Ukuqala Ukuthola Izinga Lamalungelo: Umsebenzi Ovamile

Ukuqonda imingcele yamalungelo nesivikelo kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofisa ukuya emphakathini wanamuhla ngokuqiniseka. Amalungelo awavamile ukuhlelwa ngokulandelana; ngokuvamile ahlelwa ezinhlwini noma amazinga abonisa amazinga ahlukene angokomthetho, ukuhlanganisa imbulunga yonke, nesibopho sikahulumeni. La mazinga asukela kuweziqinisekiso ezingenakulinganiswa kulawo abhekene nokufezeka noma ukulinganiselwa okulinganiselwe okulinganiselwe. Umqondo ‘ wamanqamu” usiza ekucaciseni lokho abantu abangazifuna ngokushesha, lokho ohulumeni okumelwe baqiniseke kancane kancane, nokuthi imingcele yesithakazelo somphakathi iqalaphi. Lesisekelo sisekelwe elungelweni lomhlaba wonke [[FLT:] [10] [iintententente], futhi iyakwazi ukuqonda i-ogconumstion of Human Rights (HR) engcono) nakusetshenziswa izikhali zayo ezingokomphakathi (inani elivamile).[4], njengoba kuqonda i-European Consupercentralions (ions) nakurs) kulelo lomphakathi (indectives).[4], ngokwezibilicial) naku

Isigaba Sokuqala: Isisekelo Samalungelo Abantu - Ikhorathi Eliphelele

Izinga lokuqala nelivikelwe kakhulu lihlanganisa amalungelo abhekwa njengayisisekelo nangakholeki. Lawa amalungelo angenakuhoxiswa, ngisho naphakathi nempi, isimo esiphuthumayo somphakathi, noma inhlekelele yobuzwe. Azalwa nawo wonke umuntu ngenxa yobuntu bawo futhi akhe isisekelo sawo wonke amanye amalungelo. Umthetho wezizwe zonke uveza uhlu olufushane lwalamalungelo aphelele.

  • Ekulungeni ukuya ekuphileni: Akukho muntu ozakuncishwa ukuphila kwabo ngokusemthethweni. Lelilungelo liphoqelela izibopho eziqondile kuhulumeni zokuvikela ukuphila ngemithetho, i-politiki, nokunakekela impilo. Ngokwesibonelo, iSiphakamiso sesibili se-ECHR sichazwe ukuba kufune ukuphenyiswa okuphumelelayo kokufa okubangelwa yizithunywa zikahulumeni.
  • Isiqinisekiso sokugwenywa kokuhlukumeza nonya, ukwelapha okungathandeki ngumuntu noma okungathandeki: Lelilungelo liphelele ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 3 se-ECHR ne-UN Convention emelene nokuhlukunyezwa. Asikho isimo, ngisho nobuphekula noma impi. Lokhu kusebenza kokubili ekuhluphekeni ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo okunzima.
  • Isiqinisekiso sokuvinjelwa kobugqila ne-Masterd Labour: Sifakwe eSiphakameni 4 se-UDHR neSiphakamiso 8 se-ICCPR, lelilungelo livimbela noma lithenge abantu njengempahla futhi liphoqelela amazwe ukuba aphuce abantu.
  • Inkululeko yomqondo, kanembeza, nenkolo: Nakuba ukubonakaliswa kwenkolo kungase kulinganiselwe, inkululeko yangaphakathi yokugcina izinkolelo iphelele. Akekho ongaphoqelelwa ukuba adalule noma ashintshe inkolo yabo.

Amalungelo awalinganiswa nesithakazelo somphakathi; abeka izikhungo ezingakholeki ukuze zihlonipheke. Izindikimba zamalungelo abantu zomhlaba wonke, njenge Komiti yamalungelo abantu yeUN, zihlola njalo ukuvuma kwezwe. Ukuphula umthetho, njengokubulala okungaphezulu noma ukunyamalala okuphoqelelwe, ziphakathi kwezephulo ezingathi sína zomthetho wezizwe zonke.

Isigaba Sesibili: Amalungelo Omphakathi Nezombangazwe – I - Democratic Engine

Amalungelo omphakathi nawezombangazwe akha uhlu lwesibili. Lamalungelo abalulekile ekusebenzeni kwemiphakathi yentando yeningi futhi avumela abantu ukuba bahlanganyele ekuphileni komphakathi. Ngokungafani namalungelo ayisisekelo, amalungelo amaningi omphakathi nawobupolitiki alinganayo ] angalinganiselwa uma umngcele umiswe umthetho, afeza injongo engokomthetho (njengokulondeka kwesizwe, ukuhleleka komphakathi, noma amalungelo abanye), futhi alingana. I-CCCPR, yagunyazwa yizifunda zomhlaba ezingaphezu kuka-70, inikeza isakhiwo esiyinhloko.

  • Inkululeko Yokukhuluma: Ivikelwe ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 19 se-ICCPR neSiphakamiso 10 se-ECHR. Lelilungelo lihlanganisa inkululeko yokufuna, ukwamukela, nokudlulisela ukwaziswa nemibono. Nokho, imingcele ivunyelwe ngezizathu ezinjengokuhlamba, inkulumo yenzondo, noma ukugqugquzela ubudlova. INkantolo yaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu isungule uvivinyo oluqinile, ifuna ukuba noma yikuphi ukungenela kudingeke emphakathini wentando yeningi.
  • Ekulungeni emhlanganweni onokuthula:[ Abantu bangase bahlangane ukuze babhikishe, bagubhe, noma bahlangane ngaphandle kwemvume kahulumeni (nakuba izimfuneko zokwazisa zingamukelwa). Ilungelo lingalinganiselwa ekuvikelekeni komphakathi, kodwa ukuvinjelwa okugcwele kuyo yonke imibhikisho kubhekwa njengokungalingani.
  • Isokudla eVote futhi iboniswe: Isisekelo sedemokrase yabameleli. ISiphakamiso 25 se-ICCPR siqinisekisa wonke isakhamuzi ilungelo lokuvota okhethweni lwezikhathi zezikhathi eziqotho. Imingcele esekelwe ekwakheni ubunikazi, ubudala, noma amandla engqondo ivamile, kodwa imingcele yokuhlukanisa (umk., ngokohlanga, ubulili, noma ingcebo) iyavinjelwa.
  • Ilunga lokuya e-Fair Trial: ISiphakamiso 14 se-ICCPR siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lomphakathi phambi kwenkantolo ezimele nengakhethi, ukuthathwa kobumsulwa, nosizo olungokomthetho. Lamalungelo abalulekile ukuze umuntu athole inkululeko nokubusa komthetho.

Amalungelo omphakathi nawezombangazwe ngokuvamile abizwa ngokuthi “amalungelo esizukulwane sokuqala” ngoba ayengowokuqala ukumiswa kumthetho-sisekelo wanamuhla. Avame ukuphoqelelwa ngokushesha, futhi izinkantolo zingakhipha iziyalezo ezibophayo zokunqanda ukwephulwa kwemithetho (umz., ziyala ukukhululwa komuntu ovalelwe ngokungafanele).

Isigaba Sesithathu: Izomnotho, Izenhlalo, Nempucuko - Isisekelo Sokuhlala Ujabule

Isilinganiso sesithathu sihlanganisa amalungelo aqinisekisa abantu ukuthi bahlangabezana nezidingo eziyisisekelo futhi baphile ngesizotha. Lamalungelo abizwa ngokuthi “isizukulwane sesibili” atholakala kuyi-ICESCR nakumthetho-mthetho-mthetho wesizwe. Isici esiyinhloko siwukuthi bawu abathobela ukuqaphela okuqhubekayo [[] .] [1] Izifunda-mo akumelwe zilindele ukufinyelela injabulo egcwele ngokushesha, kodwa kumelwe zithathe izinyathelo eziya emalini ezikhona futhi ziqhubekele emgomweni ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngisho nangaphansi kokufezeka okuqhubekayo, izibopho ezithile eziyinhloko (njengezinkonzo eziyinhloko yempilo) zilindelwe ngokushesha.

  • Ilungelo lokusebenza: Ihlanganisa ilungelo lokukhetha umsebenzi ngokukhululekile, izimo ezilungile nezithandekayo (iholo lemali, ukuphumula, indawo ephephile), kanye namalungu enhlangano yezokuhwebelana. Izwe kumelwe lisungule izinqubo ezikhuthaza umsebenzi ogcwele futhi zivikele izisebenzi ekuxhashazweni.
  • [[[NTL:0] Esokudlani lwemfundo: iqinisekisa imfundo eyisisekelo yamahhala nephoqelelwe, imfundo yamasekondali ekhululekile ngokuqhubekayo, nokuthola imfundo ephakeme elinganayo. ISiphakamiso 13 se-ICECR sigcizelela futhi ukuthi imfundo izosiza bonke abantu ukuba bahlanganyele ngokuphumelelayo emphakathini okhululekile.
  • Ilungelo elifanele empilweni: Ilungelo elilingana nendinganiso engcono kakhulu efinyelelekayo yempilo engokomzimba nengokwengqondo. Lokhu akulona ilungelo lokuba nempilo enempilo, kodwa ilungelo lokunakekela impilo, indle, amanzi ahlanzekile okuphuza, nezindawo ezinempilo. Amazwe kumelwe aqinisekise ukutholakala kwemithi edingekayo nemisebenzi yezempilo engakhangi.
  • Esandleni sokudla: Kuphawu lwe-11 ye-ICESCR. Kusho ukulondeka, ukuvikelwa ekuphoqelelweni ukuba kuxoshwe, nokungena ezinkonzweni eziyisisekelo njengamanzi nogesi. IKomiti ye-UN on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ikhiphe iziphetho ezijikelele ezichaza lezizakhi.

Amalungelo ezomnotho nawezenhlalo ayanda ngokulunga. Emazweni anjenge-Ningizimu Afrika, iNkantolo yoMthetho-sisekelo iyale uhulumeni ukuba anikeze abesifazane abakhulelwe imithi elwa negciwane lesandulela-ngculaza futhi avimbele ukuxoshwa okungenangqondo. Lemithetho ibonisa ukuthi “amalungelo ka-'C' angaba nemiphumela eqinile engokomthetho.

Isigaba Sesine: Amalungelo Okusizungezile — Izwe Elihlangene Nendawo Ezungezile

Amalungelo endawo athole ukutholakala okuphawulekayo emashumini amabili eminyaka adlule njengobufakazi bokuthi indawo ezungezile enempilo iyimfuneko ukuze kutholwe cishe wonke amanye amalungelo. NgoJuly 2022, i-UN General Assembly yavotela ngokunamandla ukubona enelungelo lokubona indawo ehlanzekile, enempilo, nengaguquguqukiyo njengelungelo lomuntu.

  • [[NTL:0] Ekulungeni ku-Decratic Air and Ater: Amazwe kumelwe alawule ukungcola futhi aqinisekise ukuthi izindinganiso zomoya ezisezingeni elifanele zivikela impilo yomphakathi. Ilungelo lokuphuza amanzi ahlanzekile laqashelwa ngokucacile njengelungelo lomuntu yiUN ngo-2010. Izinkantolo emazweni anjenge-Indiya neJalimane ziye zathembela elungeni lokuphila ukuze kuqalwe umoya namanzi angcolisekile.
  • Ekulungeni esimweni sezulu esinempilo: Inani elandayo lamacala esimo sezulu liphikisa ngokuthi ohulumeni banesibopho sokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi eshisayo. Esinqumweni sango-2021, iNkantolo yoMthetho-sisekelo waseJalimane yanquma ukuthi umthetho wezwe wesimo sezulu wawuphula amalungelo ezizukulwane ezizayo ngoba wawungenazisulu ezanele zokuncitshiswa ngemva kuka-2030.
  • Ishoshoshownological Environmental Rights: ithenjiwe yi-[[FT:2] Aarhus Convention kanye nezinye izisetshenziswa, lezi zihlanganisa ilungelo lokuthola ukwaziswa kwendawo ezungezile, ukuhlanganyela komphakathi ekwenzeni izinqumo zendawo ezungezile, nokufinyelela ekwahluleleni ezindabeni zendawo ezungezile. Lamalungelo angokwendawo akhuthaza imiphakathi ukuba igcine abangcolisi nohulumeni benobuphi becala.
  • Amalunga emvelo: Ukwanda okusha, amanye amazwe nezindawo zomdabu ziye zanika imifula, amahlathi, ne emvelo ilungelo elingokomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, amalungelo emvelo e-Ecuador (Artle 71) amelela ukushintshela ekufuneni i-ecus ehlala ekhona njengendawo engenisa amalungelo.

Amalungelo endawo avame ukuncitshiswa: ahlobanisa impilo, izindlu, ngisho nokusinda kwempucuko. Kubantu bomdabu, ukuwohloka kwendawo ezungezile kusongela amazwe angokwesiko kanye nezindlela zokuphila, okwenza ilungelo lokuhlala endaweni ezungezile enempilo lihlukane namalungelo angokwesiko.

Isigaba Sesihlanu: Amalungelo Angokwesiko Nemininingwane Yawo

Amalungelo empucuko avikela ukubonakala, ifa, kanye nokubonakaliswa kwabantu ngabanye namaqembu. Ngezinye izikhathi leli zinga liyadebeselelwa enkulumweni yamalungelo abantu, kodwa kubalulekile ekulondolozeni okuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu okuhlukahlukene. I-ICECR eSiphakameni 15 iqaphela ilungelo lawo wonke umuntu lokuhlanganyela ekuphileni okungokwesiko, ukujabulela izinzuzo zentuthuko engokwesayensi, futhi uzuze ekuvikeleni izithakazelo zokuziphatha nezinto ezibonakalayo emisebenzini yakhe yokudala.

  • Ilungelo lokuhlanganyela eMphileni Ovamile: Lokhu kuhlanganisa inkululeko yokukhetha nokusebenzisa isiko, kuhlanganise nolimi, inkolo, namasiko. AmaMathunya kanye nabantu bomdabu banezivikelo ezikhethekile ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 27 se-ICPR neSimemezelo se-UN soMthetho Olwela Abantu Abahlala Kuwo.
  • Abantu banelungelo lokuvikela iHealth Cultural Herital: banelungelo lokungena nokuvikela ifa labo elibonakalayo nelingathandekiyo, imikhosi, amasiko, ubuciko, amasiko omlomo. I-UNESCO Convention ka 2003 yokuvikelwa kweNhloko yeNkathi Yezikhundla zamasiko engenakuguqulwa inikeza uhlelo lwezizwe ngezizwe.
  • Ngakwesokudla sokujabulela iNguquko Engokwesayensi: Lento engenakulibaleka] Ilungelo eliqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu angazuza empumelelweni yentuthuko kwezokwelapha, kwezobuchwepheshe, nasolwazini. Kusikisela futhi ilungelo lokuvikelwa ezisebenzisini ezilimazayo zesayensi (umz., ukuhlola okungenazimiso zomuntu). Isimemezelo somphakathi eMalunga nenkululeko yobuntu [ [200]]
  • Abantu bomdabu bamalungelo ahlukene: Ngaphandle kwamalungelo angokwesiko, amalungelo ahlangene ahlanganisa ukuzihlela ezweni, imithombo, nolwazi olungokwesiko. I-UNDRIP iqinisekisa ukuthi abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe banelungelo lokugcina izinhlangano zabo ezihlukile futhi bangaphoqelelwa ukuba basuswe emazweni abo.

Amalungelo empucuko abaluleke kakhulu lapho kusetshenziswa imbulunga yonke nokufuduka. Afuna ukuba amazwe athathe izinyathelo eziqondile njengokungathi afundisa ngezilimi ezincane noma alondoloze izindawo ezingokomlando — futhi avimbele ubandlululo olusekelwe esikweni.

Ukuxhumana Nokuwa Ngokweqile Kwamalungelo Abantu

La mazinga amahlanu awawahlukanisi ama-silos; asebenzana futhi aqinisana. Ngokwesibonelo, ilungelo lempilo (Ibanga Elithathu) ngokuqondile lixhomeke emalungelweni endawo ezungezile (Izinga lesine) ngoba umoya ohlanzekile namanzi kuyadingeka ukuze kube nempilo engcono. Ngokufanayo, ilungelo lokufundiswa (i-leight 3 of the Face) libalulekile ekusebenziseni amalungelo ezombangazwe (Ibanga Elibili), njengoba isakhamuzi esifundile singahlanganyela ngokunenjongo kakhulu ekwandiseni intuthuko. Ukuqonda ukuthi ilungelo lokuphila (uMkhulu) kungaphulwa ukuwohloka okukhulu kwemvelo − njengoba iNkanto emhlophe yamaLungelo angabantu atholakala ezindaweni eziwushevuvuvu. Amalungelo eNko (U.) ngokuvamile asekela ukusinda kwezomnotho emiphakathini yayo, amazwe amasiko angasongelwa ukuthuthuka. Ukuqonda la mathuba okuhlobanayo kuyasiza abantu kanye nokusekela isivikelo endaweni ezungezile, kungahambisana nesibonelo sokuqina, ukuze kunikezwe kwesokudla, ukunikeza ukuphila.

Ukuphoqelelwa Nokulandisa: Kusuka Ephepheni Kuya Ekwenzeni Inqubo

Amalungelo asemaphepheni anele; kumelwe aqikelelwe. amazinga ahlukahlukene amalungelo anezindlela ezihlukene zokuwamisa:

  • Izinkantolo zezentengiselwano: Amazwe amaningi ahlanganisa izivumelwano zezizwe zonke emthethweni wesizwe, avumela abantu ukuba bacele ngokuqondile amalungelo ayisisekelo, inkululeko yomphakathi, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho namalungelo ezomnotho nawezenhlalo. Izinkantolo zomthetho-mthetho-mthetho eNdiya, eNingizimu Afrika, eColombia, nakwezinye izindawo ziye zakhipha izahlulelo zokuhlala, impilo, nendawo ezungezile.
  • Isivumelwano sezizwe zonke: i-UN Rights Committee, Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, ne Committee on the Recommentation of Racious Committee ingazwa izikhalo ngazinye (uma uhulumeni ugunyaze umthetho ongakhethi). Okutholwa yikho okungabophanga kodwa kunezinga elingathi sína ngokokuziphatha nezombangazwe.
  • Izinkantolo zamalungelo abantu: INkantolo yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu, iNkantolo yaseMelika e-Inter-American of Human Rights, kanye neNkantolo yamalungelo abantu e-Afrika ngezindaba ezibophayo zezwe eliyilungu. Lezinkantolo ziye zandisa izinga lamalungelo (ngokwesibonelo, i-ECHR manje ihlanganisa isivikelo sendawo ezungezile ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 8 (ekulungile ekuphileni kwabantu).
  • Izinhlangano zesizwe zamalungelo abantu:[ amahhovisi a-Ombudsman namanxusa amalungelo abantu angahlola izikhalo, izimo, futhi atuse izinguquko. Ziphumelela kakhulu ekusingatheni izindaba zezimiso.
  • Advocacy and Public Press: Lapho amasu angokomthetho ebuthakathaka, izinhlangano zomphakathi, i-NGO, nemithombo yezindaba anendima ebalulekile. Umzabalazo wembulunga yonke wesimo sezulu, imikhankaso yamalungelo ezwe, nokulwela amalungelo ezindlu kubonisa ukuthi amalungelo athuthukiswa ngomphakathi.

Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi amalungelo ahambisana nemithwalo yemfanelo. Abantu ngabanye akumelwe basebenzise amalungelo abo ukuze balimaze abanye, futhi imibuso ingase ibeke imingcele yamalungelo athile okuvikela ukulondeka kwesizwe, ukuhleleka komphakathi, noma amalungelo abanye — okunikeza imingcele engokomthetho, edingekile, nelinganisayo.

Izinselele Zangesikhathi Esidlule Nekusasa Lamalungelo Abantu

Isigaba samalungelo esivamile siyangatshazwa. Abagxeki baphawula ukuthi ngokomlando amalungelo ezomnotho nawezenhlalo ayebekwa phambili, okwaholela ekunganakwa kobumpofu nokungalingani. Isifo seCOVID-19 sawufiphaza umjikelezo: ukuvalwa kwemigoqo nokuhamba okungavunyelwe: ukuhlanganisa nokuhamba (Ibanga Elibili) ukuze kuvikele ilungelo lempilo (Isithathu), ukubhebhethekisa izimpikiswano ngokwanda kwezomnotho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kusishukumisela ukuba sicabange ngokulandelana: izenzo zethu namuhla zithinta amalungelo ezizukulwaneni ezizayo, umqondo ongakaqiniswanga ngokugcwele ezimisweni eziningi ezingokomthetho. Ukwanda kobuchwepheshe bezesayensi yezesayensi yezokusebenza kwandisa imibuzo entsha efuna ukuba umuntu abe wedwa esikhathini sokuqasha kweseqashe ngasese. Okuhambisana nokufaneleka kakhulu ngaphansi kwelungelo lezezombangazwe kodwa kunezingavelele.

Njengoba umphakathi ushintsha, kanjalo amazinga amalungelo. Kukhona ukucindezela okukhulayo kokuqaphela “ilungelo lokufinyelela kuyi-intanethi” njengomsizi obalulekile wamanye amalungelo, nokuhlanganisa amalungelo emvelo. UNING Principles on Business and Human Rights ifuna ukuba izinhlangano zihloniphe wonke amazinga amalungelo, kodwa inqubo ihlala ibuthakathaka. Ekugcineni, isivikelo esiqinile sifika lapho abantu beqaphela amalungelo abo futhi bewathola. Isisekelo samazinga siyibalazwe eliwusizo, kodwa uhambo oluya ebulungisani ludinga inguquko engapheli, inguquko, nesibindi.

Isiphetho: Ukwazi Amalungelo Akho Kuyisinyathelo Sokuqala

Ukuqonda amazinga amahlanu ayisisekelo amalungelo .Kusukela ekuqinisekisweni okuyisisekelo kwezezomnotho, kwezenhlalo, kwezemvelo, nakwezemvelo, kunikeza umbono obanzi wezinto abantu abangazimela futhi okufanele bazilindele kohulumeni babo nakomunye. Izinga ngalinye livikela isici esihlukile sesithunzi somuntu nokuchuma. Umgangatho Owodwa uqinisa ukuphila kwakho. Izinga lokubili liqinisekisa ukuthatha isigaba sentando yeningi. Izinga lokuthathu eziyisisekelo ziqinisekisa inzuzo engokwezinto eziyisisekelo zempilo. Izinga lesimo seplanethi esine sempilo nefa. Ngokuzigcina ukwakheka kwangaphakathi kwalo, uhlome kangcono ukusekela amalungelo akho, ukusekela amanye amalungelo akho, nokusekela izinhlangano zawo, futhi ukulondoloza izinhlangano zezezokulandisa. [[FF] [F1] [F] [10] ingqikithi yezimiso zomphakathi womphakathi womphakathi wonke: [F:][3][3][FF:N,[10]