Izibonelo Ezingokoqobo Zendlela Imithetho KaHulumeni Ehluke Ngayo Emithethweni YamaFederal

I-United States isebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso sobuzwe, lapho amandla ehlukaniswa khona phakathi kukahulumeni wesizwe (wezwe) nezwe. Lengxenye, ebekwe eMthethweni, idala indawo eyinkimbinkimbi engokomthetho. Ukungalawuleki kuka-Claus [[ (Umthetho ka-Onke) umisa ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni u-"mthetho wezwe," kodwa ugcina igunya elibalulekile nge-"amandla awo angokomthetho"asempilweni" ukulawula impilo, ukulondeka, nenhlalakahle yezakhamuzi zabo. Njengomphumela, umthetho, ungahluka futhi ngokuvamile wenza ngokwemithetho engokomthetho, uholele ekuhleleni imithetho yalowo hlelo lokuphila kwansuku zonke. Ukuqonda lokhu akuwona nje umthetho wezemfundo yezemfundo, ukusebenzisa izivumelwano zezezomthetho, ukuphatha nezimiso zezezomthetho zezomthetho.

Ngezansi, sihlola izindawo eziningana eziyinhloko lapho imithetho yombuso nohulumeni iwohloka khona, inikeza izibonelo ezingokoqobo zokuphila nezimiso ezingokomthetho ezibangela lokhu kuhluka.

Ukugunyazwa kwamacala esizwe: Izivumelwano zikaHulumeni.Federal Conflict

Mhlawumbe isibonelo esibonakalayo kakhulu sikahulumeni-federal fridergence yinkambiso yensangu. Ngaphansi kwe-guvernel Controled Substances Act [CSA], insangu ihlala iyisidakamizwa seShedyuli-I-I-Program − esilinganiswe njengesingasetshenziswa kakhulu futhi singasetshenziswa ngokwezempilo. Lokhu kwenza ukuba sibe nento yayo, ukutshala, nokuthengisa ubugebengu obusemthethweni wezwe. Kodwa, kusukela ngomthetho wensangungungungunguvu ekhankatha ngo-19969, inani elikhulayo lemidali ekhankani ye-yayaluswayo. Njengoba inani lama-2025, lisho futhi igodi ye-Olityw [FLT] i-ftruptions [FF]

Lempi idala ukucindezeleka kwangempela kwezwe:

  • [[FLT: 0]] Umthetho we-Foctal unqabela amabhange ukuba aphathe imali yensangu, ushiya amabhizinisi emali ekhokhwayo kakhulu futhi angavikeleki ebugebengwini. AMAFAKING BEANT[ Awukwazi ukusebenzisa izinkonzo zemali ezivamile zebhanki [[FLT]] idlulise iNdluwane kodwa igcinwe eSigeqebeni. Ngokwesibonelo, i-ractary egunyaziwe [[FLT: 4.] i-Colado
  • Imisebenzi yenkulisa nezindawo zokuhlala: Ngisho nasezizweni lapho insangu isemthethweni khona, izisebenzi zikahulumeni zingadutshulwa ukuze zihlolwe kahle. Izakhamuzi zezindlu zomphakathi ku- New York[ (lapho insangu isemthethweni) zingabhekana nokuxoshwa uma zibanjwa zisebenzisa isidakamizwa, njengemithetho yezindawo zokuhlala esazisaphazanyiswa.
  • Ukuhamba nge-Intertate: Ukuthutha insangu enqamule imigqa kahulumeni kuhlala kuwubugebengu bukahulumeni, ngisho naphakathi kwezifundazwe ezimbili eziye zayigunyaza ngokomthetho. Umshayeli ohamba usuka ukuya ku-[FLT] Oregon[ nebhuthi egcwele i-cannabis angamangalelwa ngokushushumbisa izidakamizwa ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni.

Uhulumeni kahulumeni uye wamukela kakhulu ukuthatha i-ends-eving nge- I-Cole memory (ifakwe ngaphansi kweZinqumo kodwa ivuselelwe ngokuphumelelayo ekusebenzeni) kanye i-Rohrabacher--parker [, enqabela i-DOJ ekusebenziseni imali ekuphazamiseni izinhlelo zenkasangu. Noma kunjalo, ingxabano eyisisekelo ayikalungiswa, futhi amabhizinisi asebenza e-oyile e-opentrans.

2. Imithetho Yokulawula Izibhamu: Umbuso Omangalisayo Uyasondela

ISichibiyelo Sesibili siqinisekisa "ilungelo labantu lokugcina nokuphatha Izikhali," kanye nezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme [ku- i-Dialium of Columbia v. Heller (2008) kanye McDonald v. Chicago (2010) yafaka lelilungelo ezindaweni. Nokho, ibeka isilinganiso esibanzi sokulawula izibhamu ngaphansi kwamandla awo amaphoyisa, okuholela ekungaboni ngasonye.

Izimpikiswano eziqinile. Ama - United States ayekelelayo

  • ICalifornia ineminye imithetho eqinile yezwe: idinga ukuhlola isizinda sayo yonke intengiselwano (kuhlanganise nokuzimela), izikhali zokuvimbela nokuvimbela omagazini abakhulu, iphoqelela inkathi yokulinda yezinsuku eziyishumi, futhi imingcele efihlekile ithwele labo abanezisusa ezinhle." Umthetho 2023 (manje ubekelwe inselele enkantolo) ngisho nokuthwala izibhamu ezindaweni eziningi zomphakathi.
  • uthatha indlela yokuyekelela: imvume yokuthwala izibhamu (ezinephepha-mvume) futhi ngo-2021 kufakwe imvume engagunyazi, kuvumela abantu abadala abaningi ukuba baphathe isibhamu esifihliwe ngaphandle kwemvume noma ukuqeqeshwa. Izihlolo zesizinda zidingeka kuphela kubahwebi bezincwadi zemvume, hhayi ukuthengisa ngasese.
  • New York yadlula [[FLT:] Umthetho ngo-2013, iveza iziphetho zesizinda sembulunga yonke, ukuvinjelwa kwezikhali, nesimiso sokuvimbela izibhamu ngezikhali. Ngemva kweNkantolo Ephakeme [[FLT:]NSRPA v. Bruten (2022)[FL:5] ukubusa kwezehlela phansi "imbangela enhle", iNew York ithathe indawo "ehayi" umthetho osuselayo manje obelwa inselele.

Lemithetho ehlukene ingadala ukudideka kubanikazi bezibhamu abanqamula imigqa yombuso. I-Frearms Protection Act (FOPA) inikeza isivikelo esithile ekuthutheni okuphakathi kwezwe izibhamu ezithuliwe nezivaliwe, kodwa ayiwuvali umthetho kahulumeni. Umnikazi wesibhamu wase-Texa uhamba ngemoto enqamula eCalifornia enesibhamu esihlalweni angabhekana nezikhalo.

3. Imithetho Yomshado: Kusukela Enkathini Yokuvunyelwa Ukuqashelwa

Nakuba u- u-Devention of Marriage Act (DOMA) wagumbuqelwa kakhulu yiNkantolo Ephakeme e United States v. Umoya (2013), futhi umshado ofanayo waba umthetho wezwe nge- Obergefell v. Hodges (, isho ukuthi ukuqondisa umshado ngezindlela eziningi.

Iminyaka Yomshado Nemvume Yabazali

  • [[FLT: 0] Alabama ubeka iminyaka elinganiselwe yomshado eneminyaka engu 18, kodwa ngemvume yabazali, abantu abaneminyaka engu-16 abangase bashade. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akukho silinganiso esiphansi seminyaka yezingane eziboshiwe noma ezinendlela yenkantolo (nakuba lokhu kuyivelakancane). Kwezinye izimo, izingane ezineminyaka engu-14 ubudala ziye zashada ngokuvunyelwa kwezokwahlulela.
  • [ AmaMassachusetts afuna bobabili abahilelekile ukuba babe cishe abayishumi nanhlanu, ngaphandle kwemvume yabazali. Umbuso awuvumeli muntu oneminyaka engaphansi kwengu-18 ukuba ashade, ngisho nangemvume yabazali.
  • ngaphambili uvumele ukushada noma yibuphi ubudala ngemvume yabazali noma ngokwahlulela, kodwa umthetho ka 2017 waphakamisa isilinganiso esingaphansi kwe 18, ngokunciphile kwezingane ezikhululwe inkantolo.

Umshado Ovamile Wemithetho

Kuphela izifunda ezimbalwa ezisawuqaphela umshado womthetho owodwa, lapho umbhangqwana ungabhekwa khona njengoshadile ngaphandle komkhosi noma ilayisensi uma uhlala ndawonye futhi uziveza njengoshadile. TEXAS kanye ne[FLT]] ingumzekelo; iNew York[[[FLT:] ayiqapheli umshado womthetho ovamile owakhiwe ngaphakathi, kodwa ingaqaphela ukuthi umshado owenziwe ngomunye owezwiwayo kwesinye isimo.

4. Imithetho Eqavile: Umsebenzi Oyisidina Wokuthola Nemingcele

Isimiso sokhetho siphathiswa kakhulu amazwe, okuholela ekuhlukahlukeni kwendlela izakhamuzi ezibhalisa ngayo, ziphonsa ngayo amabhola, futhi zibalwe namavoti azo. Imithetho ye-Federal njenge- Ukuvota Amalungelo Omthetho ka-1965 ihlela imingcele eyisisekelo yokuvikela ekucwaseni, kodwa kusukela eNkantolo Ephakeme Shelby County v. Raker (2013) isinqumo sashaya phansi izimfuneko ezimisiwe, kusho ukuthi igalelo lemithetho yokuvota entsha.

Izimfuneko ze-ID yevoter

  • Georgia ifuna i-ID yesithombe ukuze ivote. Ifomu ezamukelekayo zihlanganisa ilayisense yokushayela, i-passport ka-U.S., noma ikhadi le-intshi le-ID lika-S. Akukho sithombe? Amavoter angafaka i-openboot kodwa kumele anikeze i-ID phakathi nezinsuku ezintathu.
  • ICalifornia ayifuni i-ID yesithombe kubavoti abaningi. Kunalokho, abavoti ababhalisa ngeposi okokuqala kumelwe banikeze i-ID yezithombe noma isikhwama senkomba yesisebenzi esibonisa igama nekheli labo.
  • inenye yemithetho eqinile: izinhlobo eziyisikhombisa ze-ID yezithombe (kuhlanganise nephepha-mvume lesibhamu elifihliwe). Nokho, abavoti ngaphandle koyedwa bangasebenzisa ezinye izindlela njengesitifiketi sokubhalisa somvoti esihambisana nefomu esekelayo (umz., isitifiketi sokuzalwa) uma izimo ezithile zisebenza.

Ukusakaza Iposi Nokusakaza Iposi Kusengaphambili

  • Utah ngokuzenzakalelayo ama-collet kubo bonke abavoti ababhaliwe. Amavoter angawabuyisela ngeposi noma ngebhokisi lokulahla, futhi izikhungo zokuvota zikhona kulabo abakhethayo.
  • New York ayivumeli ukuvota okungekhoyo (kudlule ngo-2020), kodwa akuyona iposi ethunyelwe emhlabeni wonke. Abavoter bangacela ibhola elingekhoyo nganoma isiphi isizathu, kodwa ukuvota kwakuqala kulinganiselwe kwifasitela lezinsuku eziyishumi.
  • [ ilinganisela ukuvota ngeposi kulabo abaneminyaka engu-65 noma ngaphezulu, abakhubazekile, abaphume esifundeni ngosuku lokhetho, noma abavalelwe ejele. Ngo-2021, iTexas yamisa imingcele eyengeziwe enqabela ukuvota nokuvota ngokushesha ngamahora angu-24.

Lokhu kushintsha kungaholela ekudidekeni kwabavoti abathutha phakathi kwezizwe. Ngokwesibonelo, umfundi osuka eCalifornia aye eGeorgia ekholiji angazithola engakwazi ukubhalisa ngaphandle kwephepha-mvume lomshayeli wase Georgia, kuyilapho umhlala phansi osuka eTexas ukuya e-Utah azitholela i-coblot eposini.

5. Imithetho Yendawo Ezungezile: Imibuso Njengezinkonzo Zokusebenza

Imithetho yendawo ezungezile efana ne Ehlanzekile uMthetho womoya kanye no-[FLT]] Act yamanzi ahlanzekile [ ebeke izindinganiso zesizwe, kodwa imibuso ingathatha imithetho eqinile kakhulu futhi isebenzise izinhlelo zikahulumeni. Amanye amazwe aye aba aba aba aba abaholi benqubo yezemvelo, kuyilapho amanye emelana nemiyalo kahulumeni.

Indima Ekhethekile yeCalifornia

Ngaphansi kwe-Ceac Air Act, iCalifornia inomlutha oyingqayizivele wokubeka izindinganiso zayo siqu zemoto, ezinye izifundazwe ezingakhetha ukuzithatha. Izindinganiso zeCalifornia ziqine kakhulu kunemithetho kahulumeni, ifuna abenzi bezimoto ukuba benze izimoto ezinegesi ekhipha umoya kagesi kagesi kagesi ophansi futhi basunduze ezimotweni zezezeze. [Kusukela ku-2025, 17 isho [ (kuhlanganise neNew York, i-Massachusetts, neWashington) ukulandela izindinganiso zeCalifornia, zakha umfutho wezeno-cono yegesi ekhiqiza imishini ekhiqiza imikhiqizo.

ETexas: Ukuvuselelwa Kwamandla Nokuphikiswa

ITexas ivame ukuphikisana nohulumeni kahulumeni mayelana nezimiso zendawo ezungezile. Ngo-2016, i-EPA yathatha ukugcinwa kwe-Environal Seaty Commission (TCEQ) i-Entron tylevery quality Commission [i-TC] i-[FLT] i-[FLT] inqatshelwa ukugcinwa kwezindinganiso zokungcola, ikakhulukazi epayimibho yokungcola eGulf Coast. Ngo-2016, i-EPA yathatha ukugcinwa komthetho we-Gainter Water Act eTexas ngemva kokuba izikhulu zikahulumeni zihlulekile ukunikeza inkulumo ephulwayo. Muva nje, i-Texas iyexhed ukuvimbela imizamo yombuso yokulawula amagesi ashisayo, i-Ceace Air Act ayigunyazisi.

Imigomo Yesimo Sezulu Esibi SaseNew York

I- Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act [[FLCPA:1] igunyaza ukuncishiswa kwesilinganiso segesi ekhipha ugesi eshisayo ngo-2030 nango-85% ngo-2050, nophawu lwesikhathi oludlula izisulu zombuso. Umthetho futhi ufuna ukuba uhulumeni uthenge imiphakathi eswele. Lokhu kubangela ukuba izithembu zamabhizinisi ezingenza intelezi ezihluka kulezo zindawo ezisezindaweni eziseduze njengePennsylvania, ezingenazisulu ezibophayo.

6. Imithetho Yezisebenzi: Iholo Elincane, Ukuhamba Isikhathi Namalungelo Abasebenzi

Iholo elilinganiselwe likahulumeni lisale $7.25 ngehora kusukela ngo-2009, kodwa izifundazwe eziningi ziye zamisa amazinga aphezulu. Imithetho yoMbuso ingaphinde inyuke emikhawulweni engaphezulu kakhulu, ishiyelo, nezisebenzi ezikhokhelwe ukuhlelwa ngokwesilinganiso.

Umehluko Oncane

  • [[NTL:0] I-Yashington iholela ngo-R14 ngehora (ngo-2024), ikhokha elibonisa ukwehla kwamandla emali. Iholo eliphansi likaSeattle liphakeme ngisho nangokwengeziwe kubaqashi abakhulu (R2,19,97 kwezinye izisebenzi).
  • Florida yadlula ukulungiswa komthetho-sisekelo ngo-2020 kunyuse u-R10 ngehora, futhi kancane kancane kwanyukela ku-R250 ngo-2026.
  • `Ithekisi'' ilandela izinga likahulumeni elingu $7.25]. Ohulumeni bendawo eTexas bagunyaziwe [ ngomthetho kazwelonke ngokumisa imithetho yabo siqu yeholo elilinganiselwe, okusho ngisho no-Austin no-Houston abanawo amandla okunyusa iholo endaweni.

Ukudlula Isikhathi Nezihlengo

I-Punical Fair Labor Standard Act (FLSA) idinga iholo elengeziwe (1,5 isilinganiso sasikhathi sonke) amahora angaphezu kuka-40 ngesonto, ngaphandle kokuba isisebenzi sikhululwe ngecala (isib., abaphathi abakhokhelwe, ochwepheshe bezokuphatha, noma ukuthengwa ngaphandle). Ezinye izifundazwe zinemithetho eqinile:

  • [[NTL:0] ICalifornia inikeza imvume yokusebenza isikhathi esengeziwe amahora angaphezu kwangu-8 ngosuku olulodwa (noma ama-40 ngesonto), futhi iphinde iphinde isikhathi esiphindwe kabili amahora angaphezu kwengu-12. Iholo lenkokhelo liphakeme kunomthetho (R34,480 vs. $255,568 ngo-2024).
  • [[UMTH:0] Umbalado ama-specter abomvu "omboziwe" futhi avumela izisebenzi ukuba zimangalele izisebenzi uma zisebenza isikhathi esengeziwe esingakhokhelwanga ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni ngisho noma iFLSA ingasisebenzisi.
  • Alabama ayinamthetho wezwe wesikhathi esengeziwe; incike ngokuphelele ku-PLSA kahulumeni.

Imithetho-yendawo-kwesokudla yokusebenza

Izigodlo ezingamashumi amabili nayisikhombisa zinemithetho elungile yokusebenza, enqabela izivumelwano zokuphepha kwenyunyana ezifuna izisebenzi ukuba zikhokhe isibopho njengesimo somsebenzi. Ngokwesibonelo, isisebenzi sefekthri ku Michigan (isimo sokusebenza esifanele ukuya emsebenzini kusukela ngo-2023, nakuba siphinde sabhaliswa ngo-2023 kodwa sisebenza) singazuza emiholweni yenyunyana ngaphandle kokukhokha. Ngokwehluke, ku-New York [[FLT:] [[3] (hayi-indawo yokudlalwa yasekugcineni), isisebenzini semisebenzi kumelwe sikhokhe ngisho noma zikhetha ukuhlangana.

7. Imithetho Yokukhipha Isisu: Ukubukeka KwamaDobh

Inkantolo Ephakeme Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization [202]) yahlehlisa [ Roe v. Wade[, iqeda isivikelo somthetho-mthetho-mthethweni sokukhipha isisu nokubuyisela imithetho ezweni. Lokhu kuye kwadala ukuhlukana okuphawulekayo, namanye amazwe akuvimbele ngokuphelele futhi amanye akuvimbele kuze kube yilapho kutholakala khona.

  • wamisa umthetho oqalisayo ovimbela ukukhishwa kwesisu ekukhulelweni, ngaphandle kokusindisa ukuphila kukamama. Ukugcinwa komphakathi yizakhamuzi ngasese ku-SB 8 kakade kwase kuvinjelwe ukukhishwa kwezisu okuningi kakhulu ngemva kwamasonto ayisithupha ngaphambi kwama-Dobb.
  • ICalifornia yadlulisa ukulungiswa komthetho-mthetho okuvikela ngokuqondile amalungelo okukhishwa kwesisu nokuthola okunwetshiwe ngokuxhasa ukuhamba ngaphandle kweziguli ezisezweni. Umthetho woMbuso uvumela ukukhishwa kwesisu kuze kube sesandleni (amasonto angu-24) futhi kamuva uma ukuphila noma impilo kamama kusongelwa.
  • Ohio kuma-2023 abavoti badlulisa umthetho-mthetho-mthetho wokulungisa ukukhishwa kwezisu ngokwendlela esemthethweni, ukuvimbela kwamasonto ayisithupha ngaphambili kudluliswe yisishaya-mthetho.

Lo msebenzi wokulungisa uye waholela ekuthuthweni kwezindawo, lapho abesifazane abavela emazweni avinjelwe beya emazweni avikelayo, nezingxabano ezingokomthetho ngokuphathelene nokukhishwa kwemithi (i - FDA-agigic miepristone yezidakamizwa) njengoba ezinye izifunda zivimbela ukusetshenziswa kwayo ngisho nalapho isakhulelwe.

8. Ukufuduka: Amadolobha Angcwele Nokubambisana KoMbuso

Ukugcinwa komthetho wokungena komphakathi ngokuyinhloko kuwumthwalo wemfanelo kahulumeni ngaphansi komthetho wokuhlanganisa nokuthatha i-National Act, kodwa izifundazwe nezindawo zingakhetha ukuthi zingabambisana yini neziphathimandla zikahulumeni. Lokhu kudala izingxabano phakathi "kwe-anctuary" no-"ukwabelana".

  • I-California yadlula I-California Act [ [SB] [44] ngo-2017, inqabela ukugcinwa kwezimali nomthetho wendawo ngokusebenzisa izimali ekubambeni abantu ngokuphamba ukuphambana kwezentengiselwano, ngaphandle kwalapho kulinganiselwe (umz., amafelonie). Lokhu kulinganisela ngokuphumelelayo ukubambisana ne-ICE.
  • TEXS emisiwe i-SB 4 (ithathwe ngokwengxenye yizinkantolo) ifuna ukuba ukugcinwa komthetho wendawo kuvumelane nezikhulu zezwe eziphethe ukufuduka nomthetho owephula umthetho "izimiso zokuthutha". Ivumela amaphoyisa ukuba angabaze isimo sokufuduka kwanoma ubani abavimbele ngokomthetho.
  • Arizona yadlula i-SB 1070 ngo-2010, eyayifuna amaphoyisa anqume ukuma kokufuduka phakathi nokuma okungokomthetho uma kukhona ukusola okunengqondo. Amalungiselelo abalulekile ashaywa yiNkantolo Ephakeme, kodwa uhulumeni uyaqhubeka ubambisana kakhulu nokugcinwa kwemithetho.

Lokhu kungafani kungathinta ukuzimisela kwabafuduki abangatshelwanga ukubika ubugebengu noma ukusebenzelana namaphoyisa, futhi kwakha ukungezwani okungokomthetho phakathi kwezwe nezwe eliza kuqala.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Kokufunda Ngokusemthethweni

Izibonelo ezingenhla zibonisa isimo esinamandla sobuzwe e-United States. Imithetho yoMbuso isebenza njenge "imisebenzi yokulawula ngentando yeningi," ukuhlola izindlela ezintsha zezinkinga zezenhlalo nezezomnotho ngaphambi kwezenzo zikahulumeni. Kodwa lokhu kuhlukahluka futhi kwakha ubunkimbinkimbi bezakhamuzi namabhizinisi okumelwe asebenzise imibuso eminingi engokomthetho. Ukuqonda indlela imithetho kahulumeni ehluke ngayo emithethweni kahulumeni akusona nje isifundo emphakathini, futhi kuyisidingo esiwusizo sokusebenzisa iziqondiso, ukusebenzisa amalungelo, nokuhlanganyela ngokugcwele emphakathini.

Njengoba indawo engokomthetho iqhubeka iguquka, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinjengensangu, ukukhipha isisu, nesimiso sendawo ezungezile, ukuhlala waziswe ngezinguquko zombuso nombuso kubalulekile. Imithombo enjenge-National Conference of State Legislatures inikeza ukuqhathaniswa kwezwe ngezimiso zezwe, kuyilapho engokwasembusweni kahulumeni iveza izimfuneko zombuso. Kubafundisi, ihlanganisa lezi zibonelo zangempela zokuphila ezifundweni zomthetho nohulumeni kubafundi basiza ukuba baqonde umphumela ongokoqobo wezimiso ezingokomthetho ekuphileni kwabo.