Imithwalo Eyingqayizivele Yokumelana Nobuphekula Ezweni Elinezinkinga Nezimpi

Ukulwa nobuphekula ezifundazweni ezintekenteke futhi ezilwa nezimpi kuwumsebenzi ohlukile ngokuyisisekelo ekulweni nawo emazweni angazinzi, anezimo ezihluzekile. Lezi zifundazwe ``ziphawulwe izinhlangano ezibuthakathaka, ukungaguquguquki okungapheli kwezombangazwe, futhi ngokuvamile ubudlova obuqhubekayo] obumelela uxhaxhaxha lwezithiyo ezibangela ubuphekula obuvamile obungavumelani nobungahlanga. Umphumela uwukungaqiniseki: ubuthakathaka, amandla okhuseleko angawatholanga, ahlome kakhulu, noma ahlasela kakhulu; umthetho ngokuvamile uyinganekwane; futhi amaqembu amaphekula asebenzisa kabi izikhalo ezifanayo ezilawulayo nezikhalo zomphakathi ezichaza ukuchuma komphakathi ngokwako. Umphumela uwumphumela: ubuthakathaka obunye ubuthakathaka, futhi ubuphekula isiphi isimo esingathi sína. Noma isiphi isimo sobuphekulaleli endaweni enjalo kumelwe siqonde izinselele ezimweni zokuqala.

Ukuqonda Izwe Elinezifo Nezingxabano

Izindawo lapho uhulumeni engenayo intando yezombangazwe noma ikhono lokuletha imisebenzi eyisisekelo emphakathini wawo: ukulondeka, ubulungisa, izinkonzo eziyisisekelo, nethuba lezomnotho. Izwe le World Bank i-Harmonile List of Fragle derns[ iveza amazwe anjenge-Somalia, i-Yemen, i-Southern, ne-Central African Republic njengenfeain enciphene ngokuqhubekayo. Impi ehleliwe kakhulu (i-civil, impi ekhubazekayo, noma izingxabano ezibanzi.) i-Harsel-Hargon, i-Harlasmia, i-insmos, futhi iyakhuphuka, futhi i-funza i-fuze i-fuze izimpi. I-Alsease.

Umehluko obucayi uwukuthi ezizweni ezintekenteke, amaphekula avame ukuncintisana nabadlali abaningi abahlomile − amaqembu amaningi ahlomile, amabutho, izinxulumano zobugebengu ezihleliwe (ukuze kusetshenziswe indawo, imithombo, ingcebo, nokuthembeka. Lobu budlova obudla inqwaba bubangela ukuba kube nzima ukuhlanganisa ubuhlakani futhi kukwenze kube nzima ukuhlukanisa imisebenzi yobuphekula nezinye izinhlobo zobudlova bezombangazwe noma bobugebengu. Umbuso ungase ungakwazi noma ungazimisele ukwenza umsebenzi wokubusa ububanzi obunamandla ube emasimini awo amakhulu, udale izindawo ezithene ezisezikhundleni ezilondekile [[ ezisebenza njengeziphephelo ezilondekile. Ngisho uhulumeni olawula amapulani asedolonyeni, ngaphandle kwezindawo eziphumelelayo zokulawula amaqembu ahlomile, kuhlanganise nezinhlangano zezenhlukuphekula.

Izinselele Zokhova Ngemininingwane

Ukubusa Okubuthakathaka Nokuwa Kwezinhlangano

Inselele eyodwa esakazeke kakhulu ukungabikho kokubusa okusebenzayo. Ukungavumelani nezenzo zobuphekula kuxhomeke ochungechungeni lwesikhundla sokuhlela: amaphoyisa aqapha futhi ahlole; abashushisi; izikhalo; amajele anezibopho; izinkonzo zokuhlakanipha ziqoqa futhi zihlanganyele ulwazi olusongelayo. Uma noma isiphi isixhumaniso kuleloketanga, wonke umzamo weCT uyantekiseka. Emazweni amaningi abuthaka, amaphoyisa awakhokhelwa, awakholeki, futhi ayasatshwa kakhulu; izinkantolo zikhohlakele noma azisebenzi; futhi izinkonzo zobuhlakani zithathwa ngamaqoqo olwazi anezinsolo. Umkhakhakha onesi esinesihawu ozwelayo. Imiphumela iwukusetshenziswa kwamaphekula amaphekula asebenza eduze nezindawo eziningi, futhi ukusabela kombuso kuvame ukuncipha, ukusinda, noma ukukhohlakala kakhulu. Isibonelo, e-Chain, ebuthakani, ebuthakani, ezweni lase-Rometmorizimu, evuma ukuba avuswe futhi avinywe ngokuvusekulwa izikhali.

Ukuthutha Imithombo Yezinto Eziyigugu Nokuthuthwa Kwezimfashini

Izindawo ezicishe ziswele incazelo yemithombo yezimali neyabantu ukuze kusetshenziswe iqhinga elibanzi. Izezimali zezempi namaphoyisa ngokuvamile zisetshenziswa izimpi noma izimali zangaphakathi, zishiyela ingcosana yokuqeqeshwa okumelene nobuphekula, imishini, noma iholo. Ngisho nezinto eziyisisekelo njengezimoto zezokuxhumana, namathuluzi okuxhumana, kanye nemishini yokuhlola ebusuku kungase kube yindlala. Ukukhuluphala okukhulu, imithombo yabantu inciphe kakhulu: kunabacusumbuli abafanelekayo, abahlolayo, abaphathi bemikhawulo, nabaphathi bomphakathi. Labo abaqeqeshwayo ngokuvamile baphangwa izinhlangano zezizwe ezingcono noma bashiye izwe lonke. Izinga eziqinile: iminikelo yomhlaba wonke inganikeza imishini kodwa ngeke ikwazi ukunikeza izimali ezidingekayo zendawo ukuba isetshenziswe ngokuphumelelayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma imithombo yomphakathi idlalwe kakhulu, ngokwesilinganiso esingokwezinye sezezombangazwe, kudinga ukuphumelela kwezentengo yobuthelela, i-Souni (Misnerni) ngenxa yezikhali zezikhali ezinkulu zempi.

Ukonakala Njengamandla Anamandla Aningi Amaphekula

Inkohlakalo ayisona nje isimo sesizinda esintekenteke ezifundazweni ezintekenteke; yenza amaphekula akwazi ukufumbathisa izikhulu zomngcele ukuze zithuthe izisebenzi nezikhali, akhokhela amaphoyisa endawo ukuba athathe iso lokuthola amangqamuzana, futhi athenge amafutha, ukudla, nezinto zokwelapha ezivela ezimakethe ezimnyama ezisetshenziswa izikhulu ezikhohlakeleyo. Kwezinye izimo, amalungu a ivikelo anikeza ukuhlakanipha noma izikhali emaqenjini amaphekula ukuze athole inzuzo yomuntu siqu. I-symbiosis ingaqhubekela phambili: i-ocedrobiose noma izikhulu zezwe ezonakeleyo zingabambisana ngokunamandla namaphekula amaphekula akhona ukuze alondoloze noma aqede abalwane, aguqule imizamo yokulwa kwemithetho efuna ukuhlalisa izimpahla. I-ISCUSCUPristton ayizange ikhiphe i-Active. Kodwa i-ulticon

Ukungahleleki Kwezombangazwe Nezinsalela Ezishintshashintshayo Zengxabano

Izifundazwe ezithathelwanayo nezilwayo ngokuvamile zisezweni elicishe ligcwalene ngokwezombangazwe. Okubi nakakhulu, abaholi bezombangazwe bangafaka isiko lokuzimela inzuzo yasekhaya, ukushintshwa kwemifelandawonye, nokuhlelwa kwamaqembu ahlomile. Lokhu kwenza kube nzima ukusekela inqubo ende ye-CT. Ushintsho oluphathelene nesimiso ngasinye, futhi izivumelwano zangaphambili zingalahlwa. Okukhulu nakakhulu, abaholi bezombangazwe bangafaka isiko lokulwa ubudlova ukuze bazuze inzuzo yasekhaya ($) zokwenza bonke abaphikisi njengabaphehlisi futhi basebenzise amabutho eCT ukuze bacindezele ukuphikisa kwezombangazwe kunokuba balwe nomthetho oweqikele. Lomkhuba wokudambisa isimo samehlo emiphakathini futhi bangaqhuba ngisho nezinhlangano zezombangazwe ezihloselwe ukumelana namaqembu awo. Esael, e-Burkin, e-Burkin, nasebukweni le mikhosinikn, u-Genegrome, ukuvumela ukuba amaqembu ezindaweni zezombangazwe aqhubekele futhi aqhubeke nokuqhubeka nokusetshenziswa ngokusetshenziswa kwezimiso.

Imidanso Eyingozi Nesibhamu Sesifunda

Izifunda ezintekenteke eziningi ziye zaphelelwa amandla, zaphelelwa amandla, futhi zangavikelwa imingcele. Ukuxabana ezweni elilodwa kuvame ukuchitheka komakhelwane, futhi amaphekula asebenzisa lezi zindawo ezinqamule i-oyile ukuze agweme ukucindezela, ukujoyina, nezikhali zokuhwebelana. Indawo yaseSahel iyindaba eyenzekayo: ukuwohloka kokulondeka enyakatho yeMali, futhi ngemva kuka-2012 kwakha indawo elondekile yamaqembu akwajihadadads esakazekele eBurki Faso, eNiger, kanye neNtshona Afrika. Ngokufanayo, i-Syriaan yabangela inxushuwa yesiyaluya ezindaweni ezisemngceleni we-Siriya i-Iq. Ukulawula imingcele ye-Iq entententene akuyona nje into edinga ukubambisana kwezindawo, ukuhlangana, nokubusa, kokubili imingcele yezindawo, ngaphandle kwezikhali, izikhali ze-Ssisiscieving, izikhali zezentengiselwano.

Ukusekela Ubuphekula Kwendawo: Izenzo Zobuphekula Nezisusa Zazo

Amaqembu amaphekula awasebenzi endaweni engenalutho. Avame ukuzifaka emaqenjini asendaweni ngokunikeza izinkonzo − ukwahlulela, ukuxabana, inhlalakahle eyisisekelo . funa imibuso ihluleke ukuletha. Kwezinye izindawo, ingabhekwa njengembi ephansi uma iqhathaniswa namandla kahulumeni okonakala noma axhaphazayo. Ukusekela kwendawo kungaphoqelelwa, kodwa futhi ngokuvamile kubangelwa ukuhlelwa kwezibalo ezinengqondo emiphakathini ebona kungekho omunye umthombo wokulondeka noma ubulungisa. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Al-Shabab eSomaliah iye yaphumelela ngokwesiko izinkantolo eziphumelelayo namacebo entela, futhi eminye imiphakathi yabantu yendawo ibheka njengengathandeki kakhulu futhi engekho impatho engcono kune-kancane kakhulu embusweni kahulumeni. Lomphakathi wamukele ngisho noma umphakathi ugeqelela i-CundertClums ngenxa yokuthi ushoshow bhn, futhi ufaka izingozi kakhulu kwempi yangaphandle kwempi ezindaweni zobuthelela kuyo i-Hule ekuhloni. I-Probini efuna ukuvikela ibutho lezempi.

Indima Ephawulekayo Yezici Zangaphandle

Izingxabano Zezifunda Nezimpi Ezilawulayo

Izifundazwe ezivamile zingama-microculactsm ezimpini ezinkulu zendawo. Amaqembu amaphekula angasebenzisa izingxabano zendawo ukuze athole ukusekelwa ngokwezimali nangokwezimo. Impi yase-Syria yadwetshwa abalwi nayimithombo yemali esemhlabeni wonke, futhi ukuhlukana kwegunya likahulumeni kwavumela amaqembu amaningi amaphekula ukuba achume. Ku-Sahel, amaqembu amajihade asendaweni anemifelandawo e-Libya, ama-Maghreb, kanye ne-Mpuma Ephakathi. Imibuso yesifunda ingasekela futhi amaprojekthi angaphakathi kwezwe elintekenteken, esebenzisa isembo esingcono sokuqhubekisela izitha zawo. Lokhu kungenela kungandisa ubudlova, kudala izikhalo ezintsha, futhi kuvule nezindlela zokusetshenziswa kwamaphekula amaphekula.

Ukungenela Kwakwamanye Amazwe Nenkinga Egadlayo

Ukungenela kwezempi kwangaphandle − kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kubangelwa yizifunda ezingomakhelwane, izinhlangano zezifunda, noma imibuso yembulunga yonke − i-canmente menternea exhwalekile. Nakuba ngezinye izikhathi kuhloselwe ukulwisana nobuphekula, imisebenzi yezempi yakwamanye amazwe ivame ukubangela umonakalo omkhulu wokuvikela izakhamuzi, izingozi zesizwe, kanye nombango wesizwe oxhaphazwa amaqembu amaphekula. Izimpi eziphethulwayo eziphehlwayo e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan, ngokwesibonelo, zakha ukulandisa ukuthi i-ISSIS kanye ne-Talistan ezisetshenziselwa ukubopha abathathisi. Ukuhlasela nokuhlasela okukhethekile kungasusa abaholi abathile kodwa kungaqeda izimo ezingaphansi ezivumela ubuphekulaphekula. Ezizweni ezinqikazayo, ngokwesibonelo, ukuba khona kwamabutho bezizwe akwamanye amazwe ngokuvamile kuba umshayeli wokuntenga, kanye nokuphuma kwalawo mabutho e-Afghanian ngonyaka ka-201 noma ku-201 noma kuveza i-Skash.

Amanethi Obuphekula Embulungeni Yonke Nokuncipha Kwamanani

Ngisho nasezindaweni ezintekenteke kakhulu, amaqembu amaphekula awahlukaniswe. Axhumanisa izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke zezimali, zenkulumo ephakamisiswayo, ezobuchwepheshe, nezempi. Isimiso somhlaba wonke sombuso wamaSulumane sinikeze ukuphefumulelwa nokuqondiswa kokusebenza kwezindawo ezisuka eNtshona Afrika ukuya ePhilippines. Ama-Online plat avumela ukuqashelwa kwemingcele eqinile, futhi angavela phakathi kwe-diaspora yezwe elintekentekenteke. I-Internet isiza ukugeleza kwezimali ezingekho emthethweni ngezimiso ze-cypocryryry kanye nezimiso zokudlulisa imali ngokwethukela. I-Fragilleging ayinakhono lokulawula indawo yezibalo noma ukuxhumana nge-inthaneti, ifaka umthwalo kubantu abasebenza amazwe angekhona olimi noma amasiko endawo ukuba baqondise ngokune.

Amasu Okunqoba Lezi Zithiyo

Ukwakha Isikhundla Sikahulumeni Sisuka Emhlabathini

Akukho silinganiso sosizo lwezenhlalayenza engekho emthethweni olungathatha indawo yesifundazwe. Icebo eliqinile kakhulu i-CT ukuqinisa izinhlangano eziyinhloko zokubusa: ibutho lamaphoyisa elinekhono nelizolandisa, ihholo elihle neliphumelelayo, izimiso zasejele ezingabi izikole zokulwa namacala anzima, futhi izimiso zentela ezingaxhasa lezi zikhungo. Lokhu kudinga isibopho sesikhathi eside, ngokuvamile esithatha amashumi eminyaka, nokugxila ekusizeni kwezobuchwepheshe, ukuqeqesha, nokwengamele. Izibonelo eziphumelelayo zingavamile kodwa ziyafundisa: ngemva kweminyaka eminingi yomzamo, izakhiwo zezwe laseColombia ezindaweni ezazilawulwa yi-FARC zinciphisa indawo ye-FARC eqentiast amaqembu alwayo ukuba athole imvume. Futhi, [FLD:0] i-Reavention Reformation (RS) ezindaweni zomphakathi zempi ezingondleko zeze zesizwe, futhi izikhulule izikhulu zempi ezingondleko zezwe elinamandla angokombazwe lamazwe akhona.

Isivumelwano Somphakathi: Impoqo Ehlakaniphile Eningi

Izinhlelo ezihlanganisa abaholi benkolo, amaqembu amaqembu ahlukene, iziteshi zentsha, kanye nabadala bendawo banganikeza isixwayiso esisheshayo sokuzinza nokusebenza kobuphekula. Ukwakha ukuthembana phakathi kwamabutho okhuseleko nemiphakathi kubalulekile. Lokhu kungakwenziwa ngezindlela zobupolitiki, izinqubo zempikiswano ezisobala, kanye nemisebenzi enikeza ukuthula okubonakalayo okuhlukaniswa phakathi kwezikole, imitholampilo, noma amanzi ahlanzekile. Izindawo lapho amaphekula aye aqhutshekisela khona ngaphandle. I-Communy-Crigianism eqophectives eFrogial eKenyameanlands [FLM:1], ngokwesibonelo, isiza amaphoyisa endawo ukuba athuthukise izinhlelo zokuhleleka ezingoko ngokomthetho, izinhlelo ze-Albabs, idinga ukuvika okunga okungantentekayo, futhi kudinga ukuhlasela kwempoqophelo enkulu ngenxa ye-oka.

Ukubambisana Kwezizwe Zonke: Inkinga Ehlanganyelwayo

Ubuphekula obusezindaweni ezintekenteke buyinkinga yembulunga yonke edinga ukusabela okuhlangene kwezizwe zonke. Ukuvikela komngcele, ukuhlakanipha, ukuhlanganyela, ukusizana ngokomthetho, kanye nemisebenzi ehlangene konke kubucayi. Izinhlangano zesifunda ezinjenge- i-Afrikan Union kanye ne-[[FLT:]] G5] Sahelm (manje enciphilekile kodwa ehlelile) zinikeza indawo yemisebenzi engcono kakhulu,[FLT: 3] izama ukuhlanganisa ukuhlanganisa ukuhlanganisa imisebenzi enqamule imingcele yezehlombe, nakuba iye yaphazanyiswa ukusekela nokuncishiswa kweminyango yesizwe. [[FLT:]] [[FLT]]] I-Debustertting Forculm Formalktiorder, kodwa abaxhasi bezombangazwe bangayisekela, kodwa abakanye, abakanye, abasekela izikhulu zezombangazwe zendawo.

Ukukhuluma Ngezimbangela Eziyinhloko: Ukwakheka Kwezakhiwo

Nakuba usongo olusheshayo lobuphekula ludinga ukusabela kwokulondeka, ikhambi eliqinile lidinga abashayeli bezakhiwo abanobuphekula: ubumpofu, ukungalingani, ukungalingani kwezombangazwe, nokungabi namathuba. Ezizweni ezintekenteke, laba bashayeli bavame ukuhlangana phakathi kwezizukulwane nezimiso. Izinhlelo zokuthuthukisa ezigxile emfundweni yemfundo, ukusungulwa kwemisebenzi, izisekelo, nezinkonzo zomphakathi zinganciphisa ukuhehaha ukuthatheka kwamaphekula. Nokho, ubufakazi bokuhlangana okuqondile phakathi kobumpofu nobuphekula, nokungahleleki kwezombangazwe buxubene kanye nezindawo ezingcono kodwa bungasodwa kodwa budinga ukubheka isithunzi, noma ukuvinjelwa kwamathuba okushukumisa ukuqina. Ngakho, izinhlelo zezombangazwe zidinga ukuthuthukisa intuthuko, futhi zinganciphisa izikhalo zezombangazwe, kuhlanganise nokucwa kwezinhlanga, futhi zinciphe amandla. Lokhu kungoko kungoko kusekuhlangene kwezombangazwe, futhi kungokokusetshenziswa kweze.

Ukuguqulwa Kwehlelo Lokuphepha Nokulandisa

Ukusebenzisa izikhali eziningi nokuqeqesha izikhali ezikhona manje akwanele. Ingxenye yokulondeka ezindaweni ezintekenteke ivame ukuhlushwa ukuxhashazwa kwamalungelo abantu, ukungalingani kwezinhlanga, nokubekwa phambili kwezindawo. Imisebenzi yokulwa nobuphekula encike emandleni axhaphazayo idala izitha eziningi kunalawo ayiqedayo. Ukuvikela i-Creation Reformation (SR) ifuna ukushintsha izinhlangano zokulondeka ukuze ziphumelele, zikwazi ukuphatha kahle abantu, futhi zihloniphe amalungelo abo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuvikela izinhlangano zomphakathi, ukuqinisa ukulandisa ukuvikela, ukuhlanganisa izinqubo zobudodaba, nokuhlanganisa inqubo yokulondoloza izingozi zesizwe. [[FLT:] Izinhlelo ze SSR eLiberia neCôte, izinhlangano ezikhethekile zezokulawula ezingokomthetho, azikhokhiswa izinkonzo zezindawo ezingaphezulu zemithetho yomthetho ezingokomthetho, futhi azigunyaze zinikeze izibonelo zezokuvikela ekulweni kwezindawo zomphakathi.

Ukusuka Ekulawuleni Izinkinga Kuya Ekululameni

Izinselele zokulwisana nobuphekula ezifundazweni ezintekenteke nezinezingxabano ziningi, zididane, futhi zisekelwe kakhulu kwezezombangazwe nezezenhlalo zalemiphakathi. Ukunqoba kudinga ukushintshwa okuyisisekelo ukusuka ekulondekeni okuncane kuqala kuya ekuhlelekeni okubanzi, okuhlangene okuhlanganisa ukucindezela kwempi nokushintshashintsha kwenguquko, ukuthuthuka, ukuqina komphakathi, nokuhlanganisa izingxabano zesifunda. Abenzi bemidlalo bomhlaba wonke kumelwe bamukele ukuthi akukho zinqumo ezisheshayo nokuthi ukungenela kwabo siqu kungabangela inkinga ukuba kube kubi kakhulu uma bengaklanywanga kahle futhi bengazwelanga ngokuqondele. Umgomo oyinhloko wokwakha izigaba ezingaphazamisa izimo nezindawo ezingaphazamisa izikhalo, ukuphatha izikhalo, nokumelana nokunxusa kobudlova. Lokhu kungumsebenzi obalulekile kubo bobabili abantu abaphila ngokuzinzisa.