Kumphakathi wentando yeningi, ikhono lezakhamuzi lokuthonya ngokuqondile umthetho liyisisekelo sokuthembisana komphakathi. Izindlela zomthetho kanye nama-astendendum zingamathuluzi amabili anamandla kakhulu asiza ukuba lokhu kuhlanganyela ngokuqondile. Nokho, lezi zinqubo zingaba yinkimbinkimbi futhi zivame ukungaqondwa. Lesi sihloko sinikeza isiqondiso esibanzi sokuqonda izinyathelo zokulawula nokuhlola, ukuhlukanisa kwazo, ukubaluleka kwazo, nezindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokufundisa izakhamuzi ngazo. Ngokuthuthukisa ulwazi olujulile lwalezi zindlela, singaqinisa ukuhlanganyela kwentando yeningi futhi siqinisekise ukuthi wonke amavoti ayiyo efundiswa.

Ziyini Izinyathelo Zokuqala Zezibhamu?

Isinyathelo sokuvota inqubo evumela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlongoze imithetho emisha noma ukulungisa umthetho-sisekelo ngokuqondile, ngaphandle kokungena ngomthetho-mthetho. Lendlela idlulisela isilinganiso esithile sokusebenza kwezikhulu ezikhethiwe kubantu, yenza ukuba izinhlangano zotshani zikwazi ukusingatha izindaba ezingase zinganakwa yisishaya-mkhuba. Uma nje isicelo sisayinwe ngokwanele, isicelo sibekwa phezu kwe-collat ukuze ivote yomphakathi.

Izinhlobo Zokuqalisa Kwebhola

  • I-Directtives:[ Umthetho ohlongozwayo noma ukubuyiselwa kubekwa ngqo e-colot ngemva kokuba kuqoqwe inani elidingekayo lezisayithi. U Voters unquma umphumela esitembweni esisodwa sokhetho. Lena indlela evame kakhulu ezifundeni njenge California ne-Arizona.
  • Izinyathelo ezingaqondile: Isilinganiso esihlongozwayo sibekwa kuqala kumthetho wendlu yomthetho. Uma isishaya-mthetho simisa, inqubo iyaphela. Uma isishaya-mthetho senqaba noma singathathi nyathelo, isilinganiso siya kuvota umphakathi. Lendlela isetshenziswa ezizweni ezinjengeMaine neMassachusetts.

Izibonelo Zezwe Langempela Zezinyathelo Zokuqalisa Zebhola

Izindlela zokuthatha ibhola ziye zalungisa izinqubo ezindabeni ezisukela ekubhalisweni kwensangu esemthethweni kuya ekubekeni intela. Ngokwesibonelo, intela yempahla yase California eyaziwa kakhulu 13 (1978) ibangela ukuvukela kwentela ezweni lonke. Muva nje, izikhulu zikaColorado noWashington ziye zasebenzisa izinyathelo zokuthatha izinyathelo zokubhalisa i-mjaho ngokusemthethweni. Lezi zibonelo zibonisa indlela ukuthatha izinyathelo zokulawula imithetho lapho abamisi-mthetho bephuza ukwenza okuthile.

Ziyini Izinhlayiya?

I-apetrandium ivoti eqondile evotiwe yi-votentium eqenjini elithile lomthetho noma ukulungiswa komthetho-mthetho osewudlulisiwe kakade yisishaya-mthetho. Ngokungafani nenyathelo lokuqala, i-apendum isuka ngokwezenzo zikahulumeni kunokuba isicelo sezakhamuzi. Ama-referendendum asebenza njenge-chezu emandleni omthetho, avumela abavoti ukuba bavume noma balahle imithetho ngaphambi kokuba isebenze.

Izinhlobo Zezinhlayiya

  • [ I-Referendendum elawulayo: Ifunwa ngumthetho wezwe ngezinhlobo ezithile zomthetho, njengokulungisa komthetho-mthetho, izimpikiswano zesibopho, noma izinguquko kuhulumeni. Abaqondisi kumelwe bavume lezi zinyathelo ukuze babe umthetho.
  • Advisory Referendium: Ivoti engabopheki ehlola umbono womphakathi empikiswaneni ethile. Nakuba imiphumela ingaphoqelelwa ngokomthetho, ivame ukuthonya izinqumo zemithetho. Ama-arhente avamile endaweni yemibuzo enjengokushintsha indawo noma ukuchitha izinto eziza kuqala emphakathini.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwe - Referendem

Izifundazwe eziningi zidinga i-apendium ebophekile kunoma yisiphi isici somthetho-mthetho esihlongozwe yisishaya-mthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-2020, abavoti beMississippi benza i-paremen eklanyweni yefulege elisha ngemva kokuba isishaya-mthetho sisuse ifulege elidala. I-astendendum yanikeza izakhamuzi iphimbo eliqondile elibonisa ukuthi zikhona. Kwezinye izimo, abavoti baye basebenzisa ama-asendementum ukuze bavimbele imithetho engathandwayo, enjengomthetho omelene nentela.

Umehluko Oyinhloko Phakathi Kwezindlela Zokuqalisa Ze - ballot Nezimpondo

Nakuba la mathuluzi amabili enza izakhamuzi zivote ngokuqondile, umsuka nezinjongo zawo kuhlukile kakhulu.

  • Elingenayo: izinyathelo eziyizakhamuzi-driven; ama-tempendum ngu-driven kahulumeni.
  • [[NTP:0]Purpose: Izinyathelo zokwakha imithetho emisha; ama-astendium ayavumelana noma alahle imithetho ekhona.
  • 'i-actives: idinga ukuqoqwa kophawu; ama-astendendum avame ukubangelwa yisenzo somthetho.
  • [Control:[ izinyathelo zidlula isishaya-mthetho; ama-astendendum asebenza njengesehlo somthetho.

Zombili lezi zinqubo zikhona cishe ezindaweni zase-U.S., ezinezimfuneko ezingafani, ukusakazeka kwendawo, nemibandela elinganiselwe. Ukuze unyukele kakhulu ezingeni eliphansi lombuso, i- National Conference of State Legislatures inikeza iziqondiso zezwe ezibanzi zezwe-testance.

Okwenza Imfundo Yezakhamuzi Ibaluleke

Ukufundisa izakhamuzi ngezindlela zokukhetha nokuthatha ama-asendem akuyona nje into engcono yomphakathi; kuyimfuneko yentando yeningi esebenzayo. Uma abavoti bengafundile, bathambekele kakhulu ekuthumeleni imiyalezo yomkhankaso odukisayo futhi cishe abathathi hlangothi nhlobo. Nazi izizathu eziyinhloko ezenza imfundo ibaluleke.

Ukunikwa Amandla Ngolwazi

Ukuqonda indlela yokusebenzisa izinyathelo zokuthatha isinyathelo kanye nama-athodendium kunika izakhamuzi ezivamile amandla okushayela ushintsho. Umvoti ofundile uyazi ukuthi akudingeki ukuba alinde ukuba isishaya-mthetho sithathe isinyathelo. Bangaqala isicelo, baqoqe izigqwino, futhi bafake impikiswano ku-collem. Lolwazi luguqula izihloko ezingenzi lutho zibe yizingxenye ezikhuthele.

Ukudlulisela Izinqumo Ngolwazi

Izindlela zebhola zivame ukubhalwa ngolimi oluminyene olungokomthetho, lwenze kube nzima ukuhlukanisa ngaphandle komongo. Imfundo isiza abavoti ukuba babone ngalé kokuluma umsindo. Bangahlola izitatimende ze-fiscal ethinta umsindo, baqonde imiphumela ka "yebo" noma "no" ukuvota, futhi baqaphele ukuthi ubani oxhasa imali umkhankaso ngamunye. Abavoti abakwazi ukuthotshiswa yizikhangiso ezingokomzwelo futhi cishe bacabangele imiphumela emizuzwaneni emide.

Ukuhlanganyela Okuqinile Komphakathi

Lapho izakhamuzi ziqonda izinhlelo zentando yeningi eziqondile, zithambekele kakhulu ekuxoxeni ngezindaba nomakhelwane, emahholo amadolobha, nasemikhankasweni yokuzithandela. Lengxoxo yakha inhloko - dolobha yezenhlalo futhi ikhuthaza umuzwa wokuba nomthwalo wemfanelo womphakathi.

Izindlela Zokufundisa Izakhamuzi

Ayikho indlela engcono kakhulu yokufundisa izakhamuzi ngama - ballentation nama - arendendum.

Izikole Zomsebenzi Nemibuthano

Izenzakalo ezihambisana nezenzakalo ziseyithuluzi elinamandla lemfundo yomphakathi. Izindawo zomtapo, izikhungo zomphakathi, nezikole zingathola amashabhu akhululekile achaza inqubo yokuqala ne-astendium ngenqubela-nyaka. Izingxenye ezisebenzayo, njengemibuzo yokudlala ye-collam noma i-Q&A, zisiza abathatha ingxenye ukuba basebenzise lokho abakufundayo. Izindawo ezifana ne- i-League of Women Voters[ ngokuvamile zinikeza izikhulu eziqeshiwe nempahla engekho ngxenye.

Imicebo Yasezingosini Zokuxhumana Nemikhankaso Yezinombolo

Ama-website, imithombo yezokuxhumana, nama-apps ahamba-hamba kungafinyelela izibukeli ezingase zingabe khona ezinsukwini ezilandelayo. Iwebhusayithi enikezelwe enezincazelo ezilula, amavidiyo, kanye neziqondiso ezilayishayo isebenza njenge-24/7. Imikhankaso yezezokuxhumana ngokusebenzisa amavidiyo amafushane noma ama-menutures kungafingqa amaphuzu ayinhloko kanye nokuhamba ngemoto ukuze ikwenze kube nokuningi. Amathuluzi anjenge- Directus[ avumela izinhlangano ukuba zilawule futhi zilungise kahle le mfundo, igcine inqola ukunelisa okunemba okunelisayo nokungeneyo ngamapulatidi amaningi obuchwepheshe.

Ukudlondlobala Kwesikole Neyunivesithi

Izifundo zokuthatha amafomu nokufaka ama-asendium ezifundweni zesikole zidala isizukulwane sabavoti abanolwazi. Amakilasi e-Civips angasebenzisa izifundo zecala kukhetho lwamuva, angenza abafundi bathathe izinyathelo zokugcona, noma bahlaziye amafacekisi emali emali egciniwe. Izinhlelo zokuthuthukisa iyunivesithi zinganikeza izifundo ezingezona ezezikhawulo zesikole kubantu abadala abafuna ukujulisa ukuqonda kwabo.

Imikhumbi - mkhathi Neziqondiso Zemithombo Yezindaba

Amaphephandaba endawo, iziteshi zomsakazo, nethelevishini yomphakathi kungaveza iziqondisi ezingakhethi eziphula isilinganiso ngasinye sokuvota. Isiqondiso esihlelwe kahle zihlanganisa isibhaxa sokuvota esisemthethweni, isifushaniso solimi olucacile, izimpikiswano, nohlu lwabasekeli abakhulu nabaphikisi. Lezi ziqondiso ziwusizo kakhulu kubavoti abahlangana okokuqala egumbini lokuvota.

Izinselele Ezakhamuzini Ezifundile

Naphezu kwezinhloso ezinhle, imfundo yomphakathi ibhekene nezithiyo eziningana ezingase zilethe amandla ayo.

Ukwaziswa Okuningi Nokungaqondi

Kulenkathi yamahora angu-24 ezindaba nezokuxhumana, izakhamuzi zihlaselwa ngokwaziswa. Kungaba nzima ukuhlukanisa imithombo enokwethenjelwa kulabo abanohlelo. I-Misformation isakazeka ngokushesha, ikakhulukazi phakathi nemikhankaso eshisayo. Othisha kumelwe banikeze okuqukethwe okucacile, okuqondiswe iqiniso okungalawuleki ngomsindo. Ukusebenzisa isimiso sokuqondisa okuhleliwe kusiza ukulondoloza ukungaguquguquki nokwethembeka.

Ukwenezelwa Kwezombangazwe

Uma ukuhlukana kwezombangazwe kujulile, ngisho nemfundo yomphakathi engathathi hlangothi kungabhekwa ngokunyenyiswa. Eminye imiphakathi ingamelana nezifundo ezibona ziwubandlululo. Isivikelo esingcono kakhulu ukuba sobala: yisho ngokucacile isimo esingabandlululwayo sokwaziswa, ukhombe imithombo eminingi, futhi uhlanganise imibono ehlukene. Ukubambisana nezinhlangano zendawo ezithenjwayo kungasiza futhi ukuhlukanisa.

Ingcebo Elinganiselwe Futhi Ifinyelele

Izifunda zesikole eziningi namaqembu omphakathi aswele imali exhasayo noma izisebenzi zokusungula izinhlelo zemfundo yomphakathi ezibanzi. Izindawo zasemaphandleni nezingatholi mali ephansi zigcinwe kakhulu. Imali yohlobo lweGrant, izinhlangano zokuzithandela, namathuluzi akhululekile awezobuchwepheshe angasiza ekuvaleni igebe. Izinto zokufundisa ezivulekile zivumela izinhlangano ukuba zihlanganyele futhi zivumelane nokwaneliseka ngaphandle kokulungisa isondo.

Ulimi Oluyinkimbinkimbi Olungokomthetho

Izindlela zebhola zibuthwa abameli futhi ngokuvamile zisebenzisa umshini wobuchwepheshe. Ngisho nabavoti abafuna ukutshelwa bangase balwele ukuqonda ukuthi yini abavota ngayo. Indinyana efushanisiwe yolimi olucacile nezinsiza mehlo ibalulekile. Ezinye izigodlo manje zidinga "iziqu zomdlalo" ne "amabhayithili" ukuze zibhalwe ezingeni lokufunda eliphakathi nesikole, kodwa umbhalo osemthethweni oyisisekelo uhlala uminyene. Othisha kumelwe babhale leligebelele ngezincazelo ezicacile.

Indima Yezobuchwepheshe Nemishini Yezinombolo

Izobuchwepheshe zingandisa imizamo yemfundo yomphakathi ngezindlela ezazingenakwenzeka eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, amasiteji emishini akwenza kube lula ukwakha, ukusakaza nokuvuselela izinto ezikuwo. Zivumela ukuba kusetshenziswe imishini ebonisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zihileleke kuphi ngempela.

Izimiso Zokuqondisa Okuqukethwe Zemfundo Yenzuzo

Isimiso sokuphatha okuqinile (CMS) njengo-Fractus uvumela othisha ukuba bakhe indawo eqinile yezinto zokufundisa. Nge-CMS, amaqembu angaphatha izihloko, amavidiyo, amaphepha ezithombe, nemibuzo ehambisanayo evela ebhodini elilodwa. Okuqukethwe kungachazwa ngesihloko, izinga lobunzima, noma isifundazwe, okwenza kube lula ngabasebenzisi ukuthola lokho abakudingayo. Ukulawula inguqulo kuqinisekisa ukuthi ulwazi oluphelelwe yisikhathi alukaze lukhishwe.

Amathuluzi Okuxhumana Nezifanekiso

Izihlahla ezixhumanisayo noma amathikithi okudlala anganika abasebenzisi indawo ephephile abangayisebenzisa. Ngokwesibonelo, ithuluzi "I-Ballot Builner" lingavumela abasebenzisi bakhethe indlela abazothatha ngayo impikiswano yokuzingela bese babona izinyathelo ezidingekayo ukuze baguqule lowo mbono ube yinyathelo lokuqala. Izimpawu ezifana nalezi zakha ukuqiniseka futhi zisuse lenqubo.

Ukufunda Izinto Ezitholakala Emthonjeni Wezokuxhumana Nezokuxhumana Nezilokazane

Amasiteji ama-video amafushane ayasebenza ekufinyeleleni abavoti abasebasha. Umchazi wama-60-second wendlela yokuthola inqubo yokuqala kahulumeni wakho angaqeda izinkulungwane zemibono. Ukuhlanganisa lamavidiyo axhumene nemithombo ejulile kudala ifanela yokufunda. Ukulinganisa kwemicrowiling progreess. $Microgening/ukwazisa ukwaziswa eziqwini ezincane, ezigayekayo/ikhiqizwa kahle ngezihloko eziyinkimbinkimbi njengezilinganiso zebhola.

Ukuphuma kwemininingwane

Amathuluzi emishini angasiza futhi ekufuneni imithombo yemfundo kubantu abayidinga kakhulu. Ngokuhlola izimoto zolwembu kanye nemininingwane yokuhlola, izinhlangano zingabona ukuthi yiziphi izihloko ezidala ukudideka okukhulu noma isithakazelo. Khona - ke zingalungisa indlela yazo yokuqukethwe ngokuvumelana. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umniningo ubonisa umqulu ophezulu wokufuna "i-athomendim yentela esemthethweni," uthisha angadala isiqondiso esinikezelwe kuleyo ndaba.

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo Kubaholi Bomphakathi

Uma ungumholi womphakathi, umfundisi, noma umshisekeli olindele ukuqala ukunikeza imfundo yevoti, nazi izinyathelo eziqinile zokuqala.

Isinyathelo Sokuqala: Hlola Izidingo Zasendaweni

Hlola umphakathi wakini ukuze uqonde lokho okwaziyo kakade nalokho abakuthola kudida. Bheka ukwaziswa kokhetho lwesikhathi esidlule ukuze ubone ukuthi yiziphi izinyathelo zokuvota ezazinezinga eliphezulu (izisebenzi zevolishi ezingawufuni lombuzo) noma imiphumela ehlukene.

Isinyathelo Sesibili: Yakha Iphuzu Eliyindida

Umngane namaqembu angenayo i - Partina anjengeNhlangano Yabesifazane Voters, inhlangano yendawo ye - bar, iminyango yezembutho yaseyunivesithi, nezindawo zokusakaza ezithenjwayo zemithombo yezindaba.

Isinyathelo 3: Hlakulela Okuqukethwe Yilokho Okusemqoka, Okufinyelelekayo

Bhala zonke izitho ngolimi olulula. Sebenzisa Iziqondiso zolimi oluPlain Languages njengekhophi. Hlanganisa nomboniso, izibonelo, kanye nokufushanisa okuvamile. Vivinya okuqukethwe yiqembu elincane ngaphambi kokuba uqalise obala.

Isinyathelo 4: Khetha Iziteshi Ezifanele

Sebenzisa inhlanganisela yemikhondo evumelanayo ne-odigic. Izikhungo zomsebenzi namahholo edolobha zisebenza kahle kubantu abadala nakulabo abakhetha ukuxhumana ngokubonana. Izembu jikelele kanye newebhusayithi yemfundo (elawulwa yi-CMS evumelanayo) ifinyelela izakhamuzi ezisencane nezixhunywe ngemishini.

Isinyathelo 5: Ukusebenzisa Ikhono Nokusebenzisa Ikhono

Ngemva kokhetho ngalunye, linganisela ithonya lemizamo yakho yemfundo. Qhathanisa umvoti novoti belinganisa ukuqonda komphakathi wakho eminyakeni edlule. Sebenzisa ukuhlolwa namaqembu aqondiswe ekuqoqeni ukuzwana. Qondisa indlela ozothatha ngayo umjikelezo olandelayo.

Isiphetho

Izindawo zokuthatha izivumelwano nama-comput zinikeza izakhamuzi iphimbo eliqondile emithethweni ewabusayo, kodwa lelozwi linamandla olwazi olungemva kwalo. Ukufundisa ngalamathuluzi akusona isenzakalo esisodwa; kuyisibophelo esiqhubekayo esidinga amasu anengqondo, ubudlelwane obuhlukene, nesisekelo esilungile sezobuchwepheshe. Ngokunikeza ulwazi olucacile, olufinyeleyo, nolungenayo isigaba, singasiza abavoti ukuba banyakaze ekudidensini. Uma izakhamuzi zonke ziqonda ukuthi zihlobana kanjani, zilinganise, zilinganise, futhi zivote ngezindlela, idemocrali iba nezindawo ezivumelanayo. Umsebenzi wemfundo yezemfundo yomphakathi awuqediswzi lutho, kodwa umvoti ngamunye olwaziyo wenza isimiso sonke sibe namandla. Ukuqala namuhla ngokuhlola isakhiwo somphakathi, ukubusa nokuhlanganisa abantu.