Isimiso semfundo eUnited States siyi-templine yemithwalo yemfanelo edibeneyo phakathi kohulumeni bendawo, bezwe, nabezwe. Isigaba ngasinye sisebenzisa amandla ahlukile . kusuka ekusebenzeni kwesikole sansuku zonke kuya ezinhlelweni zemali ezweni lonke(nezemisebenzi yazo kumele ivumelane ukuze kusungulwe izindawo zokufunda ezihambisanayo. Ukuqonda indlela lezi zingqimba zembula ngazo kokubili amandla nezindlela eziyiphutha zemfundo yaseMelika. Lesi sihloko sihlola izibonelo zangempela zendlela izifundazwe, izishaya-mthetho, nezinhlangano zikahulumeni ezihlela ngayo izifundo zezezimali ezisekelwe emacaleni angokomthetho kanye nemininingwane ukuze kuboniswe ithonya lezehlulelo.

Indima Kahulumeni Wendawo Emfundweni

Ohulumeni bendawo − ngokwesiko izifunda namabhodi emfundo — banomthwalo wemfanelo wokuqala wokusebenzisa imfundo. Baqasha othisha, balondoloza izakhiwo, bahlela iziqondiso zesikole phakathi kwemithetho kahulumeni, futhi balawule izimali. Ngenxa yokuthi ukulawula kwendawo kuyisiko eligxile kakhulu, izinga lemfundo lingahluka kakhulu kusukela komakhelwane kuya kwenye.

Ukukhokha Intela Yempahla: Ukwehluka Okukhulu

Isinqumo esinenzuzo kakhulu sendawo siwukuthi inzuzo yesikole ikhokha izikole kanjani. Cishe amaphesenti angu-45 emali yesikole yomphakathi ivela emithonjeni yendawo, intela yempahla, ngokweNational Center for Education Statistics. Lokhu kudala ukuhlukahluka okukhulu: isifunda esinezimpahla eziphakeme singasebenzisa u-R320 000 kumfundi ngamunye, kuyilapho isifunda esingumakhelwane sisebenzisa imali engu $8,000 (R1,000). Njengesibonelo, edolobhaneni lase-Cook Cook County County, i-Illinois, ichitha umfundi ngamunye esukela ku-R7 000 kuya ku-R20,000 (R7 000) ngo-2022000). Lokhu kuholele ukunganisa kuthelela emathemini amaningi ezwe ukuthi isimiso sendawo siphula imithetho engokomthetho yemfundo efanayo ne-mfundo. Ezinye izizwe, njenge-New Jersey, ziye zasabela ngezindlela ezibomvu, kodwa ukulawula kwendawo.

Izikole Zomphakathi Nezinkonzo Zokuqhubeka Kuwo Wonke Umphakathi

Ohulumeni abaningi bendawo baye bamukela isikole somphakathi ukuze babhekane nemingcele yokufunda. ECincinnati, e-Ohio, i-Community Learning Center, izikole zokuthatha isinyathelo sokufunda ezinezikole ezinemitholampilo, izisebenzi zempilo, nangemva kwezinhlelo ze-1969. Abafundi bathola ukuhlolwa kwamazinyo, ukunikezwa iseluleko, nokufundiswa esabelweni esisendaweni. Ukuhlolwa kwamashumi amabili amahlanu kweSikole seDialoriomi kwathola ukuthi izikole zomphakathi ezinamaqhawe zithuthukisa inani labakhona kanye neziqulo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziphezulu kakhulu. Lendlela iveza ukuvuseneka kwezinkonzo zomphakathi ezidinga uhulumeni noma izimvume zikahulumeni ngokuvamile ziswele.

Amabhodi Esikole: Ukubusa Ngentando Yeningi Kuyasebenza Noma Ukusebenza Kwezitho Zomzimba?

I-National Boards Association ibika ukuthi amalungu ebhodi abhekene nokuhlukunyezwa nosongo, ifaka ubunzima bekhono lokulawula. Kodwa amabhodi ahlala kusuka kulwazi lwezifundo kuya ezivumelwaneni zezisebenzi. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, imihlangano yawo iye yaba izinkundla zempi ngenxa yenkolelo yezinhlanga ezigxekayo, izifihlabuso, nezincwadi zomtapo wezincwadi. I-National Boards Association ibika ukuthi amalungu ebhodini abhekene nokuhlukunyezwa nokusongelwa, afaka ingcingo enzima kakhulu ekulawuleni. Kodwa amabhodi ahlala ewumzila wentando yeningi wentando yeningi kakhulu kubazali nezakhamuzi ukuze athonyeze imfundo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Los Angeles Auniontinet School Board ivotation i-partresss, ithumela izimali ezinkonzweni yezempilo yengqondo engathi ayinakufinyelele ekufinyeleleni kwezwe noma emazingeni kahulumeni.

Izimiso Zohulumeni KaHulumeni: Ukubusa Nokulunga

Izwe lamisa uhlelo olungokomthetho lwemfundo: lichaza izinsuku eziphansi zesikole, izimfuneko zokuthweswa iziqu, nezincwadi zothisha. Linikeza izinqumo ezivamile futhi lisakaza imali enele ukuze lilwe nokungalingani kwendawo. Emashumini amabili eminyaka adlule, ohulumeni bezwe baye bazifaka ngokukhula ezimpikiswaneni zezifundo nasezimisweni zokulandisa.

Ukuvivinywa Okuvamile Njengomthetho Ovamile

Cishe wonke amazwe afuna abafundi ukuba bathathe izivivinyo zaminyaka yonke ekufundeni nasebaleni, ngokuvamile emamakini angu-388 futhi kanye esikoleni esiphakeme. Lokhu kuhlola kunquma isilinganiso sesikole, ukuhlohla kothisha, futhi kwezinye izifundazwe, kuthinta ukuphumelela kokuthweswa iziqu. Ngaphansi kwe-all Students Refieds Act (ESA), kuhlela ukuhlolwa nokulandisa kwabo siqu. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Texas isebenzisa iZwe lase-Texassionsments of Texas Acrect, i-Academic Reacy (STAR), eye yagxekwa ngokufundisa izihloko ezihlolwayo. Ngokuphikisana nokuhlolwa, i-New Hampshire yakhanka, i-PCE, ukuthi isebenzisa i-vabilibilityss isho ukuthi ingenza kanjani noma ingcipheko yokuhlola.

Ukusekela Imithetho Kahulumeni: Phakathi Kobulungisa Nezombangazwe

Ukuze kuncishiswe ukuncishiswa kwezintela zendawo, izifunda eziningi zisebenzisa izindlela zokuxhasa imali eziya ezindaweni ezinezidingo eziphezulu zobumpofu noma ezikhethekile. Izindawo zombuso zokulawula i-Local Funding Formula (LCF), ezisetshenziswa ngo-2013, ziyisibonelo esivelele. Iqondisa imali eyengeziwe ezindaweni ezinezilinganiso eziphakeme zemali yabafundi baseNgilandi, ezithola abafundi abaphansi kakhulu, kanye nentsha ekhuliswayo. Amagodi kumelwe athuthukise i-Local Control and Accostable Plan (LCAP) yemininingwane yokusebenzisa imali. Ukucwaninga kwasekuqaleni kwe-Proviorgate Institute of California kwathola ukuthi iLFFFP isamba echile ngesilinganiso se-10% futhi ivala igede phakathi kwezindawo eziphezulu.

Ukugunyazwa Kwabafundisi Nezindlela

Izwe libeka isilinganiso esilinganiselwe sothisha, kuhlanganise namadegree emfundo esemthethweni, ukuqeda uhlelo olugunyaziwe, nokudlulisa inani lokuhlola imvume. Ekuphenduleni kwendlala, amazwe amaningi adala ezinye izindlela zokufaka izincwadi ze-credix. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Arizona ivumela abantu abanezinga eliyi-credic nohlelo oludlulayo ukuba bahlolwe ngesihloko esingu-889 ulwazi ukuba bafundise ngaphandle kokuqeda uhlelo lwemfundo yezwe. Umbiko ka-2021 ovela eMnyangweni wemfundo wamazwe uthola ukuthi manje ama-39 manje anikeza uhlobo oluthile lwe-clice clice. Nakuba lokhu kwandisa iziqu zabafundisi, kuphakamisa imibuzo ephathelene ne-tejingiselwayo. Ukucwaninga ku-Learning Polictical Institute usikisela ukuthi othisha abangena ngezindlela ezihlukile kwezindlela zomgwaqo ezinhlanu bahamba.

Ukuhileleka Kukahulumeni Ozimele: Ithonya Elingenamandla

Uhulumeni kahulumeni unikeza imali engaphansi kwamaphesenti ayishumi emali yomphakathi weKûka kodwa unethonya elikhulu ngezimo ezihlobene naleyomali. Imithetho yamaFederal ivikela futhi amalungelo abafundi ngokukhubazeka nangamalungelo omphakathi aphoqelelwayo. UMnyango Wemfundo waseU.S. ugcizelela lemithetho, kuyilapho uMongameli noMkhandlu bebeka izinto eziza kuqala kuqala ngomthetho.

Ukuyeka Ukuba Nengane Eshiywe Ngamuva Kuya Kubo Bonke Abafundi Kuyaphumelela

I-No Child Led Behind Act (NCLB) ka-2002 yadinga ukuba kuvivinywe bonke abafundi minyaka yonke, kusakazwe ukwaziswa okungaphansi kweqembu, futhi kungene ezikoleni eziphansi. Nakuba kwakuhloselwe ukuvala izikhala ezifinyele, kwagxekwa ngamanyathelo okuzinqumela amaphutha amancane ezifundo zesikole. Ngo-2015, [[FLLT:0] Wonke umfundi uQeqesha uMthetho (ESSA) [[FLL:1] wathatha indawo ye-NCLB, wabeka ukuvumelana okwengeziwe: bangahlela izimiso zabo zokuziphendulela, bamise imigomo yabo, futhi bakhethe ukungenela. Isibonelo, uVirginia wasebenzisa i-ESSA ukuvumelana ukuze ahlanganise inqubo yezesikole kanye nokuhlolwa kwezekheshile. Umthetho wabuye wanqabela uhulumeni ekususeni izindinganiso ezithile noma uthisha bendawo.

Isihloko I: Ukukhokha Imithombo Yamagugu KubaFundi Abaswele

Isihloko I soMthetho we-Elementary and Secondary Education Act inikeza izimali ezengeziwe ezikoleni ezinezilinganiso eziphakeme zabafundi abavela emikhayeni ephansi. Ngonyaka ka-2023, uhlelo lusakaza amadollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-6 (R26). Izikole zisebenzisa lemali emakilasini amancane, ukusekelana, nangemva kwezinhlelo zemfundo zesikole. Nokho, umbiko ka-2021 kaHulumeni iHhovisi ye-Hulumeni I isazama ukudonsa abafundisi abaphumelela kakhulu ngenxa yendawo nemfuno yempahla. Intela yempahla yendawo esungulwayo incishiswa ngokwengxenye kuphela ngosizo lukahulumeni, olungazange lube lukhulu ngokwaneleyo ukudlula yonke imali etholakalayo ezindaweni.

Imfundo Ephakeme: Abathandi Bemali Nabafundi

Ingxenye ye-Federal idlulela ngalé kwe KÍ12. uPell Grants , owamiswa ngo-1972, unikeza usizo olusekelwe ekunciphiseni abafundi basekolishi abathola imali ephansi. Ngo-202223, imvume enkulu yayingu-R6,895 kuphela yezindleko zemali ephakathi yeYunivesithi kahulumeni yeminyaka engamashumi amane anesihlanu. Indima kahulumeni yezemfundo ephakeme ibalulekile futhi ilawula izimali ezibolekwa abafundi, manje inzuzo engu-R3,5,7,5. Izinguquko zamuva nje ngokwanda kwesimiso seNkonzo ye-Hulumeni yokuthethelela i-Loan , kodwa imali ihlala iyinkinga kazwe lonke. Indima yezemfundo ephakeme, yomphakathi futhi ibaluleke kakhulu, inzuzo yezezimali ezakusasa.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo: Indlela Inqubo Yokungenela Kwezinga

Izibonelo zezwe zangempela zibonisa indlela izimiso zendawo, umbuso, nohulumeni ezihlangana ngayo — noma ukuxabana — ukuze ziveze imiphumela yemfundo.

Izikole Zomphakathi ZaseChicago: Ukubusa Kwendawo Kuhlangana NoHulumeni Nokucindezela Kwezwe

Ibhodi lesikole laseChicago limiswe umphathi wedolobha (nakuba ibhodi ekhethiwe ihlelwa). Lesi sifunda seliye lasungula izivumelwano zomphakathi zemfundo yasesikoleni, sakhuliswa lapho sisakhula futhi sakhuphuka amazinga okuthweswa iziqu kusukela ku 56% ngo-202022 kuya ku 80% ngo-2022. Kodwa ihlala ngaphansi kwe-washi le-Illinois State Board of Education, eyala ukuba kuguqulwe amasu esikole esiphansi esiqhuba izikole. Izimali ze-Federal I zisekela izikole zayo eziphakeme zemfundo ephezulu yeshumi nambili. Izingxoxo zibonisa indlela imithetho yokuziphendulela izifunda zendawo ngenguquko ethile, kuyilapho ukukhokha imali enikezwa izimali ezidingekayo kodwa ezingafanele.

I - Communical Control Funding Formula: Ucwaningo Lwezwe Oluyi - Equity

Njengoba kuphawuliwe, i-LCFF inikeza izigodi ukuvumelana kodwa idinga i-LCAP okumelwe ivunyelwe yibhodi yesikole lendawo. Izwe futhi lihlola ukuthi izimali zokwenezela zifika yini kubafundi abahlongozwayo. Ukuhlolwa ko-2023 kwe-American Institutes for Research kwathola ukuthi i-LCFF ithuthukisa amazinga aphezulu ekolishi phakathi kwabafundi abaswele ngo-8%. Nokho, ukusungula izakhiwo zinikeza iholo elikhuphukayo kubo bonke othisha ngaphandle kokukhokha izikole eziphezulu, ukunciphisa imiphumela ewumphumela. Lendaba ibonisa ukuthi inguquko yombuso ingaphumelela kuphela uma ukubusa kwendawo kuvumelana nezinhloso zayo.

Ama - pell Grant: Usizo Oluhambisana Nokungezwani KoMbuso

UPall Grants uxoshwa uMnyango Wemfundo wase-U.S. kodwa ithonya lawo lixhomeke ezimisweni zikahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, imithetho ye-Cal Grant yaseCalifornia i-Pell yezifundo eziphansi ze-lorin, kuyilapho izifundayo njengeFlorida ne Texas zinikeza usizo oluncane kakhulu lukahulumeni. Umfundi waseMiamia angase athole i-Pel Grant kanye nesenezezo esincane sombuso, ashiye izinkulungwane zingenasidingo. Imithetho kahulumeni ibuye isebenzelane nezimfuneko zokuhlala kanye nezikhonkwane ze-osi. Lesimiso esifulethi sisho ukuthi abafundi ababili abanemali efanayo yomkhaya bangabhekana nezinzuzo zekholishi efanayo ngokulinganayo ngokuphawulekayo kuye ngemithetho yabo.

Izinselele Eziphikelelayo Ezikhungweni Zohulumeni

Naphezu kwezinguquko, izinkinga eziningana zokwakha zihlupha isimiso semfundo saseMelika, eziningi zibangelwa ukuhlukana kokubusa.

Ukuxhasa Ukungalungi Nezikhala Zengcebo

Ukuncika kwentela yendawo kulokhu kuwumthombo omkhulu kakhulu wokungalingani. Ngisho nangezithasiselo ezilinganayo zikahulumeni, izigodi ezicebe kakhulu zichitha cishe ngokuphindwe kabili kumfundi ngamunye kunabampofu kakhulu, ngokombiko ka-2022 ovela kuEd Builda. Lokhu kuguqula imingcele emiholweni yothisha, isigaba sesigaba, ezobuchwepheshe, nezindawo. Ngokwesibonelo, ePennsylvania, inkantolo ephakeme yakhipha isimiso esisha sezimali ngo-2023, ikhipha leyo mikhambiso ephula umthetho kahulumeni. Kodwa i-ivolution inaction iyaqhubeka, ishiya izifunda zendawo ziboshe umthwalo.

Ukungaguquguquki Kwesimiso Nokuncintisana

Izikole kumelwe zisebenzise iziqondiso eziningi kuzo zontathu. Ukuhlolwa kwe-Kaiser Family Foundation kwa 2021 kwathola ukuthi abaholi besikole bachitha amaphesenti angu-20 esikhathi sabo emapepani ahambisanayo,(isikhathi esingasetshenziswa ekufundiseni. Izinguquko zemithetho kahulumeni kaningi (umz. NCLB ukuya e-ESSA) kanye nenqubo kahulumeni ishintsha ibangele ukungahleleki. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho amazwe amukela izindinganiso ezintsha zesayensi, izifunda-zifunda kumelwe zithenge izincwadi ezintsha nothisha abaqeqeshi, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kokuthola imali egcwele. Lokhu kusetshenziswa njalo kululaza ukuthuthukisa intuthuko ende ye-2006.

Imfundo yokwakha igebe

Ukuhlola okugunyaziwe ngaphansi kwegunya likahulumeni nombuso kuvumela ukufundiswa kulolu hlelo. Ukuhlola kuka-2019 kweNational Education Policy Center kwathola ukuthi izikole ezikwizimiso eziphezulu zokuziphendulela zinciphisa isikhathi sobuciko, umculo, nezindawo zokuhlala. Nakuba amalungiselelo amuva nje e-ESSA evumela amazwe ukuba ahlanganise izinyathelo ezingahlanganisi 76academic, njengokuma kwezesikole kanye nokuqashwa kwazo, amazwe amaningi aye athatha kancane ukuzithatha. Abafundisi bendawo bavame ukuzizwa bebambekelwe phakathi kwesidingo sokuhlola izibalo kanye nesidingo sokuthuthukisa ikhono nengqondo.

Isiphetho: Ekungeneni Okubanzi

Izibonelo ezixoxweyo zibonisa ukuthi alikho izinga likahulumeni elingalungisa imfundo yodwa. Izigodi zendawo ziyazi kahle kakhulu imiphakathi yazo kodwa zintula imithombo yemali. Izwe lingadala izilinganiso ezilinganayo kodwa lingabeka iziphakamiso eziqinile. Uhulumeni wezwe ungamisa indawo yamalungelo omphakathi futhi unikeze usizo oluqondiswe, kodwa inguquko ephumelelayo idinga ukuhleleka: izinhlelo zokusekela izimali ezinciphisa ukuhlukana kwezindawo, usizo lukahulumeni olunciphisa ukuhlanganisa izinhlangano kunokususa, nokuzivumelanisa nezimiso ezidingekayo ukuze kuvumelane nezidingo zangempela zomfundi. Izenzakalo eziphumelelayo `California’s LCFFFF, izikole zomphakathi, noPel Grantrants zinikeza isithembiso lapho zonke izilinganiso zemfundo zikhuphuka endleleni efanayo. Ukuhamba, ukugxila kudinga ukuhlanganisa izinhlelo ezisemfaza phambili, ukuhlanganisa izinhlelo ezisemfashinisweni kudinga ukuhlanganisa izimfuneko ezihlangene ze-United States.