Umthetho-mthetho wezwe uyizincwadi eziyisisekelo ezichaza isakhiwo, imibuso, kanye nemingcele yohulumeni bezwe kuyilapho bevikela amalungelo ezakhamuzi zabo. Ngokungafani nomthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., omisa isisekelo sikahulumeni, umthetho-sisekelo ngamunye umiswe ngendlela ehlukile ohlela ngokuqondile imithetho, imithetho, nezimiso ezithinta ukuphila kwakho kwansuku zonke. Izakhamuzi eziningi azikwazi okuncane ngalamaphepha, kodwa imithetho-mthetho yemithetho ihlelwa kaningi kakhulu kunomthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni futhi ngokuvamile ikhuluma ngezindaba zemfundo yomuntu siqu yezingane zakho kanye nendlela yokunakekela kwakho impilo ekhona ekwakheni amalungelo empahla nezindlela zakho zokuvota. Ukuqonda umthetho wezwe wakho kugunyaza ukuba ufune izikhulu ukuba ziphendule ngokusemthethweni, zihlanganyele ekusunguleni imikhankambiso, futhi lapho amalungelo ekho ephulwe. Lesi sihloko sichaza zonke izindaba zezakhamuzi ngezindaba ezithinta izivumelwano zazo futhi zibusa mayelana nalezi zinqunywe yizibo zonke izindlela zokuphila kwazo.

Indima Yomthetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Umthetho-mthetho kahulumeni umisa uhlelo oluyisisekelo lukahulumeni wezwe. Bachaza amagatsha amathathu − ukucupha, ukubeka umthetho, nokwahlulela − futhi bamise amandla awo, imithwalo yemfanelo, nokulinganiselwa. Ezizweni eziningi, umthetho-sisekelo wakha umbusi njengomphathi omkhulu, isishaya-mthetho se- bidamaral (ngaphandle kwe-Nebraska, enendikimba ehlangene ne-odamal), nesimiso senkantolo. Umthetho-sisekelo umisa imithetho yendlela la magatsha asebenza ngayo, kuhlanganise nenqubo ye-veto, imibuso yokumisa, nokuqondisa, kanjalo uqinisekisa isimiso sokuhlola nezilinganiso ze-athonsitimes ezingeni likahulumeni.

Ngaphandle kokumisa uhlelo lukahulumeni, imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ivame ukuhlanganisa amalungiselelo anemininingwane embusweni wendawo, umsebenzi wesizwe, intela, kanye nezikweletu zikahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, imithetho-mthetho-mfuno eminingi idinga uhlelo olulinganiselwe noma imingcele eqinile ekubolekeni. Isho futhi inqubo yokulungisa isimo, ukumiswa kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni, nezindlela zokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo. Lemithetho yokwakha ayifinyeleli; iyazimela ngokuguqula nokuchaza izigwebo, yenza umthetho-mthetho wezwe ube yincwadi ephilayo eveza izinto eziza kuqala ezishintshayo zabantu.

Ngokomlando, umthetho-mthetho kahulumeni wangaphambi komthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. wabhalwa ngo-1776, phakathi neNguquko yaseMelika, futhi wasebenza njengezindawo zokuhlola idemokrasi. Abaphathi bomthetho-sisekelo we-U.S. babesebenzisa kakhulu lamaphepha kahulumeni, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezifana nokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso namalungelo. Namuhla, imithetho-mthetho-sisekelo iyaqhubeka isebenza njengamathuluzi abucayi okubusa, ngokuvamile inikeza isivikelo esiqondile kunomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, imithetho yemithetho-mthetho kahulumeni eminingi iqinisekisa ilungelo lemfundo yomphakathi yesihle, ilungelo eliboniswa kuphela eMthethweni womphakathi.

Isivikelo Samalungelo Ezakhamuzi

Esinye sezizathu ezicindezela kakhulu zokuqonda umthetho-sisekelo wezwe lakho ukuthi ngokuvamile unikeza isivikelo esibanzi nesiqondile kunamalungelo kunoMthetho-sisekelo kazwelonke. UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ubeka iphansi(izinga eliphansi) lamalungelo athi awanakwehla ngo-$* kodwa imibuso ikhululekile ukudlulisela amalungelo engeziwe. Umthetho-sisekelo woMbuso ungawavikela ngokucacile amalungelo anjengemfihlo, izinga lendawo ezungezile, amalungelo ezisebenzi, kanye nokukwazi ukufinyelela empilweni emisha, okungahlukaniswangakhonjwa kuyi-Bill of Rights.

Ngokwesibonelo, imithetho-mthetho eminingana kahulumeni ihlanganisa ilungelo lokufihla imfihlo eye yasetshenziselwa ukuvikela ukuzimela kokuzala, ngisho nangemva kwesinqumo seNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. kumaDobs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization. Amazwe anjengeCalifornia, Florida, ne Kansas anezinguquko ezivikela ukukhishwa kokukhishwa kwezisu ngaphansi komthetho-mfunda-mshado. Ngokufanayo, imithetho yesizwe eMontana naseMichigan iqinisekisa ilungelo lendawo ezungezile ehlanzekile nenempilo, ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zingenele ekungcoleni kwendawo ezungezile.

Imfundo ingenye indawo lapho umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni udlula khona isivikelo sikahulumeni. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ungaqinisekisi ilungelo lemfundo, cishe wonke umthetho-sisekelo wombuso uhlanganisa isigqebhezana semfundo esibopha uhulumeni ukuba unikeze isimiso sesikole somphakathi esikhululekile. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zedlulela phambili, njengombuso weWashington, omthetho - sisekelo wakhe ufuna ukuba umbuso “wenze amalungiselelo anele okufundisa zonke izingane.” Lokhu kuye kwaholela ekubekeni isakhiwo esingokwesiko ngaphandle kokuxhasa isikole ngokuxhasa ukukhokha, kanye nezishaya umthetho wenkantolo eziyala imfundo ukuze kwandise ukuxhaswa kwemithetho yemithetho ye-mthetho-mthetho-siseko.

Umthetho-sisekelo woMbuso uvikela futhi amalungelo empahla, amalungelo ezisebenzi, kanye namalungelo okuvota ngezindlela ezingaba zinkulu kakhulu kunomthetho kahulumeni. Imithetho-mthetho eminingi ivimbela ngokuqondile ubugqila nobugqila (ngaphandle kwesijeziso sobugebengu), kuyilapho abanye beqinisekisa ilungelo lokuhlela noma ukumisa iholo elincane. Uma izakhamuzi zinomuzwa wokuthi amalungelo azo kahulumeni awanele noma asongelwa, ngokuvamile ziphendukela kumthetho - sisekelo wazo njengendawo eqinile. Lokhu kuye kwenza umthetho wemithetho-sisekelo wezwe ube insimu esebenzayo, kanye nokulwela ukunqandwa kwenguquko empikiswaneni enjengenguquko yezezimali, ukulahla amalungelo emali emalini engokwezemali, ukulwa kwezindawo ezingokomthetho.

Umphumela Ekuphileni Kwansuku Zonke

Kusukela lapho uvuka kuze kube yilapho ulala, izinhlelo zomthetho - sisekelo zihlela izinkonzo ozitholayo, imithetho oyilandelayo, nezintela ozikhokhayo.

Imfundo

Njengoba kubonisiwe, imithetho-mthetho yombuso igunyaza ilungiselelo lemfundo yomphakathi. Lokhu kuthinta izinga lezifundo, izimfanelo zokufundisa, nezindlela zokuxhasa isikole. Uma abazali besekela izikole ezingcono noma lapho izimemezelo zemithetho ziphikisana, basebenza phakathi komthetho-sisekelo wezwe labo. Izinyathelo zokwandisa imfundo ngokuvamile zidinga ukuncitshiswa komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo ngoba umthetho-sisekelo umisa isisekelo semali.

Ukunakekelwa kwempilo

Imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni eminingana ihlanganisa ilungelo lokunakekela impilo noma ukubeka izibopho kuhulumeni ukuze kunikezwe izinkonzo zempilo. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho-mthetho-sisekelo waseHawaii umemezela ukuthi umbuso “unganikeza ukuvikelwa nokukhuthazwa kwempilo yomphakathi.” I-Oregon inelungelo lomthetho-sisekelo wezwe lokungenela kwezempilo. La malungiselelo angasetshenziselwa ukubekela inselele izinhlelo zezempilo ze-Medicaid noma zomphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho kahulumeni eminingi ihlanganisa ukubuyiselwa kwensanguvu empondweni noma amalungelo esineke emfiva esineke athinta ukuthunyelwa kwempilo.

Intela Nemali Yomphakathi

Umthetho-mthetho kahulumeni ubeka imingcele eqinile ekuboleleni intela nokuboleka uhulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, iSivumelwano somthetho California 13 (1978) siwushintsho oluthi intela yempahla incishiswe futhi luvinjelwe, luthinte wonke umninindlu nomqaphi wentela kuhulumeni. Ngokufanayo, i-Taxicker Bill of Rights (TABOR) ye-Colorado ifuna ukuba umvoti avume ngokunyuswa kwentela nokukhuliswa kwemali ehlawulwayo. Lemithetho engokomthetho ithonya ngokuqondile isikhwama sentela yakho, imali ekhona yemigwaqo nepaki, nekhono likahulumeni lokuphendula intengo yezomnotho.

Ukuphepha Komphakathi Nobulungisa Besigebengu

Imithetho-mithetho yoMbuso ichaza amalungelo omangalelwa, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo, ilungelo lokuthola ibheyili, nesivikelo ekuhlolweni okungacabangeli nokuquleka. Eminye imithetho-mthetho yombuso inezikhuselo ezinamandla kuneSichibiyelo sesine, njengokufuna imvume yokuba kubekwe ukwaziswa kocingo lwamakhalekhukhwini. Futhi bamisa izindinganiso zokuziphatha kwamaphoyisa, izimo zasejele, nokusebenzisa amandla. Izinhlangano zamuva zokulungisa imali noma ukugunyaza insangu esemthethweni ngokuvamile ziqala njengezinguquko zemithetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho noma zilwe ngezizathu zomthetho.

Indlela Imithetho - sisekelo KaHulumeni Ehluke Ngayo KuMthetho - sisekelo WaseU.S.

Nakuba zombili zingamaphepha ayisisekelo omthetho, imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ihluke kakhulu kubude boMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., imininingwane, nokulunga kokuphindeka. Umthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ungodume ngokufingqiwe (cishe amagama angu-7 500) futhi uguqulwe izikhathi ezingu-7, ngokungafani. Imithetho-mthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni inde kakhulu futhi inemininingwane eminingi. Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho-sisekelo we-Alabama, ungaphezu kuka-300,000, ngenxa yamakhulu ezinguquko ezibhekene nezindaba zesifunda nentuthuko yezezomnotho. Ngisho nemiyalo kazwe emifushane, njenge-New Hampshire’s, isanemininingwane eminingi kakhulu kunenguquko yombuso.

Imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ibuye ilungiswe kaningi kakhulu. Nakuba kudingeka umhlangano womthetho-sisekelo noma ukuvota okukhulu kakhulu ukuze kulungiswe izinguquko zikahulumeni, izifundazwe eziningi zivumela izindlela eziningi: isiphakamiso somthetho, umvoti othatha isinyathelo kuqala, nemihlangano yomthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kusho imithetho-mthetho ingavuselelwa njalo ukuze kubonakale ukuthi ushintsha umbono womphakathi. Impikiswano efana nomshado owengeziwe, ukumiswa kwensangu, nokwanda kweholo elilinganiselwe kuye kwamiswa ngokuncitshiswa komthetho-mthetho-mthethweni kahulumeni emazweni amaningi, kanti ushintsho lwemithetho-gorimestry luhlala luyivela kancane.

Umehluko oyinhloko ukuthi imithetho-mthetho kahulumeni ihlanganisa imininingwane yesimiso eshiyelwa emthetho wemithetho esemthethweni eqenjini likahulumeni. Imithetho ye-Federal ingashintshwa yi-Congress, kodwa imithetho eminingi yombuso ifakwe kumthetho-sisekelo, iyenze kube nzima ukuyiguqula. Lokhu kungaba yisibusiso neqalekiso, kuvikela izimiso ezithandwayo ekuthatheni umthetho futhi kuvikelwe izihluthulelo ezilungiselelwe ezingase ziphelelwe isikhathi noma zibe nezinzuzo.

Inqubo Yesichibiyelo Emthethweni - sisekelo KaHulumeni

Ukuqonda indlela imithetho-sisekelo kahulumeni elungiswa ngayo kubalulekile ukuze kube nesabelo sesizwe esithembisiwe. Inqubo yokulungisa iyahluka ngokwezwe kodwa ngokuvamile ihlanganisa enye yalezi zindlela ezilandelayo:

  • Isiphakamiso se-ligiotive: Isishaya-mthetho sidlulisa inguquko ngevoti ye-majority enkulu (ngokuvamile eyisithathu sesibili), bese ibekwa kumavoti ukuze athole imvume.
  • Isinyathelo sokuqala: Ezifundazweni ezingaba ngu 18, izakhamuzi zingahlongoza ukubuyiselwa ngokuqoqa inani elidingekayo lezicelo. Uma kuqinisekiswe izignesha ezanele, i-mendime ingena ebhodini le-collet ukuze ivote ngqo. Lokhu kuyithuluzi elinamandla lokuvota izimpande zotshani.
  • Umhlangano we-Constitution:[ Ezinye izifundazwe zivumela umhlangano ukuba ubizwe ukuze uhlongoze ukuguqula okuningi noma ukubukezwa okuphelele komthetho-sisekelo. Imihlangano ayivamile kodwa iye yenzeka ezindaweni eziningi emashumini eminyaka amuva.
  • Isiphakamiso sokugunyaza: Izifunda ezimbalwa zisebenzisa ikhomishane yokubukeza yomthetho-sisekelo ehlongoza ukulungisa ngokuqondile kumphathi wesishaya-mthetho noma kumavoti.

Ukulungisa inqubo ngenxa yokuthi kunquma ukuthi umthetho-sisekelo usabela kanjani ekushintsheni izimo. Ngokwesibonelo, izikhulu zikahulumeni ziye zabona ukukhula kokulungiswa komthetho-mthetho ezicingweni ezinjengokukhishwa kwezisu, ukulawulwa kwezibhamu, nokushintshwa komthetho-mthetho wobugebengu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isho ukuthi ukuncika kuphela ezihlongozweni zomthetho kungadinga ukusekelwa okukhulu kwe-bipartis, kukwenze kube nzima ukuqeda umthetho-sisekelo. Izakhamuzi kufanele zazi inqubo yokulungisa isimo esimweni sazo ukuze zihlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo, ngokusekela noma ngokuphikisa, noma ngokuthatha imigaqo yazo siqu.

Ukuhlola kaningiliziwe ngezinqubo zokulungisa umthetho-sisekelo wezwe, i- National Conference of State Legislatures inikeza ukucatshulwa okuhle kakhulu kwazo zonke izifundazwe ezingama-50.

Okwenza Izakhamuzi Zinake

Imithetho-sisekelo kahulumeni ayiwona amaphepha agcwele uthuli agcinelwe abameli namajaji. Awumthetho wemithetho osebenzayo othinta ngokuqondile amalungelo akho, isikhwama sakho semali, nomphakathi wakini. Nazi izizathu eziningana ezenza ukuba isakhamuzi ngasinye sibe nesithakazelo kumthetho-sisekelo wezwe laso:

  • Ukuvota ekulungiseni: Izifunda eziningi zinesilinganiso ngasinye somjikelezo wokhetho oluhlongoza ukulungisa umthetho-mthethweni. Ukuvota kwakho kunezinga elingokomthetho elifana nokuvota kumvoti, futhi ngokuvamile kunemiphumela ehlala njalo ngoba ukulungisa kunzima ukushintsha kunemithetho.
  • Amalungelo okuvikela: Lapho isivikelo sikahulumeni silula noma singaqinisekile, umthetho-sisekelo wezwe lakho unganikeza enye indlela yokuvikela amalungelo akho. Abalweli benkululeko yomphakathi, ubulungisa bendawo ezungezile, nokulingana kwezomnotho baphendukela kakhulu ekubekeni imithetho-mthetho-sisekelo njengezindawo zokuhlola ushintsho oluqhubekayo.
  • uhulumeni obeke icala: ukwazi imingcele emandleni ombuso kukusiza ukuba wazi lapho uhulumeni edlula igunya lakhe. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umthetho kahulumeni wezwe wephula umthetho womthetho-mthetho wezwe oyinhloko eyodwa we-sethi yomthetho, noma uma umbusi ewedlula amandla awo, ungawubekela inselele.
  • Ukuhlanganyela ekushintsheni: Uma ukholelwa ukuthi umthetho-sisekelo wezwe lakho udinga ukukhuliswa ("barmaton") ukuze ususe amalungiselelo aphelelwe isikhathi, wengeze amalungelo amasha, noma ulungise amaphutha okwakha(ukuqonda inqubo yokulungisa inyathelo lokuqala. Izinyathelo zezakhamuzi ziye zaphumelela ukuguqula imithetho-mthethweni yezwe ezindabeni ezinjengokulungisa, imali yomkhankaso, nemingcele yamagama.
  • isithembiso sokuthola imfundo: ukufundisa abafundi ngomthetho-mthetho kazwelonke ukhuthaza ukufunda nokubhala komphakathi. Izigodlo eziningi zidinga ukuhlolwa kwesizwe okuhlanganisa imibuzo ngomthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni, kodwa abantu abadala bangazuza futhi ngokuxuba ngalamaphepha.

Izinhlangano ezinjenge Brennan Center yeJaji zilandela futhi zihlaziya ngenkuthalo intuthuko yomthetho-mthetho wezwe, zinikeza imithombo yezakhamuzi nabamisi-mthetho ngokufanayo. Ukuhlala waziswe ngezwe lakho lomthetho-sisekelo kuyisenzo sokuthembisana komphakathi okuletha inzuzo ekuvikeleni amalungelo akho nasekulolongeni ikusasa lomphakathi wakho.

Isiphetho

Imithetho-mthetho yoMbuso iyisikhokhi sombuso waseMelika olawulwayo endaweni yendawo. Ichaza isimo sohulumeni bombuso, ivikela inqubo ebanzi yamalungelo kunawoMthetho-sisekelo kazwelonke, futhi ithonya ngokuqondile yonke imikhakha ethinta imikhaya nezindawo (imfundo, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, izintela, nokuphepha komphakathi). Nokho, izakhamuzi eziningi azikwazi okuncane ngalezi zincwadi ezibalulekile. Ngokufunda ngomthetho-sisekelo wakho, isivikelo sawo, nokulungisa kwawo, uba umvoti onolwazi kakhulu nommeleli ophumelelayo wezindaba ozikhathalelayo. Ngesikhathi esilandelayo ubona isilinganiso esihlongosi okuhlongomthetho-mthetho-mthetho, zithatha isikhathi sokuwufunda ngokuhluzekela. Umthetho wakho ubumba futhi uvikele kakhulu. Isivumelwano sakho siwukuba umsekeli wentando yentando yeningi.