Isingeniso: Indima Yezincwadi Ezingaxhunyiwe Kwezezombangazwe ZaseMelika

I-Political Action Committee (PACs) sekuyisikhathi eside iyingxenye yemali yomkhankaso e-United States. Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ze-PACs, ezixhumene nezingaxhumene ne-PCAN] zinezikhundla ezihlukile nezinethonya. Ngokungafani nama-PACC, ahlangene nenhlangano yezezimali, isibopho somsebenzi, inhlangano yezentengiselwano, noma iqembu lezombangazwe, i-PACCs esebenza ngokuzimele. Yakhiwa abantu ngabanye, amaqembu emibono, noma amaqembu ezokungahambisa-ayiseki afisa ukuhlanganisa imithombo futhi achithe imali kukhetho lukahulumeni ngaphandle kokuhlangana nomjoli othile. Ukuqonda uhlelo olungokomthetho olubusa lezinhlangano zezindawo kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthobela nokuphumelela kwendawo ezungezile.

I-PAC engaxhunyiwe ihlukaniswa ikhono layo lokucela iminikelo emphakathini jikelele .ilungelo elinganikezwa i-PACs, ngokuvamile elingacela kuphela ekilasini labo elilinganiselwe (isibonelo, izisebenzi noma amalungu). Le ngxenye enkulu yezimali inikeza cishe zonke izici zemali ezingahlangene. Nokho, lokhu kuvumelana nemithetho eqinile egunyazwe yi-Federal Ecompution Commission (FEC).

Incazelo kanye nezici zegama elingaxhunyiwe

I-PAC engaxhunyiwe yiyo noma iyiphi ikomiti yezombangazwe engasungulwanga, engalawulwa, noma exhaswayo yi-odanti, inhlangano yenhlangano/inhlangano ezimeleyo ehlukene. Igama ngokuvamile lihambisana “nemali esetshenziswayo kuphela,” eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Super PACs, nakuba le komiti yombango engafananga. Ama-PAC avamile angahlangene afanelwe imingcele futhi anganikela ngokuqondile kwabamele, kuyilapho i-PACs ephambili inganikela kuphela izindleko ezizimele (kodwa ngenani elingenamkhawulo). I-Hybrid PACs, i-paCs, umehluko wesithathu, igcina ukulandisa okuhlukeneyo kokubili amabhange nemali elinganiselwe.

Izici eziyinhloko ze PAC engaxhunyiwe zihlanganisa:

  • Ukubusa okuzimele: Akukho kujoyina, isikhulu seqembu, noma inhlangano yenkampani elawula imisebenzi yekomiti.
  • Ukucela iPublic: kungaqoqa imali kunoma isiphi isakhamuzi sase-U.S. noma isakhamuzi esihlala njalo (ngaphandle kwezwe langaphandle nezakhiwo zikahulumeni).
  • Ukubhalisa okugunyaziwe: Kumelwe kubhaliswe ne-FEC phakathi nezinsuku eziyishumi zokukhuphuka noma ukuchitha ngaphezu kuka-R1 000 ngonyaka wekhalenda.
  • [ Ukwembula okuyimfihlo: Imali ebhaliwe ngekota (noma ngenyanga) ibika yonke iminikelo efunyenweyo nezindleko ezenziwe.
  • Imingcele yomnikelo: I-PAC engaxhunyiwe enikela ngokuqondile kwabazohlolwa ingadedela uR150 kukhetho (icala, i-athon, noma i-igemfe) kumfundi ngamunye, futhi kunyuswe u-R150 000 ngonyaka ekomitini yeqembu lesizwe.

Umsebenzi Ongokomthetho: IFECA Nemithetho Ye - FEC

Umthetho oyinhloko olawula i-PACs engaxhunyiwe yi-FLT Fateral EFURANTSAUT (FECA) , owamiswa ekuqaleni ngo-1971 futhi walungiswa kakhulu ngo-1971 ngemva kwehlazo le-Watergate. I-FEC yadalelwa ukuphatha nokuphoqelela u-FECA. I-seal engokomthetho ihlanganisa izindawo eziyisithupha ezibucayi:

1. Ukubhalisa Nenhlangano

Noma yiliphi iqembu elilindele ukwamukela iminikelo noma ukwenza izindleko ezingaphezu kuka-R1 000 ngonyaka wekhalenda kumelwe lifake i-Statement of Organization ( I-FEC FM 1]. Lokhu kwakha amagama ekomiti, ikhomba imboni yayo, futhi ikhomba ikomiti yayo eyinhloko yomkhankaso (uma ikhona). Umgcini wemali uthatha icala lomuntu siqu lokulalela kwekomiti. I-PAC engaxhunyiwe nayo iyadingeka ukuba imise i-akhawunti ehlukile yomsebenzi wokhetho, ehlukile kunoma yiziphi izimali zokhetho zikahulumeni.

2. Imingcele Yengxenye Nemithombo

Ama-PAC angokwesiko angamukela iminikelo evela kubantu abafinyelela ku-R250 ngonyaka wekhalenda. Bangathola futhi iminikelo engenamkhawulo evela kwamanye ama-PAC, nakuba ukudluliswa okunjalo kwe-PAC ukuya-PAC kusengaphansi kwesilinganiso sonke seminikelo evela emthonjeni owodwa. Imithetho evimbelayo iqinile:[[ akukho minikelo engayimukelwa kwamanye amazwe (kuhlanganise izakhamuzi ezisemthethweni), izinhlangano (ngaphandle kwe-PAC), izinyunyana zemisebenzi (ngaphandle kwe-paC), izinyunyana zemisebenzi (ngaphandle kwe-paC), izinkampani zikahulumeni zikahulumeni, noma amabhange ezingokomhlaba. Iminikelo yemali engaphezu kuka-R100 nanoma isiphi isikhalazo zonke ezivela emthonjeni engaziwa inqatshelwe.

3. Iziphetho Ezizimele

I-PAC engaxhunyaniswanga ivunyelwe ukwenza izindleko ezizimele ezingenakulinganiswa − incike ngokuqondiswe ngokuqondiswe ekuxhumaneni okusekela ukhetho noma ukunqoba kombhalisa ophawulwe kahle − uma inikeza imali engahlangene nothile ozohlolwa noma umkhakha. I-FEC isebenzisa ukuhlolwa okuhlukahlukene ukuze inqume ukubambisana: uma ukukhulumisana kwenziwa ngesicelo, ukusikisela, noma isiqondiso somfundi, noma uma kuhilela ochwepheshe bolwazi abahlukene, kungaphathwa njengomnikelo obekwe ezindaweni ezilinganiselwe.

4. Umshini wokufaka imishini nokubika

Wonke ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe kumelwe abhalise imibiko evamile ne-FEC. Isimiso esivamile siyingxenye yesine ngaphandle kokuba ikomiti ikhethe ukubhala phansi inyanga nenyanga. Imibiko kumelwe inike iminikelo yanoma yimuphi umuntu onikeza imali engaphezu kuka-R3 000 ngonyaka wekhalenda, futhi izindleko zemali engaphezu kuka-R3 000 ezenziwe kunoma imuphi umuntu. Eminyakeni yokukhetha, kudingeka imibiko eyengeziwe yangaphambi kokuhlelwa kwe-FEC neyamaPrease coption. I-FEC yenza zonke imibiko itholakale obala kuwebhusayithi yayo, inikeza ukukhanya komvoti namaqembu abavoti.

5. Ukuxwayiswa Ngokuvumelana

Ukubambisana kuyindawo ebekwe impela yomthetho ozimele wezindleko. Imithetho yamanje ye-FEC ichaza ukubambisana njengekwenzeka lapho kusungulwa (a) ukuxhumana, kukhiqizwa, noma kwabekelwa ngemva kwengxoxo enkulu phakathi komsindi nomkhankaso wombhashobhi, (b) esekelwe ekwazisweni okunikezwa umkhankaso, noma (c) ihilela ukusetshenziswa komthengisi ovamile owayesebenza emkhankasweni. I-PAC exhunyiwe kumelwe isebenzise imithetho eqinile yangaphakathi ukuze igweme ukuhlanganisa, kuhlanganise nombango wokwaziswa okuvinjelweyo kanye nokuhlanganyela okulinganiselwe.

6. Ukulondoloza Amarekhodi Nemiphico

I-PAC ngayinye engaxhunyiwe kumelwe igcine amarekhodi anemininingwane eminingiliziwe eminikelo nezindleko iminyaka emithathu ngemva kokuba umbiko ugciniwe. I-FEC inegunya lokuhlola nokuphenya, futhi ingabeka izijeziso zomphakathi ngenxa yokwephulwa. Emacalani angafanele, ukuquliswa ngecala nguMnyango Wezobulungisa kungenzeka.

Izenzakalo Ezinkulu Ezingokomthetho Zilahla Izincwadi Ezingaxhunyiwe

Isimo esingokomthetho samaPaC angaxhunyiwe siye salolongwa kakhulu amacala amaningana avelele asenkantolo nawama - FEC.

Buckley v. uValeo (1976)

Kuleli cala lesisekelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela imingcele yomnikelo njengendlela yokuvimbela ukonakala noma ukubonakala kwayo, kodwa yavala imingcele yezindleko (kuhlanganisa nezindleko ezizimele) njengemithetho engekho ngokomthetho yokunqanda inkulumo yezombangazwe. Lesi sinqumo samisa isimiso sokuthi imali esetshenziswayo ngokwezezombangazwe ekulawuleni iwuhlobo lwenkulumo evikelwe ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sokuqala. Yavulela indlela yekomiti yanamuhla ezimele yokuzifunela izindleko kuphela.

Izakhamuzi E - United v. FEC (2010)

Mhlawumbe isinqumo somkhankaso wezezimali esidume kakhulu, i-Citagens United ikholelwa ukuthi izinkampani nezinyunyana zinezigunyazo zokuqala zeSichibiyelo njengabantu abasebenzisa imali engenakulinganiswa ekuxhumaneni kwezombangazwe. Isinqumo sibonke ngokungemthetho ekunqabeni izindleko ezizimele zenkampani. Ukusabela okuqondile, i-FEC yakhipha umthetho ovumela ukwakhiwa kwe- u-Sander PCs [intelligence] kubantu abasebenzisa imingcele ye-Adviocesss elungiselelweni e[FLT:] u-octives [iced] u-octives [intelligence] ngokunyenya, . FEC[FLD:5] (20).[20] njengomphumela ongahlangene obuzi base-CC.[iphayo, i-osethi i-osethi enzinzile i-osekuvreyikhona kuphela izikhulu ukuba ikhiphe imigo ezindaweni

McCutcheon v. FEC (2014)

Ku i-Mccheon, iNkantolo Ephakeme yawisa isilinganiso seminikelo yengqikithi umuntu angayenza kubo bonke abazokucela kanye namaqembu. Nakuba isilinganiso somnikelo esiyisisekelo sasala, ukususwa kwesephu eligelezayo kwavumela abanikeli abacebile ukuba banikeze inani elikhulu kakhulu lama-PAC ngokuqondile, andayo.

Ezinye Izikhulu Ezingachazeki

Izindaba ezinjenge FEC v.Wisconsin Ilungelo Kuphila, Inc. [2007]) zacacisa incazelo ye-“compacy,” ne Coloradoan Federal Campaign Committee [Federal Committee] v.FEC [1996]) yasungula ukuthi izindleko ezihlangene ngamaqembu azikhombeki ngaphansi kwemingcele efanayo yezindleko ezizimele ze-PACs. Ndawonke, lezi zinqule indawo ehlukile esemthethweni engenziwangaxhumani ne-PCC.

Ukubambisana Nezimfuneko Ezisebenzayo

I-website ye-FEC inikeza isiqondiso esikhulu, kodwa amakomiti amaningi alondoloza abameli abanokuhlangenwe nakho komkhankaso wezezimali noma ochwepheshe ababambisanayo. Izinyathelo eziyinhloko zokusebenza zihlanganisa:

  1. Ukuhlanganisa lenhlangano:[ Ukwakha ikomiti, ukumisa umgcini masheya, amafayela IFor 1 phakathi nezinsuku eziyishumi ukudlula umnyango owedlula u-R1 000.
  2. Ukuhlela i-akhawunti yebhange ehlukile:[ Yonke iminikelo nezindleko kumele kugeleze kule akhawunti.
  3. Ukugcwalisa isiqinisekiso esinikelayo: abafaka iminikelo abaqinisekisi bafanele (izakhamuzi zase-U.S. noma izakhamuzi ezihlala njalo, hhayi izakhamuzi zikahulumeni noma amazwe angaphandle). Ukuthola igama, ikheli, umsebenzi, nomqashi weminikelo engaphezu kuka-200.
  4. [ ukunciphisa udonga lokuxhumanisa: Gwema ukuphana amasu noma izinto zokwakha nabazohlolwa noma imikhankaso yabo. Izisebenzi eziqeqeshiwe nezisebenzi zokuzithandela ezilawula imithetho yokubambisana.
  5. Imibiko efike ngesikhathi: Sebenzisa inqubo ye-FEC ye-electronic (EFS) ngemibiko enemali engaphezu kuka-R350 000 emsebenzini noma uma ikomiti ichitha imali engaphezu kuka-R350 000 emjikelezweni ngamunye. Izinsuku zonyaka ziqinile; izingcezu zemuva zingenisa inhlawulo.
  6. Ukuhlanganisa ama-'pial' angaphakathi':[ Amarekhodi ezikhathi ezithile ezinto eziphambanisa amaphutha. I-FEC ingahlola ikomiti nganoma isiphi isikhathi, futhi ukuphikisana kungaholela ezinyathelweni zokuphoqelelwa.

Izindlela Ezikahle Zokuqasha Nokuzama Umkhankaso

Kumaqembu ezisebenzi, izinyunyana zezisebenzi (lapho zimisa ikomiti engaxhunyiwe ekuceleni umphakathi), kanye nezinhlangano zemibono, i-PAC engaxhunyiwe inikeza amathuluzi anamandla okuthonya okhetho. Iminikelo eqondile ivumela ikomiti ukuba isekele abathandiwe ngokwemingcele engokomthetho, kuyilapho izindleko ezizimele zivumela ukusetshenziswa okungenamingcele kwezikhangiso, abathumeli, kanye nokuvota.

Nokho, ukuvumelana nezimo kunezingozi. Ukuphucwa kwemithetho yokubambisana kungaholela ekujezisweni okukhulu kwe-FEC noma kubhekiselwe kuMnyango wobulungisa. Ukusakazwa okungathandeki okuvela emthonjeni wezimali ongachaziwe kungalimaza imbangela yekomiti. Ngakho - ke ukusebenza okuphumelelayo kudinga inqubo eqinile engokomthetho, kuhlanganise nokusetshenziswa kwangaphambi kokukhangisa, ukwaziswa okunezithako, kanye nokuhlasela ngokucophelela kwabathengi okungenzeka baye basebenzela imikhankaso.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwe-PACs okukhethekile ngokuvamile kuhilela ukuxubana kweminikelo eqondile nokusebenzisa imali ezimele. Ikomiti inganikela imali engaphezulu kakhulu (R5 000) ku-Exchange (uma i-Super PAC exubile) ukuze isebenzise izikhangiso ezizimele ezingenamkhawulo. Lokhu kusemthethweni uma nje ukulandisa kuhlukaniswa ngokuphelele futhi ukulandisa okuzimele kungahlangani.

Intuthuko Yamuva Nekusasa Lezingcezu Ezingaxhunyiwe

Umthetho uyaqhubeka ungena. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, i-FEC iye yakhipha imibono eminingi ecacisa ukusetshenziswa kokukhangisa ngemishini yezindleko ezizimele, ukuphathwa kweminikelo eyimfihlo, nezindima zezizwe zangaphandle e-PAC. Okwamanje, uMkhandlu uye waxoxa ngezikweletu ukuze wandise ukubonakala, njenge-DISCLOSE Act, okungadinga ama-PAC kanye nezinye i-PAC angekho ezixhunyiwe ukuze kwambule iminikelo enikeza iminikelo engaphezu kwe-R1 000. Nakuba izimemo zezizwe zingadluliswanga, ukuphoqelela ukulandisa okukhulu kuyaqhubeka.

Izinkantolo ziye zacabangela ukuthi ukukhulula imithetho kufanelekile yini. Ngokwesibonelo, i-D.C. isinqumo sesifunda i-Grasrouts Grasroupsies Policy Strategies v. FEC (2017]) yakhuluma ngendima yokuhileleka kwezinhlangano ezingazuzisi kwezombangazwe. Futhi ngo-2023, iNkantolo Ephakeme yenqaba ukuzwa inselele ekuvinjelweni kweminikelo yakwamanye amazwe, iqinisekisa leyo mvume ngethonya lakwamanye amazwe eU.S. Ukhetho oluvela ngo-PACS lusalokhu luyinkinga eshisayo.

Ubuchwepheshe nokusetshenziswa kwe-minucration kuguqula imisebenzi ye-PAC exhunyiwe. I-Online platifomu neminikelo emincane ye-Dollar ye-PAC yenze ukuba i-indue-intshi eyodwa ikwazi ukunyusa izizumbululo zemali ngaphandle kokuthembela kubantu abambalwa abacebile abanikelayo. Lokhu kwandisa kokubili ukuncintisana nokuhlola. I-FEC ithuthukisa ngokuqhubekayo imithetho yayo yemisebenzi yomkhankaso we-inthanethi, kuhlanganise nokuveza imithombo yezokuxhumana kanye nokusekela ithonya elikhokhwanywayo.

Isiphetho

Ama-PAC angaxhunyiwe ayisici esibalulekile nesinamandla sesimiso sezombangazwe saseMelika. Ukuzimela kwawo kubabezo namaqembu kuwenza asebenze njengamazwi anamandla emibono kanye nokuqashwa kwezindaba, kuyilapho futhi enikela ngokuqondile emikhankasweni yokukhetha. Kodwa ukuzibusa kumiswe ngokuqinile ngesimiso esingokomthetho ngaphansi kwe-FECA ne-FEC umqondisi. Ukubhalisa, ukuveza, imingcele yomnikelo, nokuvimbela ukubambisana akuyona imibandela nje esemthethweni − − ziyizibopho ezigunyazwayo ezilawula zonke izinqumo ezazenziwa yi-PAC.

Kunoma ubani ohileleke ekuhlolweni kwezombangazwe (ngoba imisebenzi ye-PAC ehlangene nomninindlu, umhleli, noma umenzi) ukuqonda loluhlelo kubaluleke kakhulu. Imithetho iyinkimbinkimbi futhi ishintshwe ngomthetho, izinqumo zenkantolo, nokwenza i-FEC. Ukuhlala unolwazi nokusebenza nochwepheshe abanolwazi abangaxhunyiwe kungasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi imisebenzi ye-PAC engaxhunyiwe iyasebenza futhi ivunyelwe ngokomthetho. Njengoba iNkantolo ePhakathi ne-Congress iqhubeka iphikisana ngemingcele yezezimali, indima ye-PACs engekhona ehlangeneyo ngokungangabazeki ihlala iyinhloko yesikhathi esizayo sokubophana kwentando yentando yeningi eUnited States.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola FAC iziqondiso zokubhalisa i-PAC, umbhalo ogcwele wemithetho yamuva nemibono egunyazayo.