Indima Ebucayi Yesivikelo Sokuvikelwa Kwesizwe

Imisebenzi yokulwa nomthetho wobuphekula iyisisekelo sokhuseleko lwesizwe sanamuhla, nokho ukubulala kwazo ngokuvamile kudala izingxabano ezinkulu lapho zihlangana namalungelo enkolo nawobuhlanga obuncane. Lemiphakathi ("ichazwa ngokungenalwazi ngokholo, ulimi, noma ifa) (_kaningi) ithwala umthwalo ongalinganiyo phakathi kokhuseleko olunciphilekayo, ukuqashwa, ukuvinjelwa okungahleleki, nokuhlazeka okuhlangene. Ukulinganisela phakathi kwezindawo eziyimfuneko zokuphepha kanye nesivikelo esincane akuqedisi ukuthemba umphakathi kuphela kodwa kungaqinisa isibopho sokulwa kwezikhali ezimelene nezinhloso zokwehluleka. Ukucwaninga kubonisa njalo ukuthi lapho amaqembu amancane encinyana encishiswa imingcele, amalungu awo athambekele kakhulu ekutholeni izikhala ezingokomthetho zawo. Ngakho, ukulwa kwemisebenzi akukhuthazi izikhungo ezinjululi ezikhungo ezihleliwe ezinsweni ezivamile akuyona isibopho sokuzinziwa yimfanelo nje elungele ukugcinwa; ukugcinwa isikhathi eside.

Ukubaluleka Kokuvikela Amancane

Inkolo nezinhlanga ezimbalwa zithuthukisa izinhlobonhlobo zempucuko nesizinda sezenhlalo yamazwe emhlabeni wonke. Amasiko, izilimi, kanye nezinhlangano zabo zinezela ekuthuthukiseni kwezomnotho, ukuhlanganyela komphakathi, nokuxoxa ngemibango. Ukuvikela lamaqembu kuyisisekelo sokubambisana kwezenhlalo, njengoba ukufakwa kwalamaqembu kunciphisa izingozi zokuhlukaniswa nezikhalo ezisetshenziswa amaphekula. Isibonelo, [iSimo se-[FLD:0]] [Njengokwenkululeko ekhethekile yenkululeko yenkolo noma yenkolelo [ kuye kwagcizelela ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi imibuso engokwezwe enikeza amalungelo alinganayo amalungelo alinganayo okholo anokuwathola amazinga amancane. Ngokungafani, uma kuhluleka ukuvikela amalungelo amancane, imithetho enzondo, ukucwasa, noma ukucwasasizwayo, noma ubudlova obuzwe obuningi obungawathola phakathi kwezindawo ezincukulwane zezombangazwe. [2]

Izinselele Zobukhonya Ekumelaneni Nemisebenzi Yobuphekula

Izindlela zokulwa nobuphekula ezifana nokuqapha okukhulu, amaphoyisa ahlolwa ngobuhlakani, izinhlu ezingenakugwenywa, nokuhlasela kwezempi okungagwegwesi okuhlangene nezakhamuzi ezimbalwa. Inselele enkulu yingozi ye- ethiwadism noma iproficing engokwenkolo[, lapho ukugcinwa komthetho noma izinhlangano zobuhlakani ziphatha yonke imiphakathi njengenombono osekelwe esweni yazo kuphela. Lokhu kulahlwa yiKomiti yamalungelo obuntu njengokwephulwa kwesimiso sokunganciphi hlangothi, kungaholela ekungathembaneni okukhulu, ukuvinjelwa, noma ukuvinjelwa nje ngenxa yokuba yiqembu elithile, umphakathi uqaphele ukuthi umelene nempi, ukuhlasela kwezimiso zobuhlanga eziyingozi.

Enye inselele yile [[FLT: 0] ukunqanda ukuhlukana kwezombangazwe ezingokwenkolo noma ukuvala imikhosi yamasiko ngaphansi kokuzifihla. Ohulumeni bangahlanganisa umkhuba onokuthula wenkolo noma ukulwa kwezinhlanga ngokumelene namadlame, bephula imithetho engokomthetho engokwesiko. Emazweni amaningi, imithetho yobuphekula iye yasetshenziselwa ukuvimbela ukunqanda ukungavumelani kweqembu elincane, ukuvala izikole zezenkolo noma ukuvinjelwa kwezesiko ngaphansi kokuzifihla ngokulondeka. Lokhu kuthatha imingcele eqinile yenkululeko eyisisekelo kuphela kodwa futhi kusunduza amazwi alinganiselwe ekuphileni komphakathi, kushiye isikhala esigcwele amathithikithi. Umbiko we-Incopection’sss amelene nokuviva imingcele namalungelo abantu imicimbi eminingi lapho izincazelo ezingokomthetho ze “impatho zobuthelela” zisetshenziswa khona ngokunye ukuphikisa okusemthethweni kwezombangazwe, ukuphikisa okusemthethweni kwezombangazwe okungamele. [FT.[FLT:]]

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuntuleka kokubonana nokulandisa emikhankasweni yokuvikela kubangela ukungathembani. Uma ukuhlasela kwenzeka ngaphandle kokwengamela kokwahlulela noma lapho abantu beboshiwe beboshiwe, imiphakathi emincane ayinathuba lokubekela inselele ukuxhashazwa kokuxhashazwa kwezenzo zobuqili. Lokhu kuzenza kubeluleki kanye nokulandisa kokushushiswa kwezwe, okufaka abangenisi ezinhlanganweni ezifana ne-ISYSTE ne-Boko Haram baye baxhashazwa ngokuphumelelayo. Ucwaningo olungu 2021 ku- Ukhuseleko lwezizwe eziningi olugcweleyo] Akuthola ukuthi ukuhlasela okungenamingcele kwalokhu kuhlasela ngamaphekula amaphekula ezindaweni ezithintekile, ukuthola ukuthi ukuveza ukukhiqini kwezenzo zokusebenza kwezandla ezinziwa kakhulu.

Izingozi Zokubandlululwa

Ingozi esheshayo ingu isijeziso esihlanganisayo . Ngemva kokuhlasela kwamaphekula, iziphathimandla zivame ukuhlasela wonke umphakathi wobuhlanga noma wenkolo lapho umenzi wobubi evela khona, ukubeka imithetho emisiwe, ukubheka, nenhlawulo ezihlangene. Lendlela, inqatshelwe ngokuqondile ngaphansi komthetho wezenhlalakahle yamazwe amaningi, iye yabhalwa kabanzi [[FLT:] Ilungelo lamaHuman Watch ezindaweni ezinjenge-Xinang, inhlekelele yeRohing, kanye nokuphatha kwemiphakathi yamaSulumane emazweni aseNtshonalanga ngemva kwe-9 /11. Ukujeziswa komphakathi okuyephula isigwebo kuxova iningi lamalungu omphakathi athembele emabuthweni nasemabusweni embuthweni amaphoyisa asebenzisa ukubambisana.

Ubandlululo lubonakala futhi ekwakhekeni kwemithetho ephikisana nezenzo zobuphekula ngokulinganayo. Ukuhlola kwe-United Kingdom kubonisa ukuthi amaSulumane asengozini enkulu yokubhekiselwa kuhlelo lokunqanda nokumiswa futhi ahlolwe ngaphansi kobuphekula kunamalungu ezinye izinkolo, naphezu kwamazinga afanayo okuhileleka ngokoqobo kobuphekula. Izindlela ezifanayo zibonakala eUnited States, lapho ukusetshenziswa kwezazi ezingcwele kumaSulumane eMelika kubangele khona amaSulumane ngokungelele kakhulu, kuholela ekumangalelweni kwemigibe. Imikhuba enjalo iqinisa umbono wokuthi umbuso ulwa nenkolo noma ubuzwe, kunokuba ulwe nohlobo oluthile lobudlova. Lolu mbono uveza ukukhomba kwazo njengosongo, njengoba abantu bebona ukuthi zikhona, futhi uveza ukukhombaza komphakathi ngokunye ukukhombanisa izikhulu.

Ekugcineni, ukuncishiswa kwezomnotho nokuncitshiswa kwezenhlalo okuyandulela ubuphekula kuvame ukujulwa ngezindlela zokuphepha. Izindawo ezincane eziphethwe amaphoyisa amakhulu zibona ukuncishiswa kwemali, ukulahlekelwa umsebenzi, nokuhlukana komphakathi. Uma intsha ingenamathemba ezomnotho futhi inomuzwa wokuthi umphakathi ubabheka njengamaphekula, ukuncintisana kwamaqembu anamandla athembisa injongo futhi abe namandla. Umbiko ngoMnyango wezentengiselwano no-Peacenti wathola ukuthi amazwe anezinga eliphezulu lobandlululo olumelene nomphakathi omncane ayenanezinga eliphakeme lobuphekulawu, alawula izici zezomnotho, asikisela ukuthi ubandlululo ngokwalo luyimpula ubudlova.

Izinyathelo Zobuphekula Obulinganiselayo

Indlela yokulwa namalungelo abantu elawula ubuphekula idinga ushintsho lwamabomu nolwezobuchwepheshe. La masu amelwe afakwe enkambisweni, ekuqeqesheni, nasemisebenzini yansuku zonke ukuze ashintshe ukusuka ekumelaneni kuya ekulandeleni i-compactive. Ngezansi kunezinqubo ezingase zishicilelwe yizifundo zezemiphumela nemikhuba emihle kakhulu evela emhlabeni wonke.

Izindlela Zomphakathi Nezakhi Zokwethembana

Amasu aphumelela kakhulu okulwa nezokulwa nezokulwa nomthetho afaka inzuzo enkulu ebudlelwaneni obuhlangeneyo. Kunokuba baphathe imiphakathi eyidlanzana njengengabasoleki, iziphathimandla kufanele ziyisebenzise njengeqembu. Lokhu kudinga ukuxoxa okuqinile nabaholi benkolo, abameleli bobuzwe, nezinhlangano zomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, iziqondiso ze-OSC] ze-OSC [ekuhlela] enkabeni yomphakathi kanye nasebuthweni obuphakathi kwamaphoyisa zitusa i-FM [at] lapho amalungu omphakathi engaphakamisa izikhalo futhi anikeze ukungenela kwezokuphepha ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphindiselwa. Embusweni womphakathi ohlangene, “umkhankathi wenkinga ehlangene phakathi kwamaqembu amaphoyisa nama-Lexisselcester, ukulwa kwemist , ukulwa kwemiphakathi kwemiphakathi kwemiphakathi, izihloko eziwuhluko, isikhulu seze isikhulu seze umphakathi ukuba sikhulumele ukuba kusizwe siqondiswe kusizwe, isikhulu somphakathi

De-escaliation kanye neSixazululo Sempikiswano Esihlukile

Izikhulu eziqeqeshayo ezisebenzisa amasu okuhlola nokulungisa impikiswano zingavimbela izenzakalo ezincane ekukhuleni ezinkingeni zomphakathi wonke. Uma umsebenzi wokuphepha uhamba kabi [1] ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlasela okungenaluzwela endaweni yokukhulekela . Ukuxolisa komphakathi okusheshayo nokubuyisela okuvela kuhulumeni, kuhlangene nesibopho sokuhlola nokuqondisa, kungavuselela ukuthembana. Lokhu kuhluke kakhulu ngezenzo zokwembobo eziveza amaphutha amaningi obandlululo. Isibonelo seCanada sokuziphindisela komphakathi ngemva kokuba icala likaMaher Arar lifundile: uhulumeni wakhipha ukuxolisa okusemthethweni nokukhokha imbulo, okwasiza ukunciphisa ukubambisana komphakathi futhi kwavula izindlela zokubambisana esikhathini esizayo.

Imishini Ebona Kahle, Eqondisayo Neyokulandisa

Ngaphandle kokulandisa, ubandlululo luyachuma. Ohulumeni kumelwe bamise izindikimba ezizimele zongamele [[FLT: 1] ngokukhethekile ezisebenza ngokuhlola imisebenzi yobuphekula yokulalela amalungelo abantu. Lemikhakha kufanele ihlanganise abameleli abavela emiphakathini emincane futhi babe namandla okuthola izincwadi ezingaphansi kwepeena futhi batuse ukuqulwa kwecala. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Netherlands, ine-National Coordinator for Counterism ekhipha imibiko yaminyaka yonke enqunyweniswe yizenzo zobuphekula ubuzwe nenkolo, eyenza ukuba ikwazi ukucubunga obala umphakathi. I-Refecturentiers ingabona ukuthi iprofilting ikhona futhi ivumela ukuqulwa kwezenzo zokukholeka ngaphambi kokuba ukwethenjelwa kuqeke.

Esinye isici esibalulekile yi- ukwakheka okungalawuleki okuchaza ngokucacile ubuphekula kanye nokulawula imingcele. Imithetho kufanele idinge ukusolwa, ukusolwa okungaqashelwayo ngaphambi kokuqashwa noma ukuvalelwa, futhi inikeze ukubukezwa kokwahlulela okusheshayo. I-International Commission of Jurts itusa ukuba umthetho omelene nobuphekula uhlanganise “umsuka ongagunyazi" owenqabela ngokuqondile ukuhlasela okusekelwe ezicini ezivikelweni ezivikelekile. Ngokwendlela, izikhombo ezinjalo zingaqondisa izinkantolo ukuba zihlule izivumelwano zemithetho eqinile njenge-“ Iqembu le-Demgraphic" elihlola imiphakathi yamaSulumane, eyamiswa yinkantolo engokomthetho engakhethi ngo-2014.

Ukuzwana Kwesiko Nokuqeqeshwa Kwamalungelo Abantu

Isikhulu ngasinye esihileleke ekulwisaneni nezenzo zobuphekula (kusukela kwabahlaziyi abanokuhlakanipha abafake iyunifomu ukuya kumaphoyisa asejele kuya konogada − kufanele kuthathwe ukuqeqeshwa okuqhubekayo, ukuqeqeshwa okuqhubekayo [ ekuqondeni ngokwesiko, ukucwaswa, nokungaboni namalungelo abantu. Lokhu kuqeqeshwa kumelwe kudlulele ngalé kwezimo ezimfushane; kufanele kuhlanganise ukuqeqeshwa okusekelwe ezihlelwayo, ukuhlelwa kwemiphumela yeze, kanye nokuhlolwa okuqondile nabaholi abambalwa emphakathini. Amazwe amaningi aseYurophu aye amukela iziqondiso zeYurophu zamaphoyisa namalungelo amancane , okugcizelela ukubaluleka “kwezezobuchwepheshe zomphakathi” nokusetshenziswa kwezikhulu eziqeqeshiwe ezezokuxhumana ukuze kushe ukuxhumana phakathi kwezentengo yomphakathi nezizwe.[FLT][Flunt] izibalo zezehlaka ezithiyo ezithini ezithiyo ezithiyo eziphakathi zesizwe.

Amaphoyisa Ahloselwe Ukuvikela Abancane Phakathi Nemisebenzi

Ngaphandle kokuqeqeshwa okuvamile, izimiso eziqondile zokusebenza zinganciphisa ukulimala. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nokuthungatha noma ukusesha kwendlu, izingqapheli zomphakathi zingakhona ukuze kuqinisekiswe inqubo. ENigeria, “Iqembu le-Acttivegation” elihlanganisa kokubili amabutho okhuseleko nabaholi benkolo liye lasetshenziswa ekunqandeni imisebenzi yobuphekula i-Bharam, ukunikeza ubuni bendawo nokunciphisa izikhalo zokuxhaphaza. Ngokufanayo, der-protodrat protols [ iqinisekisa ukuthi abesifazane abavela emiphakathini embalwa abangezona ezingeni zokuhlola izikhulu zabesilisa, ngokuhlola izimiso zezempucuko nokunciphisa izingozi. Izindawo zimele ukuvikela izizinda ezincane ekuvinjeni kweze ekuvinjelweni amajele.

Imibono Yamazwe Ngamazwe Nokubambisana

Akukho zwe elingalinganisela ukulwa nobuphekula kanye nesivikelo esincane ngokuhlukaniswa. Izimiso zezizwe zonke kanye nokubambisana kunikeza uhlelo kanye nokucindezela okudingekayo ukuze kugcinwe izindinganiso. IZizwe Ezihlangene zifeza indima enkulu nge- Committee-Terrorisism Committee (CTC)[FL:1] ne-'Arevertist Isteroid Impomperation Irractive Iright Irounding Force (TITF)*. I-UN Global Counter-Troristy Strategym, eyamukelwa yiyo yonke i-Contenmentationssion eUnited States ngo 2006, iqaphela ngokucacile ukuthi “ingeke inqotshwe ngamandla empini, ukuphoqekelwa komthetho, ukugcinwa komthetho wedwa kanye nokuhlakanipha okulawula izikhulu ezimweni ezingcono, kuhlanganise nokusakaza “ukubusa amalungelo abantu kanye nomthetho omthetho ohlukene."

Izinhlangano zezifunda zinikela futhi ngokuphawulekayo. Ukuhlelwa kwe-Organity for Security and Cooperation e-Europe (OSCE) kusungule isiqondiso esiningiliziwe ngokuphathelene nezokuphatha komphakathi kanye nokuvikela kwenkolo esetshenziswa yiHhovisi leDemocratic Institutions nelenkululeko yobuntu (ODIHR). I-OSCE ihlala njalo ihleli ezindaweni lapho amalungu ehlanganyela khona imikhuba ekulinganiseleni ukulondeka namalungelo abantu, futhi imasimu ayo anikeza usizo lobuchwepheshe bezesayensi. Ngokwesibonelo, eNtshona Ntshona , i-Balkans, i-OCE isekela izindlela zokuvikela isimilo ezimbalwa zomphakathi ezinciphe kakhulu ukuntenga nokubika kwezenzo zempi.

I-Afrikan Union ye-Afrika Center ye-African Createry and Research on Terrorism (ACRT) iye yahlanganisa amalungelo amancane abekwe ekhophi abekwe umthetho wayo wokulwa nobuphekula, kanye i-Council yase-Europe[ i-Convention ekuvirective of the Terrorism ifuna ukuba nezindlela zokuthatha inhlonipho ngamalungelo abantu, ngomthetho oqinile ovela eNkabeni yamaLungu enikeza izindinganiso eziphoqesekekayo. [[FLT:] I-GOPU] I-GOPUM [FLTFFF] [FLT], indikimba ehlukahlukene yamazwe angama-30, ive iveza “indlela eqinile yokuvikela amalungelo abantu eHlunyuse. ”

Izindaba futhi. Amazwe athola usizo olulwa nobuphekula kubantu abanikela kakhulu njenge-United States, i-European Union, noma i-United Kingdom aya ngokuya ebona amalungelo abantu ahlangene namaphakethe osizo. Leyaahs Laws[ e-US avimbela usizo kwezempi wakwamanye amazwe noma amaphoyisa aye enza ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu okukhulu, okungahlanganisa imikhuba yokuphoqa imingcele emelene neqembu elincane labantu.

Nokho, ukubambisana kwezizwe zonke akunazinkinga. Ezinye izizwe zisebenzisa ukubambisana okumelene nezenzo zobuphekula ukuze zinqande idlanzana lomphakathi, zisebenzisa ukuhlakanipha kwangaphandle noma ubuchwepheshe bokuhlola ukucindezelwa. Icala lama-Uyghurs eXinjiang, lapho iziphathimandla zaseChina ziye zasebenzisa khona izimpawu zokulwa nomthetho wobuphekula ukuze zithethelele ukuqashwa okukhulu, imakamu amaqembu, futhi ziphoqelele ukusebenza kwesizwe esincane samaSulumane, liyisixwayiso esiqinile. Izinhlangano zomhlaba ziye zazama ukusabela ngenxa yemithetho yezentengiselwano, nakuba i-UN Human Rights Councilence idlulise izibopho ezibhala izivumelwano zokuhlasela nokuziphendulela. Isifundo esisemthethweni sinamandla kakhulu njengoba nje kwezombangazwe zifuna ukuba zigcinwe. Ukucindezelwa komphakathi, ukubikela umphakathi emphakathini, ukuviviyo nangokomthetho kohulumeni wezizwe zonke ezimele ukubekwa icala.

Isiphetho: Ukufuna Ukulondeka Okuphelele

Ukungezwani phakathi kobuphekula nesivikelo senkolo nezinhlanga ezimbalwa akunakugwenywa. Ukwamukela amasu avumelana namalungelo abantu, ukuvela komphakathi, ukuqeqeshwa, nokulandisa kwezizwe ngezizwe ngamazwe . : izifundazwe zingathuthukisa kokubili ukulondeka nokuhlanganiswa kwezenhlalo. Ubufakazi busobala: uma abantu abambalwa bethenjwa kunokuba basolwe, ukuhlakanipha kuncipha ngokukhululekile, ukunciphisa, nokuqina komphakathi ngokuhlangene nezindaba zamaphekula, ukuqina komphakathi ngokumelene nomphakathi, ukuveza izimpawu zomphakathi, ukuqasheka komphakathi ngokubonana nomphakathi, ukuqeqeshwa, ukuqeqeshwa, nokuzifaka kulendlela elinganiselwe kungagcwalisi nje kuphela izibopho zabo kodwa futhi kwakha ithemba elide eliyinkimbiwe lokuphepha okuphumelelayo. Enkathini eyinkimbinkimbi yokusongela kwembulunga yonke, indlela yokunqoba ayikho ekuhlungeni abafozwayo, kodwa ekuzivikeleni njengezigxobo abampofu.

Ukuze ifundeke ngokwengeziwe, i-United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) iphepha eliyiqiniso ngamalungelo abantu kanye nesimiso sokulwa nesimiso sokuzimela linikeza ukucaciswa okubanzi kwezindinganiso ezisebenzayo, kuyilapho i-International Commission of Jurists yezecala [ inikeza ukuhlaziywa okuqinile kwezimiso zobuzwe.