemfanelo wokunakekela amapaki nezinkonzo zokuzilibazisa, iminyango yezomlilo, izinkonzo zezindlu, izinkonzo zokwelapha eziphuthumayo, izinkantolo zikamasipala, izinkonzo zokuhamba (kuhlanganise nezinto zokuthutha zomphakathi), nemisebenzi yomphakathi (izitimela, amapayipi, amapayipi endle, ukususwa kweqhwa, izimpawu, nokunye).
Umphumela WobuFalisti Ekuphileni Kwansuku Zonke
AmaMelika amaningi axhumana nsuku zonke nohulumeni bawo bendawo kunakuhulumeni kahulumeni, neminyango yamaphoyisa, imitapo, nezikole — ingasaphathwa eyokuxhumana kwamaphepha - mvume okushayela namathikithi okupaka izimoto — ngokuvamile kuwela ngaphansi kohulumeni bendawo.
Isimiso sikahulumeni sithinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika. Uma uvuka ekuseni, usesekhaya elingaphansi kwemithetho yokwakha yendawo. Amanzi owaphuzayo alawulwa yizindinganiso zendawo nezindawo ezizungezile zombuso. I-transport yakho ihlanganisa imigwaqo elondolozwe ngumbuso nohulumeni bendawo, ebhaliswe uhulumeni, ulandela imithetho yezimoto egunyazwe namaphoyisa endawo. Emsebenzini, uvikelwa yimithetho yezezwe nemithetho yezemisebenzi yombuso nemithetho yokuphepha yomsebenzi kahulumeni.
Izingane zakho ziya ezikoleni ezibuswa ngokuyinhloko yiziphathimandla zendawo, nakuba zingaphansi kwezimfuneko ezithile zikahulumeni. Ukudla okudlayo kuhlolwa ngaphansi kwemithetho ewuhulumeni ne-omscheni wokuphepha kokudla kahulumeni. Impilo yakho ilawulwa amabhodi agunyaza uhulumeni nezinhlangano zikahulumeni. Ngisho nomhlalaphansi wakho uthonywa yizinhlelo ze-social Security neMedicare, okunezelwa yimithetho kahulumeni yempesheni nomshuwalense.
Izinzuzo Zesimiso Somphakathi
Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso phakathi kohulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni kunikeza izinzuzo eziningana ezibalulekile:
Ukuvuselela Isimiso Nokuzama
Amazwe asebenza njenge "imisebenzi yentando yeningi," lapho izinqubo ezintsha zingahlolwa khona ngezinga elincane ngaphambi kokuba zamukelwe ngokwesizwe. Ukusungulwa okuphumelelayo kukahulumeni ezindaweni ezinjengokunakekelwa kwempilo, imfundo, kanye nesivikelo sendawo ezungezile ngokuvamile kuthonya isimiso sikahulumeni futhi kwamukelwa ezinye izifundazwe.
Amakhambi Agciniwe Ezidingo Zendawo
Izwe lingasungula izimiso ezibonisa izimo zalo, izindinganiso, nentando yalo. Okusebenza emadolobheni anabantu abaningi kungase kuhluke kuleyo imisebenzi ezindaweni zasemaphandleni zezolimo.
Amaphuzu Amaningana Okuthola Izakhamuzi
Izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela nohulumeni ngamazinga ahlukahlukene, amathuba andayo okuhlanganyela kwezombangazwe futhi zenze uhulumeni athathe isinyathelo ngokwengeziwe ezinkathazweni zendawo.
Isivikelo Ekuhlukumezeni
Amandla ahlukanisayo phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni bamazwe avimbela ukugxiliswa ngokweqile kwegunya kunoma iyiphi inhlangano eyodwa. Lokhu kusakaza amandla kwenza kube nzima kakhulu nganoma isiphi isici esisodwa ukuba sibuse sonke isimiso sezombangazwe.
Izinselele Zesimiso Somphakathi
Nakuba uhulumeni unikeza izinzuzo eziningi, unikeza nezinselele ezithile:
Ukuyinkimbinkimbi Nokudideka
Imithwalo yemfanelo ehambisanayo yohulumeni bakahulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni ingadala ukudideka ngokuthi yiliphi izinga likahulumeni elinecala ngalokho. Izakhamuzi zingase zingazi ukuthi zingayaphi ukuze zithole izinkonzo ezithile noma ukuthi zingazisingatha kanjani izinkinga ezithile.
Ukungalingani Kwamazwe Ngaphesheya Kwamazwe
Ukuvumela imibuso ukuba imise izinqubo zayo kungaholela ekuhlukahlukaniseni okukhulu kwezinkonzo, amalungelo, nesivikelo kuye ngokuthi umuntu uhlalaphi. Amazwe acebile angase abe nezinkonzo ezingcono kunezwe elimpofu, futhi amalungelo avikelwe kwelinye izwe angase angaqashelwa komunye.
Izinkinga Zokuvumelana
Ukuxazulula izinkinga ezibhekene nezindawo ezibuswa uhulumeni noma ezidinga ukuhlanganiswa kwesizwe kungaba yinselele uma amazwe enezimiso ezihlukene nezinto eziza kuqala ezihlukile.
Ukuwohloka Nokwaneliseka
Ukuba namazinga amaningi kahulumeni kungaholela ekukhiqizweni kwezinkonzo nasekungasebenzeni kwezobuphathi. Abakhokhi bentela bangaxhasa izinhlelo ezifanayo kokubili emazingeni kahulumeni nakahulumeni, futhi ukuba yinkimbinkimbi kwezikhulu kunganciphisa ukwenza izinqumo.
Umehluko Oyinhloko Endleleni Ohulumeni Bombuso NoMbuso Abasebenza Ngayo
Ngaphandle kwemithwalo yabo yemfanelo engafani, ohulumeni bakahulumeni nohulumeni bahlukile endleleni abasebenza ngayo:
Izimboni Zesakhelo Zomthetho - sisekelo
Umbuso ngamunye unomthetho - sisekelo wawo olotshiwe, futhi ngokuvamile lamaphepha anemininingwane eminingi kakhulu kuneminye yawo kahulumeni, ngokwesibonelo, anoMthetho - sisekelo wase - Alabama, onamagama angu - 310 296 — aphindwe izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka - 40 kuMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S.. uhulumeni ngokuvamile uba nemithetho - sisekelo ebanzi futhi ibe nemininingwane eminingi kune - United States Constitution, enemithetho - sisekelo kahulumeni ngokwesilinganiso ephindwe kane njengoMthetho - U.S., futhi ubuye umise ukuhlaziya imithetho yawo yemithetho - sisekelo ephindwe kaningi kakhulu kune - U.S.S.
Imishini Eqondile Yentando Yeningi
Ezifundeni eziningi, abantu bangafeza imisebenzi yemithetho ngokuqondile, nalezizindlela ezivame ukudinga inani elithile lezisayino esicelweni, ngemva kwalokho i-collet ibekwe evoti yevoti ebanzi. Lezi zinqubo zihlanganisa ukuthatha isinyathelo, i-arendendum, futhi ikhumbula, ezingatholakali ezingeni likahulumeni.
Igunya Eliningi
Uhulumeni kahulumeni ungasebenzisa amandla awunikezwa nguMthetho-sisekelo kuphela, kuyilapho amazwe enawo wonke amandla okulawula impilo, ukulondeka, nenhlalakahle yezakhamuzi zawo. Lomehluko oyisisekelo usho ukuthi izifunda zinegunya elibanzi emasimini awo kunalelo uhulumeni kahulumeni kahulumeni ophethe ezweni lonke.
Ukuqonda Amalungelo Nemithwalo Yakho Yemfanelo
Njengesakhamuzi saseMelika, usebenzelana nohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni futhi unamalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo kuwo womabili la malungelo:
Amalungelo Nemithwalo Yemfanelo
UMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S. nemithetho kahulumeni kuqinisekisa amalungelo athile kubo bonke abantu baseMelika, kuhlanganise nenkululeko yokukhuluma, yenkolo, neyokuhlangana; ilungelo lokuvota okhethweni lukahulumeni; nesivikelo ekucwaseni. Imithwalo yemfanelo kahulumeni ihlanganisa ukukhokha izintela zikahulumeni, ukuvumelana nemithetho kahulumeni, nokukhonza emajaji kahulumeni lapho ebizwa.
Amalungelo KaHulumeni Nemithwalo Yemfanelo
Imithetho - sisekelo yoMbuso inikeza amalungelo nesivikelo esengeziwe, okungaba yisivikelo esikhulu kakhulu kunesivikelo sikahulumeni kodwa okungenakuba okuvikela kancane amalungelo aqinisekiswe uMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S. Imithwalo yemfanelo yoMbuso ihlanganisa ukukhokha izintela zikahulumeni, ukuvumelana nemithetho kahulumeni, ukuthola amalayisense kahulumeni adingekayo, nokuhlanganyela okhethweni lukahulumeni nokhetho lwendawo.
Imithombo Yemfundo Ethé Xaxa
Ukuqonda ukuhlukaniswa kwemithwalo yemfanelo kahulumeni nombuso kuyinqubo eqhubekayo. Imithombo eminingi ingakusiza ukuba ufunde okwengeziwe ngendlela uhulumeni asebenza ngayo:
- Iwebhusayithi engokomthetho USA.gov inikeza ukwaziswa okuningi ngezinkonzo zikahulumeni kanye nezinhlelo zikahulumeni
- Iwebhusayithi kahulumeni wakho esemthethweni inikeza imininingwane ngemithetho, izinkonzo, nezinhlangano zikahulumeni ezicacisiwe
- [[QUL:0] Izinqolobane zesizwe zinikeza ukutholakala kokusungula amabhukwana nokwaziswa okungokomlando ngohulumeni waseMelika
- Imitapo yezincwadi yendawo ngokuvamile inikeza imithombo ephathelene nezimiso zikahulumeni nokuhlanganyela komphakathi
- Izinhlangano zemfundo ze - “bivic ” zinikeza ukwaziswa okungezona ezangaphandle ngendlela uhulumeni osebenza ngayo
Isiphetho
Ukwahlukana kwemithwalo yemfanelo phakathi kohulumeni bezwe nohulumeni kumelela esinye sezici ezihluke kakhulu zesimiso sezombangazwe saseMelika. Uhulumeni wamazwe uhlanganyela ubukhosi nezwe ngalinye lama - 50 emasimini awo, ekha isimiso esinamandla esilinganisela ubunye besizwe nenkululeko yendawo.
Uhulumeni usingatha izindaba zokukhathazeka kwesizwe − i-defen, inkambiso yakwamanye amazwe, ezentengiselwano zamazwe angaphandle, nemali (ezinye izikhathi izifundazwe zilawula imfundo, ukuphepha komphakathi, ezokuthutha, nezomthetho womkhaya. Imithwalo yemfanelo eminingi, kuhlanganise nokukhokhwa kwentela, ukugcinwa komthetho, ukuvikelwa kwendawo ezungezile, kanye nempilo yomphakathi, kuyahlanganyelwa phakathi kwawo womabili amazinga kahulumeni.
Lesimiso siye savela ngokuphawulekayo kusukela ekusungulweni, lapho ukulinganisela kwamandla kushintsha ukusabela ezimpikiswaneni ezingokomlando, izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme, kanye nezidingo zesizwe ezishintshayo. Naphezu kwezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngobukhulu obufanele begunya likahulumeni nohulumeni, isimiso sikahulumeni siyaqhubeka sinikeza uhlelo lokusingatha kokubili izinselele zezwe nezinkathazo zendawo.
Ukuqonda ukuthi ubani owenza lokho okuye kwanika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela ngokuphumelelayo nohulumeni wazo, ukwazi ukuthi zingazifunela kuphi izinkonzo, futhi zihlanganyele ngokunenzuzo ezimisweni zentando yeningi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi usebenzelana nenxusa likahulumeni noma umnyango kahulumeni, wazi ukuthi iliphi izinga likahulumeni elisingatha imithwalo yemfanelo elikusiza ukuba ulawule isimiso futhi usebenzise amalungelo akho njengesakhamuzi.
Njengoba uhlangana nezinkonzo zikahulumeni ezihlukahlukene ekuphileni kwakho kwansuku zonke, khumbula ukuthi lokhu kuhlukana okuyinkimbinkimbi kwemibuso kwaklanyelwe ngamabomu ukuvikela inkululeko, ukuvimbela ubushiqela, futhi kuvumele ukubusa okungasingatha kokubili izidingo ezivamile zabo bonke abantu baseMelika kanye nokukhetha okuhlukahlukene kwezifunda nezindawo. Isimiso sombuso sisalokhu siphila, sisusa isimiso esisakheka esisakha isimo sentando yeningi yaseMelika nokuphila kwabo bonke ababiza i-United States ngokuthi ikhaya.