Isingeniso: Ukubuswa Okucitshwe Ngemfundo Yomphakathi

Izimiso zemfundo emhlabeni wonke azivamile ukusebenza njengenhlangano eyodwa, ye-monothic. Kunalokho, zibunjwa yizilinganiso ezinamandla phakathi kwamazinga amaningi kahulumeni, ngalinye linezigunya ezihlukene, imithwalo yemfanelo, nezindlela zokuxhasa izimali. Ezimisweni zikahulumeni njenge-United States, lezi zingqimba zihlanganisa ubuzwe (noma isifundazwe), umbuso, kanye neziphathimandla zendawo (isifunda noma isifunda). Ukuqonda ukuthi la amazinga kahulumeni ahlukene aphatha imfundo kubalulekile kanjani kubafundisi, kubaphathi bezimiso, ngisho nabazali abafuna ukuqondisa isimiso ngokuphumelelayo. Ukwenabela kwegunya kuthinta yonke into evela ezindinganisweni zohlelo lwezifundo nothisha ukuze isekele isikole nokuzengathwaliselwa isibopho somthwalo wemfanelo. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okujulile kwemisebenzi, ubuhlobo, nokuguquguqu kwemfundo ebusayo eziminyangweni eziningi.

Indima Kahulumeni Wesizwe iFold Government’: Ukumisa Imisebenzi Yesizwe

Uhulumeni kahulumeni awuziphathi izikole ngokuqondile e-United States, kodwa ithonya lawo likhulu. Imibuso yoMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. ayiphathiswanga uhulumeni kahulumeni, okusho ukuthi imfundo ngokuyinhloko iwumthwalo wemfanelo kahulumeni nezwe. Nokho, uhulumeni kahulumeni uye wasebenzisa amandla awo okusebenzisa imali negunya lomthetho-sisekelo ukuze avikele amalungelo omphakathi ukuze alolonge isimiso semfundo kulo lonke izwe.

Ukubeka Izinto Eziza Kuqala Zesizwe Ngemithetho

Imithetho yemfundo kaFederal imisa amafacer abonisa ukulingana, ukufinyelela, nokulingana. Umthetho wamuva obaluleke kakhulu yi- Wonke umFundi Wempumelelo (ESSA), odluliswe ngo- 2015, othathelwe indawo i-No Child Lend Bend Act. ESA imiyalelo elawula ukuvivinya abafundi ngokufunda nangezibalo emaphakasweni [3.8] kanye nakanye esikoleni esiphakeme, futhi idinga izikhundla zokubona nokusekela izikole eziphansi. Izifunda ziboshelwa ukuba ziphumele emazingeni okuthweswa nezingasi sikole nolimi oluphansi. Uhulumeni ufaka futhi iziqondiso ezingoko ezingokomthetho ezivimbela ukucwasa ngokwezinhlanga, ibala, ubulili, ukukhubazeka kwesizwe, nokukhubazeka kwezemfundo yeze-Othorini, i-OFom yase-U. U.U.S.U.

Izinhlelo Ezihloselwe Ukuxhasa

Izimali ezixhaswa umphakathi zikhokhela ingqikithi yemali esetshenziswa e-K-12 e-United States, kodwa ithonya layo ligxile emananini athile. Izinhlelo ezinkulu zikahulumeni zihlanganisa:

  • Isihloko I soMthetho weElementary and Secondary Education Act: Sinikeza izimali ezikoleni ezinamanani aphakeme abafundi abavela emikhayeni ehlawulwayo ephansi. Lemali isekela othisha abengeziwe, ukufundisa, kanye nezinto zokufundisa.
  • Abantu abanomthetho wemfundo okhubazekayo (IDEA): baqinisekisa imfundo yomphakathi yamahhala nefanele kubafundi abakhubazekile futhi basekela ngokwengxenye izinkonzo ezikhethekile zemfundo.
  • Aid esebenzayo: ihlanganisa izifunda ezinempahla kahulumeni ekhuculula intela (umz., izisekelo zezempi, amazwe oMdabu waseMelika) ngenxa yokulahlekelwa yintela yendawo.
  • Izinhlelo zobuntwana [[FLT: 1]: Songa izinhlelo zasemini zasesikoleni nezokudla kwasekuseni, ngokuvamile ezisetshenziswa uMnyango Wezolimo wase-U.S. ngokubambisana nezinhlangano zemfundo zikahulumeni.

Izimali eziphethe zihambisana nezimo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuze zithole isiHloko I semali, izigodi kumelwe zivumelane nezimfuneko zokulandisa futhi zisebenzise ukungenela okusekelwe kubufakazi. Lokhu kwenza uhulumeni asebenzise uhulumeni ukuba athonye umbuso nemikhuba yendawo ngaphandle kokuqondisa amakilasi ngokuqondile.

Ukucwaninga, Ukwaziswa Nosizo Lobuchwepheshe

Uhulumeni kahulumeni usekela futhi imfundo ngokucwaninga nangokuqoqwa kokwaziswa. INational Center for Education Statistics (NYAKA) inikeza ukwaziswa okunokwethenjelwa ngokufezwa kwabafundi, izimali zesikole, kanye nokuhlelwa kwenani labantu. INhlangano yezemfundo yezezimali ikhuthaza izifundo zezemfundo zezemfundo (IZI) futhi iqhube i-What Work Climatinghouse. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-U.S Department of Education ̱ iHofisi yezemfundo yezemfundo yezemfundo yezemfundo efundisayo nemvume yokungena ezikoleni.

UHulumeni Uhulumeni ’ Indima: Igunya Lomthetho - sisekelo Nokuphatha

Ohulumeni bahulumeni bayiziphathi-mandla eziyinhloko ezinomthwalo wemfanelo wemfundo yomphakathi e-United States. Umthetho-sisekelo ngamunye wezwe uhlanganisa isigqebhezana esifuna isishayamthetho ukuba simise futhi silondoloze isimiso sezikole zomphakathi ezikhululekile. Lokhu kunikeza amandla amakhulu okumisa izindinganiso zemfundo, abafundisi bemvume, nokusakaza izimali. Kumaqembu esizwe, imibuso iyakwazi ukuklama izimiso zayo siqu zokuziphendulela, ukukhetha izifundo zesikole, nokuqondisa uthisha.

Ukumisa Izindinganiso Zokufundisa Nezifundo

Izwe lamukela izindinganiso zokuqukethwe yizinto ezichaza lokho abafundi okufanele bakwazi futhi bakwazi ukukwenza ezingeni ngalinye lebanga eliphakathi ezifundweni ezinjengezesiNgisi ubuciko bolimi, izibalo, isayensi, nezifundo zezenhlalo. Amazwe amaningi manje asebenzisa i-Common Core State Standards (noma ukuguquguquka okusondeleneyo), kuyilapho abanye beye bathuthukisa ezabo siqu. Ukuhlolwa kwezwe kunikezwa minyaka yonke ukulinganisela intuthuko kuleyozindinganiso zabafundi. Lokhu kuhlola kusetshenziselwa ukulandisa ngezeluleko zesikole, ukuveza izikole ezilwayo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ezifunwa iziqu zabafundi eziphezulu. Ngokwesibonelo, IKhomisha yamazwe e-Exportodment of United States[FLT] [FLT]]

Ukuqinisekisa Uthisha Nokuthuthuka Kochwepheshe

Ohulumeni boMbuso banquma izimfuneko zokuba uthisha, kuhlanganise namadegremu adingekile, umsebenzi, nokuhlolwa kwezemfundo. Bamisa futhi iziqondiso eziqhubekayo zokuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe futhi bangaqeda izimpawu zokungaphathi kahle. Ezinye izifundazwe zizama ezinye izindlela zokunikeza izitifiketi zokudingida ukuswelakala kothisha, kuyilapho ezinye zigcina izindlela eziqinile ezingokwesiko. Amabhodi emfundo nezinhlangano zemfundo zikahulumeni (njengalokhu) eqondisa lezi zinqubo.

Ukuxhasa Amafomu Esikole

Ohulumeni abaningi bamazwe banikeza ingxenye enkulu yemali engokwezimali ye-K-12 (ukuxhasa cishe 47%) lelizwe. Ukuxhasa ngemali ngokuvamile kusakazwa ngenqubo ehloselwe ukuhlanganisa imithombo yezengcebo phakathi kwezifunda ezicebile nezimpofu. Izindlela ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • Isiseko ngenani nge-pupil (kunye kumfundi ngamunye)
  • Ushintsho lwezidingo zabafundi (isib. abafundi besiNgisi, abafundi abavela emikhayeni ethola imali encane, imfundo ekhethekile)
  • Ushintsho lwezici zesifunda (isinye isigamu, izigodi ezincane zasemaphandleni, izindawo zasemadolobheni ezinamanani aphezulu)
  • Izimfuneko zomnikelo wendawo (amasifunda kumelwe aphakamise isilinganiso esithile ezintelani zendawo zempahla)

Izwe lixhasa ukungemthetho okungapheli; izinkantolo eziningi ziphikisa ngokuthi amacala awanikezi ukuxhasa okwanele noma okulinganayo. Ikhasi lemali yesikole [ linikeza ukuqhathaniswa okungokombuso kwezindleko zikahulumeni.

Ukuthatha Isikole Nokungenela

Uma izifunda zesikole zendawo zihluleka ngokungaguquki ukuhlangabezana nezisulu zemfundo noma izindinganiso zokuphatha ngokwezimali, ohulumeni bombuso bangangenela. Uhulumeni uye wathatha izikhundla ezisezifundeni ezinjenge Newark, New Jersey; Detroit, Michigan; neProvidence, Rhode Island. Ezimweni ezinjalo, umbuso ungathatha indawo yebhodi yesikole ekhethweyo ngebhodi noma umphathi omiswe uhulumeni, noma ukudluliselwa kwezikole esifundeni esivusemuva. Lokhu kungenela kuphikisana kakhulu futhi ngokuvamile kuphikisana ngezizathu zokulawula kwezwe noma imiphumela yabafundi.

Indima kahulumeni wendawo i-’: Usuku nosuku lokusebenza kanye nokuhlanganyela komphakathi

Izifunda zesikole zendawo nomasipala yizinhlangano eziphethe izikole. Ziqasha othisha nothishanhloko, izakhiwo, ukuthenga izincwadi zobuchwepheshe, ukuthutha nokuphakela ukudla. Isilinganiso sendawo sihambisana nenqubo, futhi uhulumeni utholakala kakhulu kubazali nakumalungu omphakathi.

Amabhodi Esikole Nohulumeni

Kulinganiselwa izifunda ezingu-13 000 e-United States zibuswa amabhodi esikole akhethiwe noma amisiwe. Lamabhodi amisa umthetho wesifunda, avumela uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali, aqasha futhi athintane nomphathi, futhi axoxa ngezivumelwano zesivumelwano senyunyana. Imihlangano yebhodi yesikole isobala lapho amalungu omphakathi angazikhathaza khona ngezifundo zemfundo, ukuphepha, nokuvalwa kwesikole. Izinga lebhodi lesikole libusa ngokwehluka kakhulu, futhi amalungu amaqembu avame ukubhekana nokucindezela okuvela emaqenjinini enzalo, izinyunyana, nasemaqenjini ezombangazwe.

Ukukhokha Intela Yempahla Yasendaweni

Izimali zendawo zikhokhelwa cishe amaphesenti angu-45 engqikithi yemali ehhhala kaK-12, eminingi yayo ivela ezintelani zempahla. Lokhu kudala izikweletu ezinkulu: izifunda ezinempahla eshibhile zinganyusa inzuzo eyengeziwe kumfundi ngamunye onentela ephansi, kuyilapho izifunda eziphansi zilwa kanzima ukuxhasa izinhlelo ezanele ngisho namanani entengo ephakeme. Nakuba amazwe amaningi anezindlela ezilinganayo zokunciphisa lezindawo, ukungalingani kokungahlanga kuyaphikelela. Isifunda esithile sesifunda sezenezentengo yemali ehliswa ngentela yendawo, imibophongolo, nokuxhasa ngemali ngezinhlangano zabazali nabafundisi. Lokhu kuncintisana kwengcebo yendawo kuyimpikiswano eyinhloko yezimpikiswano yezezimali zesikole ngezezimali nezenguquko.

Imfundo Nemfundo Endaweni

Nakuba izifunda zimisa izindinganiso futhi zinikeza izisekelo, izigodi zendawo zenza izinqumo eziqondile zezifundo: izincwadi okufanele zizenze, indlela yokuhlela amakilasi, ukuthi ziziphi izinto ezizonikezwa, nendlela yokusebenzisa izigunyazo zikahulumeni. Othisha basebenzisa ukwahlulela kwabo okungokobuchwepheshe ukuze bavumelane nezifundo zezifundo zesikole zabafundi babo i-̱ izidingo, kodwa abaphathi besifunda besifunda ngokuvamile bagunyaza iziyalezo ezivamile, izinketho ezithandwayo, kanye nezindlela zokufundisa. Ukulawula kwendawo kuvumela imiphakathi ukuba ivumelane nemfundo yezindinganiso zendawo kanye nezinto eziza kuqala.

I - autonomy yesikole

Izikole ngazinye futhi zinezinga elithile legunya lokwenza izinqumo, ikakhulukazi othishanhloko abaqasha izisebenzi, abalawula izimali, futhi balungise impucuko yesikole. Izikole zeshadi, ezixhaswe obala kodwa ezisebenza ngaphandle kwemithetho eminingi yesifunda, zimelela uhlobo oludlulele lwenkululeko yendawo. Zibuswa ngamabhodi ahlukene nesifunda futhi ngokuvamile zivumelanisa izikhundla, izifundo, nokuhlelwa kokulandisa. Ubuhlobo phakathi kwezikole zemithetho nezifunda ezingokwesiko buwumthombo wengxabano eqhubekayo yezombangazwe.

Ukubambisana Nokungezwani Kukahulumeni

Alikho izinga likahulumeni elingaphatha imfundo iyodwa; isimiso sincike ekuxhumaneni. Ukuhlobana kwenzeka ngezakhiwo ezingokomthetho njengezinhlelo ze-federal lavener nangobudlelwane obufana ne Council yeGreat City Schools, ehlanganisa amasifunda asemadolobheni ukuze ahlanganyele imisebenzi engcono kakhulu. Izinhlangano zemfundo zesifunda (njenge-ES) noma amaqoqo aphakathi anikeza izinkonzo ezihlanganyelwayo (umz., imfundo ekhethekile, ukusekela kwezobuchwepheshe) ezindaweni ezincane noma zasemaphandleni ezingenaso isikali sokwenza ngokweze.

Nokho, ukubambisana kuvame ukuxazululwa izinto eziza kuqala ezingqubuzanayo. Imigomo kahulumeni yokuziphendulela ingangqubuzana nezifiso zikahulumeni zokuvumelana nendawo. Izindlela zokuxhasa imali zingahambisana nezindleko zendawo, ziphoqelele izifunda ukuba zinqume izinhlelo noma ziphakamise intela yendawo. Amabhodi ezikole zendawo angamelana nemithetho kahulumeni lapho kuhlolwa izifundo zokufundisa noma uthisha. Izingxabano ziphakama futhi ngokulinganisela phakathi kokulawula kwezindawo nombuso lapho izikole zihluleka.

Imibono Eqhathaniswayo: Indlela Ezinye Izimiso Zomphakathi Eziyisebenzisa Ngayo Imfundo

Ukuqonda ukubusa kwemfundo eU.S. kucetshiswe ngokubheka kwamanye amazwe anezakhiwo zikahulumeni. uGermany, izifundazwe ezingu-16 (Länder) zinegunya eliyinhloko emfundweni, elifana nezwe lase-U.S.. uhulumeni i̱ indima ilinganiselwe ekuqondiseni ukuqeqeshwa komsebenzi kanye nokufinyelela imfundo ephakeme, nakuba kunengqungquthela eqinile yezikhonzi zikahulumeni yokuhlela izindinganiso zesizwe. [[FLT.2]] ], imfundo ingumthwalo wesifundazwe ngokuphelele; akukho mnyango wezemfundo. Izifundazwe zihleli izikole, izikonti, izikole, izikonti, nothisha baphethe izikolo zendawo.[FLT] iveza iziteshilo ze-Ontarence, i-Ontarence-ose, lapho kuhlola isifunda sendawo sendawo yasendaweni yakhona.

Ku Australia, uhulumeni wezwe unikeza izimali ezikoleni zomphakathi nezendawo futhi uye waqhubela phambili izindinganiso zemfundo yesizwe, kodwa amazwe ayaqhubeka elawula. Leso simiso siye saholela ezimpikiswaneni zokucushwa nokukhukhuleka kwegunya likahulumeni. [[FLT:] [[FLT]] i-Indiya [[, imfundo iyisihloko esihlangene, okusho kokubili isigaba esiphakathi nohulumeni abakwazi ukuhlanganisa, kodwa lokhu kuveza umthwalo omkhulu wokufeza. Lokhu kuqhathanisa kubonisa ukuthi ukuhlukana kwemfundo yombuso akuhlangani; iguqula ukusabela kwezombangazwe, ngokwezomnotho, ngokwezomnotho, nangokwezenhlalo.

Izinkinga Zangesikhathi Esizayo Nezimpikiswano Eziqhubekayo

Izimo eziningi zamanje zihlela indlela amazinga kahulumeni ahlukene aphatha ngayo imfundo. i-apply yokukhetha isikole [ − kuhlanganise izikole zomthetho-mthetho, izikhokhi, nezikhokhelo zentela , [1] kuhlola isibonelo sokulawula esingokwesiko esisekelwe esifundeni sendawo. Abenzi bomthetho kahulumeni baqhubeka bedlulisa umthetho wokwandisa, ngezinye izikhathi ukusekela izinqumo zebhodi yesikole yendawo. Izinkantolo zezesikole ziye zasekela izinhlelo eziningi ezikhethelwe isikole, kodwa ukukhokhwasa kwemali kuyaqhubeka ngezimali, ukucwasana, nokulandisa.

ukulingana ekuxhaseni imali [ kuseyinselele enkulu. Abameleli baphikisa ngokuthi isimiso samanje sentela yempahla-nemiphakathi yezenhlalo nezenhlalo siqhubekisela phambili imingcele yezinhlanga nezenhlalo. Imithetho ezindaweni ezinjengeCalifornia, iNew York, neTexas iye yaphoqelela ohulumeni ukuba balungise izindlela zokuxhasa imali. Nokho, ngokuvamile amazwe amelana nesilinganiso esikhulu sokunikeza, futhi imikhaya eminingi eyenezelayo izimali zesikole ngeminikelo yangasese, indisa izikhala zezimpahla phakathi kwezindawo ezicebile nezakhazi.

Ukwehlukana kobunzululwazi nobuchwepheshe obulawulayo kwaba kubi kakhulu phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19. Uhulumeni wanikeza izimali zobuchwepheshe obuphuthumayo, kodwa amazwe nezifunda kwadingeka ukuba zisebenze kanzima ukuze zithenge imishini namachashaza ashisayo. Lokhu kwaqokomisa isidingo sokusondela kwe-ase-computer-yase-communial-entul ekungeneni e-mabala. Ezinye izizwe ziye zamisa imithetho ukuqinisekisa ukuthi bonke abafundi bayakwazi ukungena ekhaya nge-intanethi, kuyilapho amadolobha aye asebenzisa i-transbox ukuze axhumane nezindawo ezigciniwe.

izimpi zokuzihlela ngaphezu kwezifundo eziqukethwe − njengokufundisa ngezinhlanga, ubulili, nomlando − ziye zaqina ngokwezinga lendawo. Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni kwezinye izindawo ziye zamisa imithetho evimbela izingxoxo ezithile, kuyilapho ezinye ziye zanwetshwa ezifundweni zesikole ezingaphandle. Amakomiti ezikole asendaweni alwa izimpikiswano mayelana nokuvinjelwa kwezincwadi namalungelo abazali. Lezi zimpi zivivinya imingcele kahulumeni ngokulawulwa kwendawo nesivikelo somthetho-mthetho wezwe njengenkululeko yokukhuluma.

Isiphetho: Isimiso Esihlala Sikhona

Ukulawulwa kwemfundo ngamazinga ahlukene kahulumeni akuyona inqubo ecocekile kodwa inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi, encikeneyo. Uhulumeni umisa imigomo ebanzi futhi unikeza izimali eziqondiswe; uhulumeni unegunya elingokomthetho ezindinganisweni, ekuxhaseni imali, nasemfuzweni kathisha; futhi izifundazwe nezikole zisebenzisa izimiso zezemfundo kuyilapho zisabela ezidingweni zomphakathi. Isimiso sibonakala ngokubambisana nokulwa, futhi ukuphumelela kwaso kuxhomeke ekuxoxisana njalo phakathi kwamaqembu onke. Kubafundisi nabenzi bezimiso, ukuqaphela indima ehlukile nezingxabano kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuthuthukisa imiphumela yabafundi. Izinguquko zesikhathi esizayo ziyodinga ukudingisela izingxoxo eziphikelelayo ezingeni lomphakathi kuyilapho zihlonipha izithakazeko ezingokomthetho zikahulumeni ngamunye, futhi zibaluleke kakhulu, abafundi abakhonzayo.