Isingeniso: Inkemba Eboshwe Ngamaqoqo Yosizo Lwakwamanye Amazwe

Usizo lwangaphandle luhlala lungenye yezindlela eziphikisana kakhulu ebuhlotsheni bomhlaba wonke, ikakhulukazi uma lubhekiswe embusweni wobuphoqelelo. Kwesinye isandla, usizo lungadambisa ubumpofu, ukuthuthukisa imiphumela yempilo, nokusekela isisekelo emphakathini oswele. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lungabhebhethekisa uhulumeni ocindezelayo, ululaza izinhloso zentando yeningi, kanye nenkohlakalo. izenzakalo zezombangazwe zosizo lwangaphandle emibusweni yempoqo [[ zikude kakhulu, zidinga ukuhlolwa okungantenga okungaqondile kwezimali ukuthi zihamba kanjani ngezakhiwo zamandla emakhaya, izimfihlolo, nemisebenzi ephakeme. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlaziywa okugunyazayo, ukudwetshwa kobufakazi obusekelwe ezimweni nasezimweni ezingoko emhlabeni wonke.

Ukuchaza Usizo Lwakwamanye Amazwe: Okungaphezu Kwemali

Usizo lwangaphandle, olubizwa ngokomthetho ngokuthi i-ODA Development Arevice (ODA), luhlanganisa izibolekiso, imali ebolekwayo, usizo lobuchwepheshe, kanye nokusekela kohlobo olunikezwa ohulumeni abanikelayo, izinhlangano ezihlukene, nezisekelo ezizimele. Izinhloso zalo ezishiwoyo zihlanganisa ukuthuthuka kwezomnotho, ukunciphiswa kobumpofu, ukuthuthukisa inhlalakahle yobuntu, kanye nokuthuthukisa ukubusa okuhle. Nokho, ukugeleza kosizo akuvamile ukuba kube kwezezezimali. Amazwe abenzi bezimali, noma ezentengiselwano, kanye nohulumeni abasebenzisa impoqo yemali noma abasebenzisa imithombo yosizo ukuze bafeze izinjongo zabo.

Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zosizo zihlanganisa:

  • [ lusizo lwe-Biteradal – ukudluliswa okuqondile kuhulumeni othile kuya komunye, ngokuvamile okuhlangene nokuhlelwa kwezombangazwe.
  • [ usizo lwe-Multimaterial - - luqondiswe ngezinhlangano ezinjenge World Bank, IMF, noma izinhlangano zeUN, namadegree ahlukene e-intenet.
  • usizo olubalulekile – ukukhululeka okuphuthumayo phakathi nezinhlekelele, nakuba lokhu kungasetshenziswa ngokuphazima kweso.
  • [ usizo lwezekhono – ubuchwepheshe nokuqeqeshwa, okungase kusekele amandla kahulumeni noma kuphambukiswe ukuze kwakhiwe ukuthembeka kombuso.

Ukuqonda ukwakheka nokuqondisa usizo kubaluleke kakhulu ngoba usizo lunikezwa kanjani izinto ngezinga elilingana nolunikezwa ngalo. Ezimisweni ze-pholialia, ukungabikho kwezinhlangano zobungameli ezibonisayo kwandisa ingozi yokuba usizo luyithuluzi lokusekela kunokuba lube yintuthuko.

Indlela Izinhlangano Zosizo Zakwamanye Amazwe Ezilawula Ngayo Iziphathimandla

Imibuso elawulayo iphawulwa ngamandla aqinile, ukuncintisana kwezombangazwe okulinganiselwe, ukulawulwa okubuthakathaka komthetho, nokucindezelwa kokungavumelani. Uma usizo lwangaphandle lungena endaweni enjalo, lungaguqula ukulingana kwezombangazwe ngezindlela eziningi, eziningi ezingahlosile.

Ukuqiniswa Nokucindezelwa Ngokusekela

Ucwaningo lwezesayensi luthola njalo ukuthi usizo lwangaphandle lungasinda ngokomthetho . Abaholi bangasebenzisa imithombo yosizo egcwele isikhunta [1] imali engathunyelwa kumandla okuthuthukisa izakhiwo, ukusekela amaphoyisa, izinkonzo zobuhlakani, kanye nezinhlangano zezempi ezicindezela ukuphikiswa. Ngokwesibonelo, usizo oluhloselwe imithola-mpilo lungakhulula inzuzo yokucindezela kombuso. Lento yaziwa ngokuthi i-"resisky" inguquko yosizo bezizwe: njengoba nje inzuzo kawoyela ingagunyaza ukulawulwa komthetho.

Ukuhlolwa okunenani elikhulu kwezazi ezinjengo- UBueno de Mesquita no Smith (2009) kuye kwabonisa ukuthi usizo lwe-outocracracy lundisa amathuba okusinda kombuso, ikakhulukazi uma umholi elawula ukusakazwa komxhasi. Lokhu akusho ukuthi lonke usizo luyingozi, kodwa ingozi iphakeme kakhulu uma izimiso zokulandisa zingekho.

Ukucwiywa Kwamakhomu noLite Patronage

Abaholi abagunyazi bavame ukusebenzisa usizo ekuthengeni ukwethembeka phakathi kwabaphezulu, abaholi besizwe, izikhulu zempi, kanye nabaqondisi bebhizinisi. Ngokusakaza izivumelwano zosizo, imisebenzi, nezinkonzo ngokungakhethi, bangakha iqoqo labasekeli abancike ekuqhubekeni kukahulumeni. Leli cebo lokusebenza] linciphisa amathuba okuphambuka okuphezulu nokuphambuka. Ngokwesibonelo, e-Ethiopia ngaphansi kwe-Meles Zenawi futhi kamuva i-Abiy Ahmed, usizo olukhulu oluvela kuMwesters [1] Aveside devicessss shorty yemistry yaseChina evontiney evolontiwe ngeqembu lezinhlangano nezindawo eziphambili ezihleliwe, ukuqinisekisa ukulawulwa kweqembu lemikhampatho yotshana nezokubusa utshana.

Ukuncipha Kwezinhlangano Ezibusa Ngentando Yeningi Nomphakathi Wangaphakathi

Nakuba ezinye izinhlelo zosizo zihlose ukusekela umphakathi womphakathi nezinguquko zentando yeningi, ithonya lawo emongweni wobuphoqelelo lilinganiselwe noma likhinyabeze. Ohulumeni bavamile ukuthatha i-referenti, i-copt, noma izinhlangano ezicindezelayo ezithola imali kwamanye amazwe, ezizibiza ngokuthi amanxusa akwamanye amazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, eRussia, umthetho ufuna ukuba ama-NGONU amukele izimali zakwamanye amazwe ukuze abhalise njenge "amanxusa angaphandle," ayazibhikisha futhi avinye imisebenzi yawo. Ngokufanayo, eHungary naseTurkey, imithombo yezindaba elawulwa umbuso nezinkantolo ezihlangeneyo zezentengo zamazwe azimele njengezisebenzi zamazwe angaphandle.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, usizo lungalulaza izinhlangano zentando yeningi ngokungazi, ngokuthatha isinyathelo sendawo. Uma abanikeli bezizwe zonke behluleka ukusekela amaqembu okuphikiswa kwezezimali, lawomaqembu angazifaka engozini yokulahlekelwa ilungelo lobugunya lendawo futhi angapendwa njengonodoli bezithakazelo zaseNtshonalanga. Lokhu kwadlala eGibithe ngemva kokuvukela kwango-2011, lapho izimali zezinhlangano zomphakathi zaba indawo ehlaziywayo ngenxa yokulandisa kombuso wezempi owenqabayo.

Ukuwohloka Kwezomnotho Nokuwohloka Kwezinhlangano

Usizo lwangaphandle, ikakhulukazi uma lukhulu oluhlobene ne-GDP yezwe, lungasonta isimo sezomnotho sendawo. Kungase kubangele ukwazisa kwenani lokushintshana (isifo se-Dutch), kunciphise isikhuthazo sokuba ohulumeni baqoqe izintela zasekhaya, futhi bakhe izimiso ezihambelanayo ezidlula izinhlangano zikahulumeni. Kuhulumeni abaphethe ngempoqo, lokhu kujikijelwa kuvame ukunyuswa ngenxa yokuthi ukugeleza okungalawuleki kulawulwa yilungu elincane [ ngokungamelelithiwe umphakathi. Umphumela ungalahlekelwa isifunda esingekho lapho i-mthethweni silawula khona kokubili usizo namandla ezombangazwe, kuyilapho izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezisemthethweni.

Usizo lunciphisa futhi ukulandisa kombuso ezakhamuzini zawo. Uma umholi ekwazi ukukhokhela izinkonzo zomphakathi ngentela yakwamanye amazwe, izakhamuzi azinamali yokufuna ukumelelwa noma ukushintsha kwesimiso. Lokhu kufakazelwe kahle ekwakheni umthamo ekwakheni izinkonzo zikawoyela ocebile, kodwa futhi kusebenza nasemazweni anosizo oluphezulu oluya ku-GDP.

Imishini Yethonya Lezombangazwe: Ukuba Nesimo, Ukungabi Nabuphili, Nokubonisa Izimpawu

Ukuqonda incazelo yezombangazwe kudinga ukulahla izindlela usizo olusebenza ngazo. Izintathu zivelele: imibandela, ukugcona, nokuphawula.

Ukuba Nesimo: Inganekwane Yokwehlazeka

Abanikeli abaningi bahlanganisa izimo zokusiza, njengokuyala, ukuthuthukisa amalungelo abantu, noma ukukhetha okukhululekile. Nokho, imibuso ye-pholic inekhono ngokukhethekile lokulawula noma ukugwema imibandela[. Bangathembisa izinguquko zokuvikela ukunqanda, khona - ke ukuhlehlisa noma ukubuyisela. Ngisho noma izimo zihlangane ngokwegama, zivame ukuntuleka ukuthembeka. Ubufakazi obuphindwayo, obubukezwe [2014] [FLT] , busikisela ukuthi imibandela ivame ukukhuthaza ukususwa kwezindawo ezingekho ndawo. Kunalokho, bubonakala buphumelela kuphela uma kusekelwa yizimpoqo kanye nezingagunyazo ezingoko.

Ukuhluleka: Ubuthakathaka Bezindlebe

Ngisho noma abanikazi bezama ukuhlukanisa usizo ngezinjongo ezithile", ukufundisa, impilo, isivikelo sendawo ezungezile, kungashintshwa phakathi kwemali kahulumeni. Imali ekhokhelwayo yokwakhiwa kwesikole ingavumela umbuso ukuba ususe amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-100 ukuze usebenzise imali yawo ewumsebenzi wezempi noma umniniyo. Lenkinga engenakukwazi ukumelana nayo isendaweni lapho izimali zishiseka khona futhi ibekelwe phansi. Ukuziphindiselela, iziphiwo kumelwe zisebenzise izimpawu eziqinile, kodwa kuma-acraccas ezimelana nokuhlolwa, lokhu ngokuvamile akunakwenzeka.

Ukuphawula: Usizo Njengesivumelwano Sezombangazwe

Usizo lwangaphandle luthumela izimpawu zezombangazwe ezinamandla. Uma umninindlu onikeza usizo olukhulu kumholi we-pholial, lowo mholi uzuza ubugunya bomhlaba wonke kanye nesitembu sokugunyaza okungasetshenziswa ekhaya ekuthuliseni abagxeki. Amaqembu aphikisayo abhekene nempi ephezulu lapho emelana nombuso osekelwa yizigidigidi ze-Western noma isiShayina. I-metagnethis `inklybon' noma u-atting's ebekelelwa, ngisho ne-okanye ne-odrogueced , ethandwayo, i-ocettude kakhulu uma kuphinda kuqaliswe usizo ngemva kwesikhathi sokuvusekwa kweminya noma ukukhishwa kwemvume, njengoba kuboniswa e-20111, e-Ethiopia.

Ukuhlola Icala: Usizo Luyasebenza

EGibithe: Abashisekeli Bosizo Lwezempi

IGibithe ithola usizo lwempi olungaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-R3 ngonyaka, ifa le-Camp David Accons. Naphezu kokusetshenziswa kabi kwamalungelo abantu ngokuphindaphindiwe, uhulumeni we-bushiqela ka-Abdel Fattah el-Sisi uye wathola lolusizo ngokungaguquki. Olusizo luye lwasetshenziswa ekulungiseni amabutho ahlomile nokungavumelani, kuhlanganise nokuboshwa kwabantu abaningi, ukuhlushwa, nokuhleba, nokuhleba emphakathini womphakathi. [FLT: 0] Ukugumbuqelwa kwe-U.S. usizo lokucindezela ukucukumeka izinjongo [[ luye lwaboniswa ngokuqondile ukuthi izinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo abantu. Nokho, ukulandelana kwemithetho ye-U. Abaphathi baye benqaba ukuthuthukisa amalungelo abantu, baphawula izithakazeko ezinhlanganweni ze-Greaaaaaase. [FLD]

IRwanda: Impumelelo Noma Amandla Angokwentando Yeningi?

IRwanda ngaphansi kukaPaul Kagame ivame ukuvezwa njengempumelelo engokwentuthuko yezentengiselwano .rapid yezomnotho, ukuthuthuka kwempilo, nokunganyaniseki. Kodwa futhi iyisigaba esisodwa esinemingcele enzima ekuphikiseni kwezombangazwe, imithombo yezindaba, nomphakathi. U Donor, kuhlanganise ne-UK, Sweden, ne World Bank, baye bafaka izigidi zezigidi zamadollar eRwanda, bedumisa impumelelo yayo. Nokho, lolu sizo luye lwasetshenziselwa ukusekela i-FOtic Front [. Uhulumeni usebenzisa usizo ekunikezeni izinkonzo ngokuphumelelayo, kodwa futhi uqondisa nokulawula, ukuvimbela nokulawula amandla embusweni (g.G.G., usekela ukuhlelwa kwenkinga ye-DR.S.G.S.S.

ETopiya: Usizo Phakathi Nempi Yombango Nokucindezelwa

I-Ethiopia, lapho ihlatshwa ngempoqo yabanikeli baseNtshonalanga, yathola izigelekeqe zempi ezingaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4 ngonyaka e-U.S.E., EU, kanye nezinye eminyakeni yawo-20. Ngaphansi koNdunankulu u-Abiy Ahmed, izwe ekuqaleni labona izinhlelo zentando yeningi, kodwa kusukela ngo-2020 kuqhubeke, umbuso walwa impi yonya olunonya eTigray, ibone ukuhlanzwa kwezizwe kanye nendlala ebhalwe phansi kwempi. Inhlekelele yaholela ekuhloleni indlela yokusiza izakhamuzi ezimele ukuvinjelwa noma ukuphambukiswa uhulumeni. Izimpi zadalula ukuhluleka kwemibandela yosizo [[FLT]:]: abanikela usizo oluqhubekayo ekunikezeni usizo ngisho nanjengobugqili bemibuso. Inhlekelele yaholela ekuhloleni indlela yokusebenzisana nemithetho ebusayo, kanye nochwepheshe abathile abanolwazi.

Isibonelo seChina: Akukho mfakela-ntambo onamathiselwe?

I-Belt ne-Graad Initive nezinhlelo zosizo ze-bigadal zinikeza enye indlela. Izikhulu zaseChina zigwema imibandela yezombangazwe ecacile, zigcizelela ukungathathi hlangothi ezindabeni zasekhaya. Lokhu kwenza ukuba isiShayina sikhange imibuso yezezimali efuna imithombo yempoqo ngaphandle kokucindezela kokubusa ngedemokrati. Nokho, ubufakazi busikisela ukuthi usizo lweChina luqinisa futhi ababusi abazodwa ngokubanika izakhiwo zezemisebenzi ezingase zisetshenziswe ekusekeleni izimali, nangokuboleka imibuso ebhekene nezijeziso zaseNtshonalanga. Iziphakamiso zezombangazwe zemali zifundwa ngokwandayo, ngokucwaninga ukuthi [[FLT:] luqinisa amathuba oshintsho lwentando yentando yeningi [[FLD] [FLD:1] emazweni athenwa ([FFFFF:]]]])

Izinzuzo Ezingase Zibe Khona: Lapho Usizo Lusebenza Ezindabeni Zobu - authoritarian

Naphezu kwezingozi, usizo lwangaphandle aluyona ingozi yonke entuthukweni yezombangazwe.

  • Ifaka impumelelo engcono kubantu[ - Imisebenzi yezempilo nemfundo isindisa ukuphila futhi yandisa inhloko - dolobha yabantu, ngisho nangaphansi kwemibuso ecindezelayo. Ngokwesibonelo, imikhankaso yokugoma engcono e-Afghanistan ngaphansi kwe-Taliban (ngaphambi-2021) yafinyelela izigidi.
  • Izinguquko zetechnocrates zobushiqela [ - Abanye ohulumeni abakhohlakele basebenzisa izinguquko zobuchwepheshe (umz., ukukhokha intela, ukubusa kolwezinombolo) ezingakha ngokungaqondile amandla ombuso nokubona ngale, zidala izivulo zoshintsho lwesikhathi esizayo.
  • yenza umphakathi ube nendawo - Ukusebenzisa usizo olusemthethweni ekuvikeleni amaqembu ahlulwe ngokweziphakamiso, ukusekela imithombo yezindaba ezimele ezindaweni ezimngcingo, noma ukubhala ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamalungelo abantu kunganqamuka ekulawuleni kwempoqo, uma abanikeli besebenza ngokuhlakanipha futhi besebenza nabantu bendawo.
  • Ukuzinza okuthe ngqo[--'ezifundazweni ezintekenteke], usizo lungavimbela ukuwa kwezwe, okungaholela emiphumeleni emibi kakhulu, ehlanganisa i-wardism, indlala, noma ukunqanda ukuwohloka kwezifunda.

Isihluthulelo siwukuthi lezinzuzo zixhomeke ekuklameni kobukekeli, ukugada, nokuqonda okungokoqobo kwamandla ezombangazwe. Ukuba nethemba ngokuguqula amandla kasizo ngokuvamile kuyabuya.

Izingozi Ziyaphinda Zivela: Ubufakazi Obuningi

Ingozi esheshayo iwukuthi usizo lwangaphandle lunweba ukuphila kwamashelefu emibuso yobuphoqele. Izifundo ze-impiralic, kuhlanganise nokusetshenziswa kwe-meta-alysis okubanzi u-Heinrich noLoftis (2020), luthola ukuhlobana okuqinile phakathi kosizo oluphakathi kobugqila bemi ye-oral nobude be-oral emocracy. Izindlela zicacile: usizo lwandisa imithombo yentela etholakalayo ye-cone-aptation ne-GP, futhi lunikeza izibalo ezisemthethweni yomhlaba wonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, usizo lungaveza ukuthengiselwa kwemali yasekhaya ne-octivestion[FLDFFFY:3], ziveza ukuchuma kwezomnotho kwamanye amazwe.

Enye ingozi yingozi yokuziphatha [ kwabanikelayo. Uma usizo luqhubeka kungakhathaliseki ukuziphatha kombuso, uhulumeni webushiqela ufunda ukuthi ingaphula amalungelo abantu, yebe ukhetho, noma ihlasele omakhelwane ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukusekela okungokwezimali. Lokhu kululaza ukuthembeka kwezibopho zomnikelo edemokrati nasemalungelo abantu, kululaza uhlelo lwezizwe zonke.

Izicelo Zemithetho Zezibopho

Ohulumeni nezinhlangano eziningi eziklama izinhlelo zosizo, ubufakazi bukhomba kokusikisela okuningana okungathathwa izinyathelo:

  1. Ukuhlola kwezezomnotho kwezombangazwe [ phambi kokubopha izimali ezinkulu. Qonda ukuthi ubani olawula usizo ugeleza, indlela ezihlangana ngayo nezakhiwo zikagesi zendawo, nokuthi izimo zingaphoqelelwa yini.
  2. Sebenzisa izinqubo ezibonisayo, ezikwazi ukuhlukanisa indlela ukunciphisa ukunethezeka. Ukudluliswa kwemali ngokuqondile ezakhamuzini (njengasemihlelweni yomshayeli eKenya naseNdiya) kudlula ukulawula kukahulumeni futhi kwakhe ukulandisa komphakathi.
  3. [ usizo lokulawula njengengxenye yecebo elibanzi elihlanganisa ukusebenzelana nezingxoxo, izijeziso, nokusekela umphakathi ozimele. Usizo lulodwa alukwazi ukubusa umbuso; kumelwe luhambisane namanye amathuluzi.
  4. Zimisele ukusongela nokuphoqelela imibandela uma kunqamulelwa imikhawulo yamalungelo abantu. Usizo lokunqumanisa lungase lungasebenzi njalo, kodwa usongo lungaguqula izibalo zombuso.
  5. [ Ithumela izinqubo zendawo zokulandisa njengokuzihlola ngokwako, ukulandelela uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali yomphakathi, nokuqondisa komphakathi. Lokhu kungasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi usizo lufinyelela abazuzayo abahloselwe ukuzuza kunokuba kufike amashekethi ombuso.

Umgomo akufanele ube ukuvimbela konke ukusiza imibuso yempoqo − ukuthutha okunjalo kungalimaza abantu abasengozini — kodwa ukufanelanisa izimo zosizo ukuze kuncishiswe ingozi yokusebenzisa imishini elawulayo kuyilapho kuthuthukisa izinzuzo zokuthuthuka.

Isiphetho: Ngasemklamweni Wezesayensi Ohlakaniphile Wokwakha I - aid

Imiphumela yezombangazwe yosizo lwakwamanye amazwe emibusweni yempoqo inamandla futhi iyaxaka. Usizo lungasindisa ukuphila futhi lusekele ukucindezelwa, lunike izakhamuzi amandla futhi luqinise abacindezeli bazo. Ubufakazi obuvela eGibithe, eRwanda, e-Ethiopia, nangaphandle kwekholi: ukungazinaki izimo zezombangazwe zasekhaya kuyindlela yokulungisa imiphumela engalindelekile. Abenzi bomthetho kumelwe balahle ukukhohlisa kokuthi usizo lungolwazi lwezobuchwepheshe kuphela noma lwezezombangazwe. Kunalokho, kufanele bamukele indlela yolwazi olunezentengiselwano [[[FLT:] olunolwazi lwezombangazwe oluqaphela indlela yokusiza ngemizwanothi, ubuthakathaka benhlangano, namandla.

Ekugcineni, usizo lwangaphandle alulungile noma alulungile ngokwemvelo ngentando yeningi. Imiphumela yalo ixhomeke e ninini eklanywe, ilethwa, futhi ihlolwe . Kulabo abazimisele ukuthuthukisa amalungelo abantu nokubusa kwentando yeningi, umsebenzi ukuvuselela usizo lokusayina luhamba (_ukusebenza kanye nabantu bendawo, ukumisa imigqa ebomvu, nokuqinisa umphakathi (jj) ukuze basekele inkululeko yezombangazwe kunokuba bachithe. Kuphela ngaleso sikhathi usizo lwangaphandle lungagcwalisa isithembiso salo njengethonya loshintsho oluhle, ngisho nasezimweni zezombangazwe ezivivinya kakhulu.