Isingeniso: Isizathu Sokuba Kube Nokulinganisela Kwamandla

Uhulumeni wase-United States usebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso sikahulumeni esisakaza igunya emazingeni amathathu ahlukene: indawo, umbuso, nohulumeni. Lesi sakhiwo, esifakwe eMthethweni-sisekelo wase-U.S., siklanyelwe ukuvimbela noma isiphi isici esisodwa ukuba sihlanganise amandla amaningi kuyilapho siqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zinezindlela eziningi zokumelelwa nokuthola usizo. Kubafundi nabafundisi abafunda uhulumeni waseMelika, ukuqonda indlela lemikhakha ebaluleke ngayo ekuqondeni indlela imithetho enikezwa ngayo, indlela izinkonzo zomphakathi ezisebenza ngayo, nendlela izinqumo zezimiso ezithinta ngayo ukuphila kwansuku zonke. Ukulinganisela kwamandla akuwona umqondo oqinile; kushintsha ukumiswa kwesikhathi, izinkantolo, nokusebenza kwezombangazwe, ukwenza isicici esivelele nesici sempi sezombangazwe, ukwenza kube isici esivamile esithinta amandla futhi esibusayo se-Melika.

Abaklami abasungulwa e-United States babengabaza kakhulu iziphathimandla eziqinile. Njengoba babebone lokho ababekubheka njengokungalawuleki ngaphansi kokubusa kwaseBrithani, bakha isimiso esihlukanisa amandla aqonde phakathi kwamagatsha amathathu kahulumeni kahulumeni futhi siqonde phezulu phakathi kukahulumeni wezwe nombuso. Lesi sakhiwo esibili, esibizwa ngokuthi i-sobupolistism, sidala isimiso esiqinile sokuhlolwa nokulinganiswa okusaqhubeka. Namuhla, ukuhlanganisa phakathi kwezindawo, umbuso, nohulumeni bahlela yonke into ngezindinganiso zemfundo nangezindlela zokuthutha ezisekela inzuzo yomphakathi ezingokwempilo nezimiso zendawo ezungezile.

Isisekelo Somthetho - sisekelo SobuFederalism

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. umisa uhlelo lokuhlukanisa amagunya phakathi kukahulumeni kahulumeni wezwe nezwe. ISiphakamiso Ibala amandla akhethekile anikezwa iSishaya-mthetho, kuhlanganise negunya lokulawula ezentengiselwano zesifundazwe, imali yohlamvu lwemali, ukumemezela impi, nokumisa amahhovisi eposi. ISichibiyelo seSiphendu seshumi asinikezwanga uhulumeni kahulumeni noma kubantu. Lokhu kubekwa kwamandla yikhomfa elingokomthetho lobukhosi bombuso futhi kuye kwaba yisihloko sokuchazwa okukhulu kweNkantolo Ephakeme.

I-Federalism isebenza ezimisweni eziningi. ivumela i-Constantive ukuba idlulise imithetho edingekayo ukuze ifeze imithwalo yayo yemfanelo. [[FLT:] Amandla asetshenziswayo [[, athathwe kumthetho ofanele noMfanele u-Claus], avumele uKhomishane ukuba adlulise imithetho edingekayo ukuze afeze imithwalo yemfanelo yayo ebaliwe. [[FLT:]] Amandla avinjelwe yilawo agcinwe yizifundayo, njengamandla enkampathi, njengawokuqondisa amabhizinisi, ukuvota, ukuvota, nokumisa ohulumeni bendawo. [FLT:] [FF] [FLT] Amandla akhona, kuhlanganise nangawo womabili amaqoqo entela, kanye nalebhulo, isakhiwo seminyango, isakhiwo seminyango, isakhiwo seze isakhiwo sezindawo, isakhiwo sezindawo esihlanganisa imibuso sikahulumeni, futhi siphinde siphinde sifakwe njalo njalo njalo. [FOti, izikhulu, i

Ukuhlola ngokunzulu indlela amalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo akha ngayo amandla kahulumeni, i-Constitution Annoted evela e-Mulybook of Congress inikeza ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwesihloko ngasinye nokulungiswa. Ukuqonda lezizimpande zomthetho-sisekelo kuyasiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani izindaba ezithile, njengemfundo noma ukugcinwa komthetho, ngokuyinhloko ziyizimo nemithwalo yemfanelo yendawo kuyilapho ezinye, njengokuzivikela kombuso kanye nokufuduka, ziwela kuhulumeni wombuso.

Ohulumeni Bendawo: Umngcele Oyinhloko Wenkonzo Yomphakathi

Ohulumeni bendawo balingana nabantu abaseduze. Basingatha izinkonzo ezingokoqobo ezihlanganyelwa izakhamuzi nsuku zonke, kusukela ekuqoqweni kwemfucumfucu nokunakekelwa kwemigwaqo kuya ekunakekeleni amaphoyisa nasesikoleni somphakathi. Kunamaqembu kahulumeni akhona angaphezu kuka-90 000 e-United States, kuhlanganise nezinombolo, omasipala, amalokishi, izifunda, izifunda, nezigodi ezikhethekile. Uhlobo ngalunye lunemithwalo ehlukile nemisebenzi yezimali, kodwa bonke bahlanganyela ekusekeleni izinkonzo ezithinta ngokuqondile ukuphila komphakathi.

Uhlobo Nemisebenzi Kahulumeni Wendawo

[[FLT: 0]] Amabanga [ ngokuvamile ayindawo enkulu kakhulu kahulumeni wendawo. Basebenzisa imithetho kahulumeni endaweni, baqondise amarekhodi omphakathi, banikeze izinkonzo ezinjengokugcinwa komthetho, izinkantolo, nempilo yomphakathi. [[[FLT:]] amaphethelo [[FLT:] angu-5], ahlanganisa amadolobha, amadolobha, nemizana, izakhiwo, zinikeza izinkonzo eziphambili ezinjengokuhlala, isivikelo somlilo, amapaki, nezindawo zokunikeza amanzi. [[FLT:]] izifunda ezikhethekile eziphethe imingcele echazwe imingcele. [FFOLT] [F] [F] [FT], [FT]

Ohulumeni bendawo bathola igunya labo kohulumeni bezwe. Amazwe akha ohulumeni bendawo ngomthetho wemithetho, futhi bangawaguqula noma bawancibilikise. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuzibusa kwendawo kuyahlukahluka kakhulu kulo lonke izwe. Ezinye izifundazwe zinikeza amadolobha namazwe imibuso yasekhaya imibuso emikhulu, ivumela ukuba idlulise imithetho futhi ilawule izindaba ngaphandle kokuphazamisa okuncane kombuso. Abanye babekela imingcele eqinile igunya lendawo, bafuna ukuvunyelwa kwezenzo ezithile zikahulumeni. Lokhu kuyingxenye ebalulekile yobudlelwane bohulumeni.

Izinselele Zokusekela Imali Nezokuhweba

Ohulumeni bendawo bathembele kakhulu ezintela zempahla, izintela zezentengiselwano, kanye nokuthunyelwa kwezindawo kuhulumeni kuvela emithonjeni kahulumeni nohulumeni. Lesi sakhiwo sezimali sidala ukuwohloka kwezomnotho. Phakathi nokuwohloka kwezomnotho, inzuzo yempahla incipha futhi ithengise intela, izama ukulinganisela izimali zendawo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isidingo semisebenzi efana nokuphepha komphakathi kanye nokusiza umphakathi sivame ukunyuka. Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo babhekana nenselele yokunikeza izinkonzo ezidingekile ngokuzivumelanisa nenzuzo ezilinganiselwe. Iminikelo evela kuhulumeni nohulumeni bangakwazi ukusiza, kodwa ngokuvamile bafaka izintambo, bafune ukuba ohulumeni bendawo bahambisane nemithetho ethile futhi babika izimfuneko ezithile.

Ohulumeni BoMbuso: Izisebenzi Zentando Yeningi

Ohulumeni boMbuso banegunya elikhulu esimisweni sikahulumeni. Banegunya elikhulu ezindabeni ezingaphathiswa uhulumeni wohulumeni, futhi basebenza njengesimiso esiyinhloko somthetho nokuphathwa kohulumeni bendawo. IJaji uLouis Brandeis ngokudume kakhulu uchaza ngokuthi "izisebenzi zombuso wentando yeningi," inkulumo ethatha umqondo wokuthi izifunda zingazama ngezimiso ezihlukile futhi zifunde kwenye. Lendima yokuhlola iye yabonakala ezindaweni ezinjengenguquko yezempilo, iziqondiso zendawo, amalungelo okuvota, nenqubo yemfundo.

Isakhiwo Sikahulumeni Kahulumeni

Umbuso ngamunye unomthetho-sisekelo wawo, omisa isakhiwo sikahulumeni wawo. Ngokuvamile, lokhu kuhlanganisa igatsha eliphethe eliholwa umbusi, igatsha lomthetho elingase libe yi-bidamal noma libe yi-odamaral, negatsha lokwahlulela. Umthetho-sisekelo woMbuso ngokuvamile uthatha isikhathi eside futhi uningi ngokwengeziwe kunomthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., obonisa izinga elibanzi lemithwalo yemfanelo kahulumeni nesifiso sokuxoxa ngezindaba ezithile zendawo. Eminye imithetho-mthetho ihlanganisa amalungiselelo eqondile enqubeni yokubusa ngezindlela ezithathwayo, i-temperenteums, i-temperenteums, nokukhumbula ukhetho, ukuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zivote ngokuqondile emithethweni nasemithethweni.

AmaGovernar ayizikhulu eziyinhloko zezifundazwe zabo. Bengamele ukumiswa kwemithetho kahulumeni, ukuhlongoza uhlelo lwemali, ukumisa izikhulu, futhi banamandla okulawula umthetho. izishayamthetho zesizwe [ zimisa imithetho ehlela izihloko eziningi, kuhlanganise nobulungisa bobugebengu, imfundo, ezokwethuthwa, nempilo. ukuchaza imithetho nemithetho yemithetho yemithetho, futhi izinqumo zabo zingaba nemiphumela emikhulu ekuqondiseni kwabantu bendawo namalungelo abo.

Izindawo Zegunya Likahulumeni

Ohulumeni boMbuso banegunya emikhakheni eminingi yezimiso. Imfundo ngokuyinhloko iwumthwalo wemfanelo wezwe nezwe, ngokumisa izindinganiso zohlelo, ukufushanisa othisha, nokusakaza imali ezifundeni. Impilo yomphakathi ingenye indawo enkulu, eneminyango yezempilo esebenzayo, iqondisa izinhlelo ze-Medicaid, nokuqondisa izibhedlela nemithola-mpilo. Ukuthuthwa, kuhlanganise nemigwaqo emikhulu yezwe nezokuthuthwa komphakathi, kungaphansi kwegunya likahulumeni.

I- I-National Gurders Association inikeza ukucwaninga nemithombo yezimiso zikahulumeni eziza kuqala, iqokomisa indlela izigaba ezisingatha ngayo izinselele ezivamile ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Ngokufunda izinhlelo zombuso, abenzi bezimiso nezakhamuzi bangaqonda kangcono ukuthi yini esebenzayo futhi yini engekho ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zezimiso.

Uhulumeni Kahulumeni: Igunya Lesizwe Nomthwalo Wemfanelo

Uhulumeni ophethe imibuso kahulumeni enikezwa nguMthetho-sisekelo, onegunya ezindabeni ezithinta isizwe sonke. Lezi zihlanganisa ukuzivikela kwesizwe, isimiso sangaphandle, ezentengiselwano ezisezweni, ukufuduka, nesimiso semali. Uhulumeni kahulumeni ufeza indima enkulu ezindaweni ezinjengokunakekelwa kwempilo, isivikelo sendawo ezungezile, amalungelo omphakathi, nenhlalakahle yezenhlalo ngokusebenzisa amandla okusebenzisa imali nangegunya lakhe lokulawula.

Amagatsha Amathathu Ombuso Kahulumeni

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. uhlukanisa uhulumeni kahulumeni ohlangene ube ngamagatsha amathathu. Ikhothathiwe ngokomthetho, intela, nemali efanelekile. uMongameli [ uqinisa imithetho, uqhube umthetho wangaphandle, futhi uyala amabutho ezempi. izinkantolo zikahulumeni [[FLT:] zichaza imithetho futhi zibukeze ukubusa kwazo komthetho-mthetho. Lokhu kwahlukana kwamandla kuqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha ngalinye lingahlola amanye, livimbele noma igatsha elinye ekubuseni uhulumeni. Isimiso esifanayo sisebenza ekuhlukaniseni amandla aqinile phakathi kombuso wezwe nohulumeni, ngesilinganiso ngasinye esinegunya lawo siqu.

Ukusekela Imali Nethonya

Elinye lamathuluzi anamandla kakhulu uhulumeni kahulumeni ophethe ukuthonya umbuso nenkambiso yendawo yilelona cebo lawo lokusebenzisa imali. Ngeziphakamiso-aid, uhulumeni unikeza izimali ngezinhlelo ezinjenge-Medicaid, ukwakhiwa kwemigwaqo emikhulu, imfundo yomphakathi, nosizo lwenhlekelele. inikeza imvume eqinile[[[[FLT:]] izinhlelo zazo siqu, ziwuhlobo oluvamile, olufuna ukuba amazwe asebenzise imali ngezinjongo ezithile futhi avumelane nezindinganiso zikahulumeni. [[FLT:] unikeza imvume yokuzihlela, uzivumela ukuba ziklame izinhlelo zawo siqu phakathi kweziqondiso ezisemthethweni. Lokhu kusekela ubuhlobo obungokombuso kunikeza ngisho nezindawo eziyinhloko zegunya.

Uhulumeni kahulumeni umisa futhi izindinganiso ezilinganiselwe izifundazwe okumelwe zihlangane kuzo ezindaweni ezinjengezinga lendawo ezungezile, ukuphepha emsebenzini, namalungelo omphakathi. Amazwe akhululekile ukumisa izindinganiso eziqinile, kodwa awanakwehla ngaphansi kwesitezi sikahulumeni. Lokhu kwenza isisekelo sokuvikela wonke amaMelika kuyilapho kuvumela amazwe ukuba avumelane nezimiso ezivumelana nezimo zendawo.

Ukuhlangana Kwahulumeni: Ukubambisana Nokungezwani

Imisebenzi yemingcele phakathi kwegunya lendawo, isifundazwe, nezwe ngokuvamile ayicaci. Izindawo eziningi zezimiso zihilela ukubophelana umthwalo wemfanelo, zidinga ukubambisana kuzo zonke izigaba. Ubuhlobo obunye bohulumeni buchaza ulwembu oluyinkimbinkimbi lokuxhumana ohulumeni abasebenza ngalo ndawonye, bancintisane ngemithombo, futhi baxoxe ngezindima zabo.

Ukubambisana Kwezikhungo Zokubambisana

I-conoperative componentialism ibhekisela esibonelweni lapho wonke amazinga kahulumeni esebenza ndawonye ukuze axazulule izinkinga ezivamile. Lendlela yaba evelele phakathi nenkathi ye-New Deal futhi iye yaqhubeka ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Izibonelo zihlanganisa ukubambisana ukuze kwakhiwe futhi kulondolozwe i-Interstatestate Highway System, ukusabela okuhlangene ezinhlekeleleni zemvelo nge-Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), kanye nemizamo ebambisanayo ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwesikole somphakathi ngaphansi kwezindinganiso zombuso zokulandisa.

Izimo eziphuthumayo zempilo yomphakathi zivame ukufanekisela ukubambisana kombuso ngenxa yobhadane lwawo olunamandla kakhulu. Phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVOVAD-19, izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezinjenge Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) zakhipha iziqondiso, kuyilapho izifundazwe nezindawo zifake imingcele, zisakaza imithi yokugoma, futhi zilawule isibhedlela. Ukusabela kwakungashelelezi ngaso sonke isikhathi, kodwa kwakusobala ukuthi izinhlelo zokubambisana ziyabonakala. Ngokufanayo, ukusabela ngenhlekelele ngemva kweziphepho, imvula, nezikhukhula kudinga ukuhlanganiswa kwabasabela kokuqala, izinhlangano zezokuqondisa isimo sombuso, nezinhlelo zosizo zezwe.

Izingxabano Nezingxabano

Nakuba ukubambisana kuvamile, kuphakama izingxabano. Ukuphikisana ngemithetho elawulayo, ukuxhasa imali, kanye nezimiso kungenza ukuba kube nokungazwani phakathi kwamazinga kahulumeni. Intethelelo [ yenzeka lapho uhulumeni wezwe ulawula imithetho kahulumeni, ngokuvamile esekelwe egunyeni layo elingokomthetho phezu kwezentengiselwano zezwe. Ngokwesibonelo, imithetho kahulumeni ephathelene nenhlansi nokufuduka iye yaba senkabeni yezimpikiswano zempoqo, kanye nemithetho kahulumeni ephikisayo enkantolo.

Imithetho engagunyaziwe ingomunye umthombo wokungezwani. Uma uhulumeni kahulumeni ufuna ukuba amazwe athile noma izindawo zithathe izenzo ezithile ngaphandle kokunikeza izimali ezanele, kungacindezela imali yendawo futhi kubangele ukucasuka. UMthetho weReformation Mandadais ka-1995 wafuna ukuxazulula lenkinga ngokufuna ukuba i-Congress ihlole izindleko zemithetho ngaphambi kokuba ibeke imingcele, kodwa lempikiswano iyaqhubeka ivela ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene nezimiso zendawo ezungezile, izindinganiso zemfundo, nemithetho yokuvota.

Ukuhlukana kwezombangazwe kunezela olunye ungqimba lobunkimbinkimbi. Uma amaqembu ahlukahlukene ezombangazwe elawula amazinga ahlukene kahulumeni, ukubambisana kuba nzima kakhulu. Amazwe angase amelane nezimiso zikahulumeni angavumelani nazo, futhi izikhulu zikahulumeni zingasebenzisa igunya lazo ukuphoqelela ukugcinwa kwezwe. Lokhu kucindezeleka akulona ngempela uphawu lokungahleleki; kuyisici esingokwemvelo sesimiso sikahulumeni esiklanyelwe ukulinganisela izithakazelo nezici ezihlukahlukene.

Izinkinga Zangesikhathi Esidlule Ezimpini Zokulwela Uhulumeni

Izimpikiswano eziningana zamanje zibonisa ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okuqhubekayo kokulingana kwamandla. Ukubekwa kwecala kwe-Marijuana kuyisibonelo esivelele. Inani elandayo lezifundazwe liye lagunyaza insangu ukuze isetshenziswe kwezokwelapha noma ekuzijabuliseni, ngisho noma ihlala ingekho ngokomthetho ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni. Lempi iye yabangela ukungaqiniseki ngokomthetho emabhizinisini, emabhange, nakubathengi, futhi iye yabangela ukuba kufuneke inguquko ezwe. Impikiswano ihlola imingcele kahulumeni yokuzimela noma ukufinyelela kwemithetho yezidakamizwa.

umthetho wezemfundo ungolunye uhlangothi lwengxabano. Izwe elinjengeCalifornia liye lamukela izindinganiso zokukhipha ezihahayo nezimfuneko zamandla ahlanzekile, ngezinye izikhathi izikhulu zikahulumeni ziye zakhuthaza futhi zabekela lemizamo kahulumeni inselele ngokungafani, kuye ngokuqondisa. Umphumela uwumsebenzi ohlukene wemithetho eveza ukushukuma kwenani lesizwe nomzamo wezwe.

Isimiso sokunakekela impilo [[FLT: 1] siyaqhubeka sidala ukuxabana phakathi kwemithetho. I-Affordtable Care Act yandisa iMedicaid nezimali zikahulumeni, kodwa ezinye izifundazwe zakhetha ukungandisa izinhlelo zazo, zidala izikhala. Imizamo yamalungiselelo yokulungisa ukunakekelwa kwempilo iye yahlangabezana nokusabela okuhlukahlukene okusukela ekufezekeni okunentshiseko kuya enkathazweni. Lokhu kuqokomisa ubunzima bokusebenzisa isimiso sombuso wezwe esimisweni lapho izifunda zinendlela enengqondo.

Inkambiso yokufundisa iveza futhi ukucindezelwa nokudonsa kwe-soshal. I-All Students Foundations Act (ESSA) ka-2015 yabuyisela igunya elibalulekile ezindinganisweni zemfundo emazweni, ithatha indawo ye-guvernement eyayenziwa ngaphansi kwe-No Child Led Bend. Ama- States manje ayakwazi ukuvumelana kakhulu ekubekeni imigomo nakwezokulandisa, kodwa futhi abhekene nokucindezela okuqhubekayo okuvela ezimfunezelweni zemali nokwethemba lomphakathi.

Indima Yamankantolo

Ijadicary yenza indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuchazeni imingcele kahulumeni. INkantolo Ephakeme ikhiphe izinqumo eziphawulekayo ezindabeni ezinjengeze-Commerce Claus, ubukhosi bezwe, nemingcele yamandla kahulumeni. Ezimweni ezinjenge United States v. ILopez [1995] [FLT] [[FLT]]) [[FLT] Printz] v. United States[[FLT] [[FLT] [1997]], iNkantolo ilinganisela izinga legunya likahulumeni, i-construction commentation. Ezindationsssssss, inkantolo ikhulume ngokufaka izimo ezinjengomthetho zokuvalela, ukuvola imicimbi, ukuvota, nokunakekela impilo, ngokuvamile ngemibono ehlukene eveza ukungavumelani ukulingana okufaneleyo.

Izizathu Eziwusizo Zokuhlanganyela Kwesigqi

Kubafundi nakothisha, ukuqonda ukulinganisela kwamandla akuyona nje indlela yokufunda. Kunemiphumela esebenzayo ekuthembiseni umphakathi. Ukwazi ukuthi yiliphi izinga likahulumeni onecala lendaba ethile kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqondise ukuphumelela kwazo. Uma umphakathi ufuna ukuthuthukisa izikole zendawo, ibhodi lesikole nomnyango wezemfundo yizona ezinqumayo. Uma uhulumeni ucabangela umthetho omusha wendawo ezungezile, isishaya-mthetho wezwe nombusi yizisulu zempathiso. Uma isimiso sikahulumeni sisengozini, amalungu eSiko nanguMongameli bangabadlali abayinhloko.

Izakhamuzi zingahlanganyela esimisweni ngokuvota endaweni, esifundazweni, nangohulumeni, ukuba khona emihlanganweni yomphakathi, ukuthintana nezikhulu ezikhethiwe, nokusebenza emabhodini nasemishinini. Ukuqonda umongo wangaphakathi kwenza lokhu kuhlanganyela kube nokuhlobana okukhulu nokuphumelela. i-USA. [i-chweba eliphetheyo[ linikeza isiqondiso sendlela yokuhlanganyela nohulumeni kuzo zonke izigaba, linikeza isiqalo salabo abafuna ukuhileleka ngokwengeziwe.

Isiphetho

Ukulingana kwamandla phakathi kohulumeni bendawo, umbuso, nohulumeni kuyisici esichazayo sokubusa kwaseMelika. Kuhlela indlela imithetho eyenziwa ngayo, indlela izinkonzo ezinikezwa ngayo, nendlela izakhamuzi ezisebenzelana ngayo nohulumeni wazo. Isimiso asisebenzi kahle ngaso sonke isikhathi noma sivumelana, kodwa umklamo waso ubonisa ukuzikhethela ngamabomu ukusakaza igunya futhi uvikele amandla akhethekile. Ngokuqonda izindima nobudlelwane bombuso ngamunye, abafundi nothisha bangakuqonda kangcono ukucubungula kwentando yeningi nokubaluleka kokuhlanganyela komphakathi ngolwazi. Ukulinganisela kwamandla akuyona indawo emisiwe; kuyingxoxo eqhubekayo ngokuphathelene nomthetho owenziwe esizweni esihlukene futhi esinamandla.