Imisebenzi yokuhlela isebenza njengesisekelo somphakathi wanamuhla, yenza ukuba kukhule kwezomnotho, ukulondeka komphakathi, kanye nokuhlala kahle. Kusukela emigwaqweni emikhulu nasemigwaqweni edabula amanzi kuya ezimisweni ezinamacala avulekile, lezi zinyathelo zidinga ukuhlelwa ngokucophelela, ukuxhaswa ngemali, nokuhlelwa kwezindawo. E-United States, intuthuko yezentuthuko ivame ukuncipha ngezinga elilodwa likahulumeni. Kunalokho, ixhomeke ekuxhumaneni kwezwe, umbuso, nezinhlangano zendawo, ngalinye liletha imithombo ehlukile, igunya, kanye nemibono. Ukuqonda indlela lezinga elisebenza ngayo ndawonye phakathi kwezimiso ezihlukahlukene, izinqubo ezingokomthetho, izinqubo ezivamile nezisanda kuvela, nezibonelo eziwubufakazi obuyinkimbinkimbi kodwa obubalulekile ezihambisana nokusetshenziswa kwezindawo zikahulumeni.

Isimo 1: Ukusekela Imisebenzi YoMbuso Ngezimali

Enye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu nezimi isikhathi eside zokubambisana kohulumeni ihlanganisa uhulumeni kahulumeni onikeza izimali ezisezikhundleni eziza kuqala. Izinhlangano ze-Federal zinikeza izinhlelo, izakhiwo, iminikelo, kanye namathuba okusekela imali ahambisana nezinjongo zesizwe, njengokuthuthukisa ukuphepha kwezokuthutha, ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwecarbon, noma ukwandisa ukutholakala kwamanzi ahlanzekile. Izwe, ngokulandelayo lisebenzisa le mali ekuhleleni, ekuklameni, nasekwakheni imisebenzi ehlangabezana nezimfuneko zombuso nezidingo zikahulumeni.

Isibonelo: i-Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) isakaza izigidi zezigidi zamaRandi ngonyaka nge-Highway Trust Fund kuhulumeni weminyango yokuthutha. Ngaphansi kwe-Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (BUL), isifundazwe sathola amazinga agciniwe emali yokulungisa umgwaqo, ukubuyisela amabhuloho, nezimoto zikagesi ezikhomba izakhiwo. Ngokwesibonelo, iBriji le-FWA’S, i-Reparded, i-Reveraviation, i-Reveraviation, ne program inikeza indlela yokuxhasa izakhiwo ezinikezelwe ukuhlanganisa amabhulobhuloho angenayo.

I-IScompact:[ Lo mfuziselo oxhasa imali usiza izigaba ukuba zikwazi ukusingatha imisebenzi emikhulu engenzeka ngokwezimali ngenzuzo yombuso kuphela. Ngokwe-American Society of Civil Enginegers, izimali zemali zemali ezilinganiselwa ku 25% zengqikithi yezindawo ezibekwa isifundazwe emigwaqweni emikhulu. Umphumela uthuthukiswa imishini yezokuthutha esiza ezohwebo, inciphise izikhathi zokuhamba, futhi ithuthukise ukuphepha. Nokho, izinselele zihlanganisa izimfuneko ezihambelanayo zezimali zenza kube nemali engakhokhwakhwangwane ezindaweni eziyinkimbinkimbi zezindawo zikahulumeni nezimiso zendawo.

I-External Link:[ Funda okwengeziwe ngomgwaqo omkhulu kahulumeni onikeza izinhlelo ewebhusayithi FHWA.]

Isimo 2: Ukungeniswa kweminye imithombo yendawo mayelana nombuso nemisebenzi yesifundazwe

Nakuba izifundazwe nohulumeni kahulumeni ngokuvamile behola izinhlelo ezinkulu zezesisekelo, ohulumeni bendawo banolwazi oluseduze lwezidingo zomphakathi nezinto eziza kuqala. Ezimweni eziningi ezibambisanayo, iziphathimandla zendawo zinikeza ukufakwa okubalulekile ngokulalela umphakathi, ngokuhlela amabhodi, nangezivumelwano zomphakathi. Lokhu kuveza phansi kusiza ekuqiniseni izimo zezwe zangempela zokwenza imisebenzi edinga ukuminyana kwezimoto, izingozi zezimoto, noma izindawo ezigciniwe, kunokuthembela kuphela eziqondisweni eziqondisweni eziphezulu.

Isibonelo: Lapho isifundazwe sisikisela ukwandisa iphasishi elikhulu lomgwaqo omkhulu, kudinga inqubo yokulalela komphakathi yendawo njengengxenye yeNational Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). Imikhandlu yedolobha nezikhungo zesifunda zinganikeza izinqumo ezingokomthetho, futhi ukuhlela izisebenzi zisebenza eduze konjiniyela bezwe ukuze kulungiswe izindlela zokuklama ezisekelwe ekutholeni ukwaziswa kwendawo. Kwezinye izimo, ama-akarasiya asebenzisa indawo yawo siqu yokulungisa imigwaqo emincane noma iziteshi ze-transtor.

I-ISP] enengqondo: ufakela lwendawo lunganciphisa ukuphikiswa komphakathi, lugweme izibekelo ezibizayo kamuva enqubweni, futhi lukhiqize isisekelo esisiza izakhamuzi kangcono. Umbiko ka-2022 ovela e-Fort Research Board wathola ukuthi iprojekthi ehambisana nokubopha komphakathi kwasekuqaleni kwathatha 20% kwaba nokwehlisa ijubane. Nokho, ukubambisana okuphumelelayo kudinga iziteshi zokuxhumana nokuthembana, futhi okungokoqobo kumelwe kube nomuzwa wokuthi izinkathazo zabo zicatshangelwa ngobuqotho, hhayi nje kuphela. Uma kwenziwa kahle, lesi senzakalo sisiza sakha ilayisense yeze ezenhlalo neso kudala inzuzo.

[ I-External Link:[ UMnyango Wezokuthutha wase-U.S. unikeza iziqondiso ze-'resource' kwimisebenzi yokubopha umphakathi [ emikhankasweni yokuthutha.

Isimo 3: Abaqalayo Ukuxhasa Abahlangene

Ezinye izinselele zezesisekelo ezidlula imingcele futhi zidinga izimali eziqoqwe ngamazinga amaningi kahulumeni. Imizamo yokuxhasa imali ehlangene ihlanganisa iminikelo kahulumeni, kahulumeni, neyasendaweni neyasekhaya − ngezinye izikhathi kanye nezisebenzi ezizimele noma ezingazuzisi ngamathuba emali okuxhasa izakhiwo ezingakhokhiwe muntu oyedwa. Lamalungiselelo avame ukuhilela izivumelwano zokuqonda, izindleko, nezakhiwo zezezimali ezihlangene.

Uhlelo lohlelo lwezisekelo zezindawo zombuso: Indawo enkulu ingaqala isimiso esisha sojantshi olulula oludinga iminikelo kahulumeni yokuthutha (umz., kusukela kwifederal Transit Administration’s Capital Invement Grants), izibopho zesimiso sezezisekelo zezindawo, izintela zendawo, neminikelo evela kuma-kamelo aseduze ezozuza endleleni. I-Portland, i-Orgon system system system systruction i-Los Angeles iyizibonelo ezivelele zemali ehlangene.

I-ISC] Act:[ Inzuzo elinganayo yezinga ngalinye lokusebenzisa imali.] Izinhlangano zezezimali zinganikeza inhloko- dolobha ukufakwa, izifunda zingakhipha izibopho ngesilinganiso esihle, futhi izindawo zingadala imifudlana enikezelwe yentela noma zihlanganyele eziminyangweni zokulawula amagugu. Lokhu kuvame ukuphumela ezixazululweni ezibanzi, njengokuhamba komhlaba okusetshenziswa, kanye namasuntswana okuthuthukisa izomnotho. Noma kunjalo, izakhiwo zokuhlanganisa izinhlangano, imithetho ehlukene, imijikelezo yezombangazwe ingabambezela ukusetshenziswa. Izakhiwo ezicacile zezokubusa nabaphathi bemisebenzi enikezelwayo kudingekile.

[[[FT.0] Isivumelwano se-External:[[FLT :1] I-Federal Transit Administration izinhlelo [[[FL:2] I-Capital Investicement Grant program ye-Grant [ esekela ukuxhasa ukuxhasa ukuxhasana kwezimali.

Isimo 4: Ukuqondisa Kwemisebenzi Yasendaweni

Ohulumeni bendawo bavame ukwenza imisebenzi yezesisekelo esincane kakhulu − njengokulungisa imigwaqo, ukuthuthukisa amanzi amakhulu, noma intuthuko yamanzi epaki − engase ixhaswe ngokwengxenye ngeminikelo kahulumeni noma kahulumeni. Kulezi zimo, izinhlangano zikahulumeni zinikeza ukuqondisa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umklamo nokwakha kuhlangabezana nezimfuneko zokuphepha, iziqondiso zendawo ezungezile, kanye nokuziphendulela. Lokhu kuhlola kungahlukahluka ngokuhlola kobuchwepheshe ukuvunyelwa okuqondile kwemiklamo namagama.

Isibonelo: Idolobhana elifuna ukuthatha indawo yebhuloho elingenasakhiwo emgwaqweni wesifundazwe. Ngisho noma umsebenzi usekelwa ngokuphelele endaweni, i-DOT yezwe kumelwe ivumele umklamo webhuloho ngoba ixhunywa kulwelwe umgwaqo omkhulu futhi ifanele ihlangabezane nezindinganiso zokulayisha zikahulumeni. Ngokufanayo, izinhlangano zezwe zihlola amalungiselelo okulawula amanzi omgwaqo wezindawo zendawo ukuze izakhiwo zemisebenzi ye-clean Water Act zivumelane nomthetho we-clect.

I-ISC] Isebenza:[ umqondisi wezwe uvikela ukuphepha komphakathi futhi uvimbela izinqumo zendawo ezingadala isikweleti noma umonakalo wendawo ezungezile. Iqinisekisa futhi ukungaguquguquki kwezindawo ezilawulayo(ibhuloho elakhiwe kwesinye isifundazwe lizoba nesilinganiso sokuphepha okufanayo nesomunye esifundaneni esiseduze. Nokho, le nqubo ingaba ukuhlanganisa isikhathi, ikakhulukazi ekusebenziseni izimpahla ezikhokhwama. Ukubukeza izinombolo zesikhathi, ukuveza izindinganiso ezamukelekayo kusengaphambili, nokunikeza usizo lwezobuchwepheshe kuyindlela eziye zathuthukisa lokhu kubambisana.

Isimo 5: Izimiso Zokufundisa Eziwumphakathi

Ngaphandle kwenkokhelo yomuntu ngamunye, uhulumeni kahulumeni ngezikhathi ezithile umisa izinhlelo ezinkulu zezesisekelo ezihloselwe ukuthuthukisa zonke izimiso zesizwe. Le zinhlelo zihlanganisa ukuxhasa ngemali imifudlana, iziqondiso zezimiso, kanye nemishini edinga ukubambisana kohulumeni bendawo nohulumeni ukuze bafeze izinjongo zabo. Izibonelo zamuva zihlanganisa i-Infrablicture Investivement and Jobs Act (IJA) ka-2021 kanye ne-American Replation Plan Act i-Act nemali yokulondoloza i-mali.

Isibonelo: Uhlelo lwe-III JA lwabelwe ngaphezu koR2,2 wamaRandi ayizigidi zezigidi, kuhlanganise nezigidi ezingu-55 zezigidi zemali entsha. Izinhlelo phakathi kwe-IRYA .Izinhlelo phakathi kwe-Broadband Equity, Access, ne Deployment (BEAD) nohlelo lwe-Deployment (I-BED) luhlanganisa amapulani ebhayisekile, i-acridge, i-acridgess, nemfakelwa ngaphansi kwezindawo ezigciniwe. Izwe nohulumeni bendawo kumelwe basebenze ndawonye ukuze baqaphele izindawo ezingagcinwanga zifake i-ficeotioc, futhi baqinisekise izinhlelo zemali zifinyelele ezingeniselwe phansi.

Izinhlelo zeFederal zingafaka i-Intact: i-Federal iscape ezindaweni ezintula imithombo engokomlando, njengasemaphandleni abubanzi bezindawo zokuma kwezulu, izakhiwo zezokuthutha nokwethuthwa komphakathi. Ukugcizelela kwe-equictive, ubulungisa bemvelo, nokuthuthuka kwemisebenzi kungaqhubekisela isifunda nemisebenzi ukuba ithathe imikhuba egcwele. Nokho umqulu wezinhlelo ezintsha ungaqeda izinga lombuso, kuholele ekulisekeni impumelelo yesimiso, kudinga ukuhlanganisa imininingwane ekha phezulu, nokuxhumana okusobala phakathi kwezikhulu zezinhlelo ze-memo ye-metho yombuso ne-omkha/iprojecters/lomes.

[ Ukuxhumanisa:[[[FTL:1] Indlu emhlophe inikeza imininingwane [[[FTL:2] Ukwakha emuva Isiqondiso sokufundisa esingcono [ nezindawo ezihlelwa yizwe 76by6] izimali ezinikezwayo.

Isimo 6: Ukusabela Okuphuthumayo

Izinhlekelele zemvelo `i - hurricanes, imlilo, izikhukhula, ukuzamazama komhlaba . "kungabhubhisa izakhiwo ezibucayi phakathi namahora ambalwa."Kulezimo eziphuthumayo, ukubambisana ngokushesha kuwo wonke amazinga kahulumeni kudingekile ukuze kubuyiselwe izinkonzo, imfucumfucu ehlanzekile, futhi kwakhiwe ngokuphephile. Ukusabela kuhilela abaphenduleli bokuqala bendawo, izinhlangano zezwe eziqondisa isimo esiphuthumayo, kanye nezindikimba zikahulumeni ezinjenge-FEMA, i-U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, kanye noMnyango we-Fomsting.

Isibonelo: Ngemva kokucekela phansi kweSiphepho uMaria ePuerto Rico ngo-2017, omasipala bendawo bahlola umonakalo emigwaqweni namanzi, kuyilapho uhulumeni wasePuerto Rico wahlanganisa izicelo zemishini. I-FEMA yanikeza izivumelwano zokususa imfucumfucu, izindlu zesikhashana, kanye nezimali zokulungisa unomphela. IButho lamasosha e-Engineers lasebenza ne-Puerto Rico Georgian Polician Authority. I-Active ye-mone ye-mouse yesiqhingi ihlanganise izivumelwano ze-mouse-othermolementss ezisekelwe yi-BIL.

Impicabadala: ukusabela okuhlangene okuphuthumayo kunciphisa kakhulu izikhathi zokululama. Ngokwe-FEMA, ukumisa imithombo nokusebenzisa izakhiwo ezihlangene zomyalo kungafushanisa izikhathi zokubuyisela ngo-30% noma ngaphezulu. Nokho, izinselele zihlanganisa ukungezwani phakathi kwezindawo, umbuso, nezinhlangano zikahulumeni, izinto eziza kuqala eziphikisanayo, nokungahlangani. Izivumelwano zokusiza, ukwakheka kwengozi, ukuhlelwa kwe-preblaster, nokuhlelwa kwemigomo ehlangene kuthuthukisa ukubambisana.

[ Ukuhlanganisa: FEMA’s FETYMY Isimiso sesizwe sokuLungisa [ ihlela izindima zazo zonke amazinga kahulumeni.

Isimo 7: Ubudlelwane bomphakathi

Izivumelwano zomphakathi zomphakathi (PPP) zihlanganisa inhloko - dolobha, ubuchwepheshe, kanye nokusungulwa kwezinto. Nakuba amaPPPP engekho kuphela ekuxhumaneni nohulumeni, ngokuvamile kudinga ukuba uhulumeni, uhulumeni, uhulumeni, nohulumeni bendawo basebenze ndawonye ukuhlela izivumelwano, ukunikezela, nokunikeza imvume yokubuyisela. I-PPPP isetshenziselwa ngokukhethekile ukusekela izinto ezinkulu, ezingenisa imali njengemigwaqo ekhombayo, izikhumu zezindiza, nezindawo zokwelapha amanzi.

Isibonelo: Isifundazwe singangena evumelwaneni yokwakha-indawo-yomsebenzi (DBFOM) ne-comenyium yangasese yokwakha umgwaqo omusha. Umbuso unikeza imvume yokukhokha nemvume yendawo, uhulumeni wezwe unganikela imali ngezimali ze-Infrastructuraturactal ne-INCOM (TIA), futhi uhulumeni wendawo unganikeza imvume nenzuzo yokuthutha. Ukukhokha imali emalini ebhayweni yangasese emhlawudlulele kuleyo noma ebhayisekeni lendawo ezungezile, uhulumeni unganikela ngenkathi yeminyaka engu-50 ukuya ku-50 yemvume yeminyaka eminingi.

I-PPPS ingasheshisa ukunikezelwa komsebenzi, ukudluliswa kwemisebenzi nengozi yenzuzo engxenyeni yomuntu siqu, futhi isungule amasu okwakha amasha. Nokho, idinga amandla amakhulu omphakathi okuxoxa ngemibandela elungile, ukuqondisa, nokuvikela inhlalakahle yomphakathi. Ukubambisana kwezezimali kuyayigxeka imithetho yemali kahulumeni nemithetho yokuthola izimali nemithetho yendawo. I-National Councial for Public-Priate Privaneganest shanest inikeza inqubo engcono kakhulu ekuhleleni lezi zivumelwano.

[[[UMTH: 0] Isivumelwano se-External:[ Ukuvakashela uMkhandlu wesizwe wezenhlanganisela zemikhumbi yomphakathi [ wezifundo nemithombo yemali.

Isimo 8: Ukuxubana Kwesifunda Ngalé Kwezimpikiswano

Izinselele eziningi zezesisekelo − njengokuminyana kwezimoto, izinga lomoya, ukutholakala kwamanzi, nokumelana nenhlekelele, − ukuguqula imingcele yanoma yiliphi idolobha noma isifunda. Izimiso zokubambisana kwesifunda, njenge Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) ne-Council of Geodence (COGs), kuhlanganisa ohulumeni bendawo, izinhlangano zikahulumeni, kanye nabameleli bezwe ukuba bahlele futhi baxhase indawo ethile echazwe.

Isibonelo: I-Act yaseChicago Metropolitan ye-Planniant (CMAP) ihlanganisa ukuthutha nokuhlela indawo nokusebenzisa uhlelo lokuhamba phakathi kwezindawo eziyisikhombisa nomasipala angaphezu kuka-800. I-CMAP iqondisa inqubo yokuhlela izinto zokuhamba kahulumeni ngaphansi kwe-Fixting Surface Transport (FAST), ithumela izimali zikahulumeni zemisebenzi yendawo. State DOTS ihlanganyela esimisweni sezokuthuthukisa izifunda zezokuthutha (TIP), kanye nohulumeni bendawo bancintisana nomkhankaso wezomsebenzi wangaphambi kokusebenza kwe-Fix America’s Surface fttion met.

I-ISC] ehlangeneyo: ivimbela ukuhlelwa komoya okuhlangene, ukuhlelwa kwenani lokutshala izimali futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi izimiso zezemisebenzi zisebenza njenge khalenda. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlelwa kokukhanya kwezimoto ezihlangene phakathi kwezindawo eziningi kunciphisa ukuminyana okungcono kakhulu kunentuthuko ehlukene. I-MPOS futhi ihlanganisa ukuhlela izinga lomoya eligunyaziwe (ukuhleleka) nomthetho we-Deoc Air Act. Izinselele zihlanganisa ukulinganisela i-INCFO yendawo kanye nezinto eziza kuqala zesifunda, ukulawula amazinga ahlukene obuchwepheshe, kanye nokulondoloza imali eqinile yezinhlangano zohlelo ngokwazo zohlelo.

Isimo 9: Ukubukeza Indawo Ezungezile Nokuvumela Ukwanda Komphakathi

Imisebenzi yokuhlela kumelwe ivumelane nemithetho eminingi yendawo ezungezile, kuhlanganise neNational Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), i-Celean Water Act, ne-Eusedbes Act. Lokhu kuhlola ngokuvamile kudinga ukufakwa kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni eziningi (isibonelo, i-EPA, i-UFWS, Army), iminyango yendawo ezungezile, kanye namabhodi okuhlela endawo. Ukubukeza indawo ezungezile okuhlobisayo kungena endleleni yokuvumela kuyilapho kugcinwa izindinganiso ezivikelayo.

Isibonelo: Iprojekthi ehlongozwayo yomgwaqo omkhulu ukuthi amaxhaphozi azodinga i-Candelo 404 imvume evela ku-Enginers, i-author of Engines, i-aseater yase-U.S. i-crimeters ephezulu evela kwi-ifest, futhi ukuvela kwesimo sendawo ezungezile kuvumela. Ngaphansi kwe-NEPA, ukuhlobana kwendawo ezungezile (IS) kungalungiselelwa ngezwe i-DOT njengenhlangano kahulumeni elawulayo kanye nohulumeni wendawo. Ukubambisana komphakathi kwasekuqaleni kanye nemihlangano yomphakathi kunciphisa i-procetiontion.

I-IScompact:[ Uma kwenziwa kahle, ukubukezwa kwendawo ezungezile okubambisanayo kunganciphisa isikhathi sokuvumela ngezinyanga eziyi 18 kuya kwezingu-24 kuyilapho kuthuthukisa imiphumela yendawo ezungezile. I-Council on Environmental Seactive Active facement ihlela ukubambisana kwemikhankaso emikhulu yezezisekelo. Nokho, ukungavumelani ngezilinganiso, ukungafani kombuso ngokumelene nezivikelo zezinhlobo zemvelo, kanye nenkindla yempahla inganciphisa intuthuko. I-memorands yesivumelwano nengxenye yesithathu ye-faciliatrum isiza ekuxazululeni izingxabano.

Isiphetho

Izimo ezichazwe ngenhla zibonisa ukuguquguquka okuhlukahlukene kwemikhankaso kahulumeni yezemisebenzi yezemisebenzi. Ukusukela ekuxhaseni kwezimali zikahulumeni kuya ekutholweni kwezindawo, ukusabela okuphuthumayo komphakathi, isimo ngasinye sidinga izakhiwo ezihlukene, iziteshi zokuxhumana, nokuthembana. Njengoba izakhiwo zidinga ukukhula (inguquko yesimo sezulu, ukushintsha kwenani labantu, nokushintsha kwezobuchwepheshe) nokushintsha kwezesayensi yemisebenzi yemisebenzi yezobuchwepheshe ("ikhono likahulumeni, umbuso, nohulumeni bendawo lokusebenza ndawonye ngokuphumelela kakhulu. Abaphathi bazo zonke izilinganiso kufanele bafake imali ekuqeqesheni izifunda, ukuhlanganisa amapulatifomu, kanye nezindlela ezivumelana nezimiso ezivumelanayo ezivumela ukufika ngesikhathi, ukudluliswa kwemisebenzi emisha. Ngokufunda kulezi zimo ehlukahlukene, izikhungo zomthetho, izikhungo zomthetho eziphambili kungenza kube nokusebenza ngokubambisana okuzinziwayo.