Uhulumeni kahulumeni we-United States uphethe imibuso eminingi ethonya ngokuphawulekayo ukuphila kwezakhamuzi zawo. Ukuqonda indlela lemibuso esetshenziswa ngayo emongweni wezwe wangempela kuyasiza ekukhanyeni kwendima kahulumeni wesizwe ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Ukusuka ekuqondiseni umnotho ukunikeza ukulondeka kwesizwe, amandla ombuso alawulayo athinta zonke izici zomphakathi waseMelika.

Ukuthunyelelwa Emibusoni Ezimele

Amagunya azimele athathwe kumthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., ikakhulukazi kwi-Agassion I, II, ne-II. Lamagunya angahlukaniswa ngokwezinombolo, ashiwoyo, nayimimandla engokwemvelo. Amagunya anezici ahlelwe ngokucacile kuMthetho-sisekelo; ashiwoyo yilawo adingekile ukuze kubulawe lawo adwetshwe; futhi amandla angokwemvelo angawanoma yisiphi isizwe esizimele. Lesi sihloko sihlola izibonelo ezimbalwa zezwe langempela zendlela lamandla abonakala ngayo, sinikeza ukubheka okubanzi esigabeni somthetho wezwe.

Amandla Atholakele Ayasebenza

Imibuso egunyazweyo yakha umgogodla wegunya likahulumeni. ihlanganisa ukunikeza iSishaya - mthetho amandla akhethekile, njengamandla okukhokha intela, imali, ukulawula ezohwebo, ukumemezela impi nokumisa amahhovisi eposi.

Ukuqondisa Ezentengiselwano

I-Commercial Claus (Umdwebo I, Ingxenye 8, u-Classias 3) uvumela uMkhandlu ukuba ulawule isifundazwe nentengiselwano yomhlaba wonke. Lombuso uye wasetshenziselwa ukudlulisa imithetho ethinta yonke into kusukela ezindinganisweni zezisebenzi kuya eziqondisweni zendawo ezungezile. Ngokwesibonelo, Foir Labor Labor Act [[] I-ACA] ka-1950] i-A incike kakhulu kumthetho wempilo ka Claus, isinqumo esisekelwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme [FL:4], esigunyazwezwe ngaphansi kwe-Intellic.[FLT]]

Ukukhokha Intela

Uhulumeni uqoqa intela ukuze akhokhele imisebenzi yakhe, kuhlanganise nentela yeholo nenkampani. Lemali isekela izinhlelo ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise ne-Social Security, Medicare, isivikelo, nesisekelo sesisekelo sesisekelo. Internal Revenue Service Service (IRS) inikeza intela, eye yashintshwa izikhathi eziningi ukuze ilungise ukuziphatha okuthile, njengokuthi umninikhaya (inzuzo yemali) kanye nemali egciniwe yedebhusayithi yehliswa ngentlawulo yedebhusayithi (401(k). ISichinto se-16 seh5) sigunyaza ngokuqondile intela kahulumeni, umthombo ogxekayo wenkongozo.

Ukukhokha Imali Nokumisa Umthetho Oyimpoqo

UKhongolose unamandla okukhokha imali futhi ulawule inzuzo yayo. Leligunya liphathiswa iFederal Reserve, emisa inzalo futhi ilawule ukutholakala kwemali. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nenkinga yemali ka-2008, intela yehliswa yaze yasetshenziswa ekuthuthukiseni umnotho. La mandla athinta ngokuqondile ukwehla kwamandla okuthenga wonke umuntu waseMelika.

Ukumisa Amahhovisi Eposi Nemigwaqo Yangemva

Umthetho-sisekelo unikeza iKhomishane amandla okumisa amahhovisi eposi nemigwaqo yangemva. Namuhla, i-[FLT] United States Postal Service (USPS)[FL:1] ithumela iposi emakhelini angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu - 160, inikeza inkonzo yendawo yonke ngezinga elifinyelelekayo. Ngisho nasenkathini yonyaka, i-USPS ihlala iwumsebenzi obalulekile kahulumeni, ithuthukisa ezohwebo ngokuhambisa iphakethe nokukhonza ezindaweni ezikude lapho abathwali bempahla bengase-andleki.

Amaqhawe namalungelo amancane

ISiphakamiso I, Ingxenye 8, u-Claus 8 unikeza i-Congress amandla okuthuthukisa intuthuko yesayensi nobuciko obuwusizo ngokuzigcinela izikhathi ezilinganiselwe abalobi nabasunguli ilungelo elikhethekile emibhalweni nasemithonjeni yabo ehlukene. U.S.Paten and Trangemark Office (USTO) inikeza imvume nezimpawu, ukusungula. Ngokwesibonelo, abenzi bezimo zemithi bavumela izinkampani ukuba zikwazi ukuphinde zenze izindleko zokucwaninga nge-athoptic, kanti umthetho wobumgunyaziso uvikela imisebenzi yokwakha njengomculo, amafilimu, ne-software.

Amandla Asetshenziswayo Nethonya Lawo

Amandla asetshenziswayo awashiwo ngokuqondile kodwa adingekile ukukhipha amandla adwetshwe. Isisekelo samandla ashiwoyo yi-Iase no-Fanety Clausle (ISiqesha I, Ingxenye 8, u-Claus 18), onika uMkhandlu igunya lokwenza yonke imithetho edingekile nefanele ukufakwa ekubulaweni kwamandla angenhla. Lomusho onwebekayo unike uhulumeni amandla okuzivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshayo.

Ukwenziwa Kwesiqiwu

Imiswe nge-Federal Reserve Act ka-1913, lenhlangano ilawula inkambiso yemali yesizwe, ithonya amazinga emali nemisebenzi. Nakuba ingashiwonga ngokucacile kuMthetho-sisekelo, i-Fed yasungulwa ukuze iqinise isimiso sokubhaka futhi ilawule ukuthunyelwa kwemali. Namuhla, izinqumo ze-Feda , njengokuphakamisa inzalo yokulwa nokwehla kwamandla emali (ne), okuthinta amazinga ezikweletayo, izindleko zokuboleka, nokukhuphuka komsebenzi. [Ikhomu le-Federal Reservery History: External Reserve]

Imithetho Yezokwelapha

I-Affordal Care Act yandisa ukungenela kwezempilo futhi yavunyelwa ngaphansi kwamandla oMkhandlu ukulawula ezentengiselwano. INkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ingxenye enkulu ye-ACA ngo-2012, nakuba yayilinganisela i-Cexmark Claus egunyaza ukugunyaza kwe-Claus, esikhundleni sokuyithola ingokomthetho ngaphansi kwamandla oMkhandlu akhokhela intela. I-ACA iyisibonelo sendlela amandla ahloselwe avumela ngayo uhulumeni wezwe ukuba ulwele izinselele zezenhlalo.

Isivikelo Sendawo Ezungezile

I-Nvironmental Protection Agency (EPA) yakhiwa ngo-1970 ngomyalo ophethe wokuphoqelela iziqondiso ngaphansi komthetho we-Cease Air Act ne-Clean Water Act. Nakuba uMthetho-sisekelo ungakhulumi ngesivikelo sendawo ezungezile, uKhongolo lwasebenzisa amandla ayo ezentengiselwano ukulawula ukungcola okudlula ezihlahleni zikahulumeni. Igunya le-EPA liye lasetshenziselwa ukubekela izimoto izindinganiso ezikhipha intuthu, ukulinganisela ukungcola kwamandla emishinini, nokuhlanza izindawo eziyingozi. [I-External profection: EPA]

Isimiso Somthetho Wendawo Nezimiso Zokuhlakanipha

I-FLT:0] Féderal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) kanye Indawo ye-Homeland Security (DHS) isebenza ngaphansi kwamandla ashiwoyo ukuphoqelela imithetho kahulumeni nokuvikela ukulondeka kwesizwe. I-FBI ihlola ubugebengu obunqamule imigqa yesifunda, njengo-ibercrime, ubuphekula, nobugebengu obuhleliwe. I-DHS, eyadalwa ngemva kwe-9/11, ihlanganisa ukugcinwa komngcele, ukuthunyelwa kwezokuthutha, nokusabela kwenhlekelele. Lezizinhlangano zithembele ku-Intengo yesizwe ne-Claus Claus ukuze zithwale izigijinga zazo.

Amandla Emvelo Nokulondeka Kwesizwe

Imibuso engokwemvelo uhulumeni wezwe onayo nje ngokuba yinhlangano ebusayo. Lemibuso ibalulekile ekulondolozeni ukulondeka kwesizwe kanye nokuhlalisana kwezizwe. Ayibalwa kuMthetho-sisekelo kodwa ibhekwa njengebalulekile ekube khona kwanoma yimuphi uhulumeni.

Ulawulo lokufuduka

Uhulumeni ulawula izimiso zokufuduka, kuhlanganise nemvume yokungena, kanye nokulondeka komngcele, okubalulekile ekubuseni izwe. Ukufuduka noMthetho we-Nationality kubusa labo abangangena, bahlale, futhi babe isakhamuzi. Eminyakeni yamuva, uhulumeni uye wasebenzisa amandla akhe angokwemvelo ukuze aqede ukuvinjelwa kokuhamba, andise izinto eziza kuqala, futhi alungise izinqubo zokukhosela. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqinisekisa ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi uhulumeni wezwe unamandla okufuduka, okusho ukuthi awunakwenza imithetho yawo siqu yokufuduka.

Ubuhlobo Bakwamanye Amazwe Nesivumelwano Esenziwa

Umongameli unegunya lokuxoxa ngezivumelwano futhi asebenzelane namazwe angaphandle, abalulekile ukuze athole izithakazelo zesizwe. Ngokwesibonelo, i- North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) yamiswa ngesivumelwano, iphoqelela i-United States ukuba ilwe i-buthoba. Umongameli futhi wenza izivumelwano zezivumelwano ze-intellimente, njengokuhlanganisa izivumelwano zenuzi ne-Iran noma ezohwebelana. Nakuba izivumelwano zidinga i-Alatentian Tractic Treaty, izivumelwano zezikhulu zingamiswa ngaphandle kwemvume yeSishayamthetho, umkhuba owenyuselwe amandla kamongameli ezindabeni zakwamanye amazwe.

Amandla Aphuthumayo

Ezikhathini zenhlekelele yesizwe, uhulumeni angamisa izinyathelo zokuvikela izakhamuzi, njengaphakathi nezinhlekelele zemvelo noma izinsongo zamaphekula. UMthetho wesizwe we-Emertical Act (1976] unikeza uhlelo lukamongameli ukuba amemezele umkhosi wesimo esiphuthumayo sombuso futhi asebenzise amandla akhethekile. Ngokwesibonelo, uMongameli Trump wamemezela isimo esiphuthumayo sombuso ngo-2019 sokuqondisa izimali zokwakhiwa komngcele wesifo sodonga. Phakathi noMnyango we-COVID-19, uhulumeni wabiza u-DEmpensectodio I-ctal [ Impumelelo yezeluleksholo. Lokhu, nakuba kufaka impikiswano, ukubonisa ububanzi be-octivemouse.

Izifundo zecala elingokoqobo lezwe

Ukuhlola indaba ethile kunikeza ukuqonda ngendlela amandla kahulumeni asebenza ngayo, kwembula ukudlala okuphakathi kwamandla aqoshiwe, ashiwoyo, nangokwemvelo.

Ikhambi Elisha

Phakathi nokwehla okukhulu komnotho, uMongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt wasebenzisa iNew Deal, esebenzisa imibuso kahulumeni ukuze anikeze usizo, ukululama, nenguquko. Lokhu kwakuhlanganisa:

  • Sacial Security Act ka-1935: imise ikhabethe lokuphepha kwasebekhulile nabangasebenzi, ibonisa ukusetshenziswa kwentela kahulumeni kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemali. Loluhlelo lwaxhaswe ngentela yokukhokha futhi luye lwaba itshe eliyisisekelo lokulondeka komhlalaphansi.
  • Public Works Administration (PWA): imisebenzi yezesisekelo exhaswe njenge Hoover Dam, iLincoln Tunneln, nezinkulungwane zezikole nezibhedlela, iveza indima kahulumeni kahulumeni ekuthuthukiseni kwezomnotho nasekwakheni umsebenzi.
  • National Labor Relations Act (NLRA): Iqinisekisa izisebenzi ilungelo lokuhlela nokufaka inzuzo njengeqembu, ukumisa igunya likahulumeni eMabhizinisini ka Claus. INkantolo Ephakeme yasekela isenzo ku-NLR]NLb v. Jones & Lagh Steel Corp. [1937], iphawula ukuchazwa okukhulu kwamandla entengiselwano.

Inhlangano Yamalungelo Omphakathi

Uhulumeni kahulumeni wafeza indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni amalungelo omphakathi phakathi nawo-1960. Izenzo eziyisihluthulelo zahlanganisa:

  • Umthetho ka-1942] we-Civil Rights: Ukucwaswa kobandlululo okusekelwe ngokohlanga, ibala, inkolo, ubulili, noma umsuka wezwe ezindaweni zomphakathi nasemsebenzini. Umbuso wancika kuChwebo luka Claus, uphikisa ngokuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwezindawo zokudlelana ezidayisa amasheya namahhotela kuthinte ukuhweba kwezwe. INkantolo Ephakeme yasekela lokhu kucabangela [[FLT:]] ukuzwa kwe-Atlanta Motel v. United States
  • Ivoting Rights Act ka-65: ihloselwe ukususa izithiyo zokuvota ama-Afrika, inikeza ukungenela kukahulumeni ezindabeni zombuso ukuze kuvikelwe amalungelo omphakathi. Isenzo sasidinga ukumiswa kombuso kanye nomlando wobandlululo ukuze kutholwe imvume kahulumeni ngaphambi kokushintsha imithetho yokuvota. UKhongolo lwasebenzisa amandla alo ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo se-15 ukupho sokugunyaza amalungelo okuvota.
  • I-Executive Order 11246 (1965): eyakhishwa nguMongameli Lyndon B. Johnson, lomyalo wenqabela abakhi bakahulumeni ukuba basuse futhi bafune izinhlelo zokuthatha isinyathelo sokuvuma. Yabonisa amandla kamongameli angokwemvelo okuphatha umsebenzi kahulumeni nokuthola imali.

Impi Iyaqhubeka

Ngemva kokuhlasela kwe-September 11, uhulumeni wacela kokubili amandla angokwemvelo nasikiselwayo ukuba alwe nobuphekula. USUSA PRITT Act (2001]) (ugunyaza ukugunyaza ukuqashwa komthetho kwamandla okuhlola, kuhlanganise nokungena emarekhodini ebhizinisi. Umongameli wabuye wabiza igunya eliyifa lokuvimbela izitha, ukumisa izikhomishane zempi, nokuhlasela i-drone. Inkantolo Ephakeme emacalani anjenge .[ummansten v. [200] [200] [iinani eliphakathi kwenkululeko yesizwe] nelungelo lomphakathi.]

Amandla Asemkhathini Ezimpikiswanoni Zangesikhathi Esidlule

Namuhla, imibuso kahulumeni iyaqhubeka isetshenziswa ezindabeni ezihlukahlukene zanamuhla, ngokuvamile ezihilela izimpikiswano eziphikisanayo ngobukhulu begunya likahulumeni ngokuphathelene nemibuso kanye nabantu ngabanye.

Ukushintsha Kwendlela Yokunakekela Impilo

Izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo eziphathelene nokungenela kwempilo nokukwazi ukukhokha kubonisa indima kahulumeni ekuqondiseni isimiso sokunakekela impilo. I-ACA ihlala iyindawo yokuhlola, nemizamo yamuva nje yokuyandisa (umz., inciphisa inkathi yeMedicare enziwa ngokungenakuguquka) noma ukuyiguqula. Amandla e-Federal abonakala futhi ku- [i-Mecaid] ne-Medicaid izinhlelo zokulungisa i-[, ezincike emalini yokusebenzisa nokukhokha intela. I-Inflatiodition Act [[FLT:]] [202]]) inike igunya lokuxoxa ngenani lezidakamizwa ngesikhathi sokuqala, ukuthatha inqubo yamandla embusweni.

Ukushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu Kuyaqala

Izimiso ze-Federal ezihloselwe ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-carbon zibonisa isibopho sikahulumeni sokusingatha izinselele zendawo ezungezile. I-EPA’s Ecreate Preasure Prease Plan (2015]) (2015) ifuna ukunciphisa ukungcola kwecarbon embonini esebenzisa i-Etherheat Act. Nakuba lelicebo lavinjwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme ngo-2016, i-EPA iyaqhubeka nokulawula amagesi ashisayo ngaphansi kwezemvelo [FLT:] [FLT]] [FLT]] ihlela futhi izinga lokuhweba kwe-National E[FLT] (2007] [2007]], eyayithiwayindawo yokulawula i-Streast Adcuty Admigner Adment Adcuty. [[FLD]]]

Imithetho Yokulawula Izibhamu

Uhulumeni umise imithetho ehlukahlukene ehloselwe ukuqondisa izibhamu, ithinta ukuphepha komphakathi namalungelo omuntu ngamunye. UMthetho wokulawula wango-1968 wenqabela ukuthengiswa kwezibhamu kubantu abangenalo imvume. [[FLT:] [FLT]] Brady Hand Violence Devince Act [1993]] Imithetho edinga ukuhlolwa kwesizinda sokuthenga okugunyaziwe kwabahwebi bezentengiselwana. [[FLT:] [FLT]] [FLT][FLT: 4.5] [202] [20] I-Breginvin Lemignote Act [encelvessions] [emperect] [encesmperancessstingsssss] ku-orreall, kodwa isinqumo seNkazwe-ogle,[2]

Ukungafihli Imininingwane Nokungavikeleki

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bushintsha, uhulumeni wamazwe ulwisana nokulawula imininingwane eyimfihlo kanye nokungakhuli. Féderal Trade Commission (FTC) usebenzisa igunya lakhe ukuphoqelela ukulwa nemikhuba engafanele noma yokukhohlisa, njengezinhlangano ezisebenzisa kabi imininingwane yabathengi. [I-CFLT]] I-Cybersecurecure Security Agency (CISA) yamiswa ekuvikeleni imiphakathi kahulumeni futhi ihambisane nezinqubo zeqembu likahulumeni zokuhlola izingozi zezengamela. [[FLD:] Imithetho ye-ikhuselo ye-Memote ne-Sitecstions [FFFF:5], ukuveza inhloso yesizwe, ukuhlanganisa imithetho yesizwe ye-Classictic protranstial produces of st C C CC.

Ukufuduka Nokuthuthwa Kwe - DACA

Uhlelo lokufuduka lusalokhu luyindawo encintiswaneni kakhulu yamandla kahulumeni. Isenzo esithathelwe ukufika kwabantwana (DACA) uhlelo, olwakhiwa ukulawulwa ngo-2012, luvumela abathile abafuduki abangabhalwanga abafikayo abafika beyizingane ukuze bathole imvume yokudingiswa nokuvikelwa. Le sibonelo sibonisa indlela i-ACA Court e- ekusebenziseni ukuvikela kwe-Homeland ezakhiwe ngo-commorymenterreverset [FLT] 2020] ezisekelweningisweni ze-procravial, kodwa ezihlala zikhona. Lokhu kubonisa indlela igatsha elisebenza ngokushushishishishisisa elikwazi ukuthutha.

Isiphetho

Ukuqonda ukusebenza kwangempela kwemibuso kahulumeni kunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngendlela uhulumeni wezwe osebenza ngayo. Lezimiso zokwakha ezithinta zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika, kusukela ekuzinzeni kwezomnotho kuya emalungelweni omphakathi, kusukela empilweni yomphakathi kuya ekulondekeni kwesizwe. Umthetho-sisekelo ovumelanayo (obekwe, oshiwo, futhi owenzelwa ifautho (uvumela uhulumeni wezwe ukuba uvumelane nezinselele ezintsha kuyilapho uhlala unomthwalo wemfanelo kubantu. Ngokuhlola izibonelo ezingokomlando nezesikhathi samanje, sizuza umbono ocace ngokwengeziwe ngendima ebalulekile kahulumeni wezwe lonke emphakathini wethu nempikiswano eqhubekayo ngemingcele efanelekile yaleyo ndima.