Izisekelo Ezingokomthetho Zezinhlangano Zempi Zezinombolo

ISichibiyelo Sesine soMthetho-sisekelo we-United States sivikela izakhamuzi ekuphenyeni okungenangqondo nokuquleka. Kumongo we-fonetic forensics, lokhu kusho ukuthi ukugcinwa komthetho kumelwe kuthole isiqinisekiso esisekelwa yisizathu okungenzeka sikhona ngaphambi kokuba kuhlolwe okuqukethwe yikhomphyutha, i-cellphone, noma i-akhawunti yamafu. Imvume ayiyona nje indlela yokuhlola okungokwe-procedtural/inqumo ye-inqumo ye-injini, futhi isebenza njenge-enqumo yokwahlulela ngamandla okuphathwa, iqinisekisa ukuthi abaphenyi banesisekelo esisemthethweni nokuthi ukuhlola kwabo kulinganiselwe. Imfuneko efanayo isebenza ekuhlazisweni kokwaziswa okusethuthi, i-metername, futhi ngisho nezinhlobo ezithile zokwaziswa ezifihliwe uma uhulumeni uphethe indlela yokuyidlulisa.

Imfuneko yemvume ayiphelele. Izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela ukuhlukana okuqondile, okuncane − njengokuvuma, izimo ezixekiwe, kanye nokufuna umngcele (*) kodwa lokhu okuhlukile kuchazwa ngokuqinile. Ekuhloleni kwemitapo, umngcele phakathi komsebenzi ovunyelwe wokungagunyazi nokungagunyazi. Ochwepheshe basemthethweni, abahloli bezemthetho, nezikhulu zomthetho kumelwe ziqonde lemingcele ukuze zigweme ukucindezelwa kobufakazi kanye nokubekwa icala komphakathi.

Imbangela Ephumelelayo Ne - nexus Yamanani

Imbangela eqinisekile ikhona uma ingqikithi yezimo ingaholela umuntu onengqondo ekukholelweni ukuthi ubufakazi bobugebengu buzotholakala endaweni ukuze buphenyiswe. Kusetshenziswa imishini ye-minucro, lokhu kudinga ukuhlobana phakathi kobugebengu obusolwayo nomshini othile, i-akhawunti, noma indawo yokugcina ukwaziswa. Ukusola okuvamile ukuthi umuntu unecomputer akwanele; umchazi kumelwe achaze amaqiniso abophe isisetshenziswa esiphambanweni, ukuze asebenzise ikheli elithile le-imeyili ukuxhumana nabasebenzisi be-confreator, noma ukuthi i-log ibonise ukungena okungagunyaziswe ekungeneni ngekheli labo.

Izinkantolo zilindele futhi imvume yokusingatha i-partment. Ubufakazi be-inombolo bungathatha isikhathi esifushane, kodwa isiqinisekiso kumelwe sichaze isikhathi esihambelana nophendlo. Isivumelwano esinenyanga esidala esifuna ukwaziswa komshini osetshenziswayo ngesonto elidlule nje singaba nephutha ngenxa yokuntula imbangela okungenzeka. Ama-sciencebigator kufanele ahlanganise amaqiniso amuva, aqinisekisiwe ukuveza imbangela okungenzeka ukuthi ikhona ngesikhathi sokukhipha lo mbhalo.

Ukuhlukanisa: Ukuchaza Ukuthi Yini Futhi Kuphi

Imfuneko yeSichibiyelo sesine inikeza umthetho wokuthi imvume ichaze ngokuqondile izinto okumelwe zithathwe nendawo okumelwe zihlolwe. Ukuphenya nge-minumetics, lokhu kuyinselele kakhulu ngoba i-computer noma amafu angaqukethe izigidi zamafayela, amanye awo angase angabalulekile. Isiqinisekiso esigunyaza ukuphenya kwe-"pectet" yonke imininingwane emshinini wobuchwepheshe cishe izakukhishwa njengesiqinisekiso esivamile, esikhumbuza izigidi zama-complist zosizo.

Ukuze kwaneliswe ukufaneleka kwazo zonke izigaba zokwaziswa okufunwayo, ngokwesibonelo, ama-imeyili phakathi kwezinsuku ezithile ezinezinombolo ezithile ezilayishiwe, noma amafayela anezelwe okuthile okuhlobene nobugebengu. Uma imvume i-fonnestic image yethuluzi lonke, ukuphenya okulandelayo kumelwe kuqhutshwe kusetshenziswa imithetho elawulayo elinganisela ubufakazi obusebusini bemvume. Izinhlangano eziningi zisebenzisa inqubo eyi-stensic yensimbi ephelele: okokuqala, dala isithombe se-ansensic yethuluzi; okwesibili, sebenzisa ukuphenya noma ukukhipha okunentambo yokukhipha ukwaziswa okungalamukela kuphela. Isiqinisekiso kanye necebo lokubulala kufanele zinikezwe imestrustrator zombili.

Abahlukile Endinganisweni Eqaphile

Nakuba umthetho ongakho uwukuthi ukuhlaziya kwe-forensic ye-octal kudinga isiqinisekiso, izimpawu eziningana ezimiswe kahle zivumela ukugcinwa komthetho ukuba kuqhubeke ngaphandle koyedwa. Lokhu kushiyeka kuthathwa ngokusemthethweni, futhi uhulumeni unomthwalo wokuqinisekisa ukuthi ziyasebenza.

Usizo

Ukuvuma kuyinto evame kakhulu. Uma umuntu onegunya elingokoqobo noma elisobala emshinini evuma ngokuzithandela ukuseshwa, akukho mvume edingekayo. Kudingeka amacomputer noma ama-akhawunti ahlangeneyo, noma yimuphi umuntu ohlala negunya elilodwa angavuma. Nokho, uma kukhona umsebenzisi ongavunyelwe, imvume ingaba yize ingaba engasebenzi. Imvume yamasheya kufanele ibhalwe, ivume noma nini lapho kungenzeka futhi yazise umuntu welungelo lawo lokwenqaba. Ukuvuma akunakuphoqelelwa, futhi umthwalo uhlala kuhulumeni ukubonisa amandla ahlukahlukene. Kuwolwazi lwezinombolo, kungase futhi ivume ukuthi imvume ingaba ingasebenzi kahle.

Izimo Ezibi

Izimo eziphaphamele ziphakama lapho kudingeka isinyathelo esisheshayo sokuvimbela ukubhujiswa kobufakazi, ukubalekela ukusolwa, noma ukulimala kwabanye. Ezimweni ze-minustry, ukuthethelela okuvame kakhulu kuyingozi yokuba ukwaziswa kususwe noma kubhalwe ngephutha. Ngokwesibonelo, uma isikhulu sibona umcabango ufinyelela ucingo kuyilapho sazi ukuthi ungasulwa ngomyalo owodwa, ukuphehlwa okungenasiqinisekiso kwalo cingo kungathethelelwa. Nokho, uhulumeni kumelwe abonise isisekelo esinengqondo sokukholelwa ukuthi usongo luseduze. Izinkantolo ziyangabaza ukuthi zonke izingcingo zingacishwa; amaqiniso akhethekile njengoba ucingo osolekayo lungachazwa ngobuciko obuncane noma ngemiyalezo yamuva nje ibhekisela ekususweni okudingekayo.

Umbono Ongamanga Nokucwaninga Ngomngcele

Imfundiso ecacile ivumela izikhulu ukuba zithathe ubufakazi obungatholakali ngokushesha obungagunyazwanga noma obungagunyazwa ngokomthetho uma bekhona. Ekuphenyeni kwe-minuctures, lokhu kusebenza kakhulu uma isikhulu singena ngokomthetho esisetshenziswayo (umz., ngemvume noma ngemvume esemthethweni) futhi zibone isithombe noma ihele elihlobene ngokucacile nobugebengu. Nokho, umbono ocacile awugunyazi isikhulu ukuba sivule amafayela noma izibaya ezingabonakali kalula; noma ikuphi ukuseshwa okuqhubekayo kumelwe kusekelwe ngembangela ezimele.

Igunya lokuhlola i-Bood Linenye i-Imgation and Customments (CFP) i-ICOS ingumayelo ewumkhuba wokuhlola abantu kanye nempahla enqamula umngcele wase-U.S. akudingi isiqinisekiso noma imbangela elindelekile. Lokhu kusebenza kwimishini yezibalo kanye. I-CFOR and Bord Protection Protection (CMP) ne-Immigration and Custom Encomentment (ICE) ne-E) ingahlola ama-laplyphonsi, ama-mfone, nezinye izisetshenziswa zomshini zemishini ezisefoculweni ngaphandle kwemvume. Nokho, kunemingcele: [[FLT: 0] eUnited States v. Kolsusz.[FLTM] [FLTM] [208]) ukuhlola okuhluza amahele akhona (embe) ngokunyeliswa okuthenjiswa kweminyu, kufanele kudingethenjiwe izikhala ngokunyuselwa, futhi kubonakale ukuthi izinyuko.

Izinqumo ZeNkantolo Eziphakeme Eziphawuleka Kakhulu

INkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. iye yakhuluma ngokuqondile ngokuhlola nokuthatheka kwemishini eminingana ephawulayo echaza kabusha ukuthi imibandela itholakala kanjani futhi ikhishwe kanjani. Lezi zinqumo zihlanganisa izimiso ezingokwesiko zeSichibiyelo sesine kanye nokuqonda kwanamuhla imishini yobuchwepheshe njengezinto zokuthola ukwaziswa okukhulu komuntu siqu.

Riley v. California (2014)

California, iNkantolo yavumelana ngokuthi iJaji uRoberts libhale ukuthi amakhalekhukhwini akhona ngaphambi kokuhlola izihloko ze-menu ye-cell phone ebambeke. Isinqumo senqaba impikiswano yokuthi ama-cell phone ayazifela entweni ebonwayo esobala, njengayo noma incwadi yekheli noma yekheli. ISikhulu u-Maccompary Roberts sabhala ukuthi amakhalekhukhwini anamuhla aphethe "umbhalo wezibalo zonke izici zokuphila [komuntu] kusuka ekugcineni ukuphila okungasese." Isinqumo esigcizelelwa ukuthi ukuphesha okungenagunyazwe kunikeza uhulumeni ulwazi oluningi kunanoma isiphi isikhwama esingokoqobo. Ukuhlola kwasekuqaleni okuhloselwe ukuvikela isikhulu sesikhulu sesikhulu se-atho, futhi okungasetshenziswangasetshenziswangakho ukuvimbela kocingo, futhi kungasetshenziswa nanoma isiphi isikhala socingo. Isinqumo sokuhlola esikhona esikhona esikhona esisehlakalweni sokusebenza noma isiphi esinye socingo.

Carpbate v. United States (2018)

I-Calpent v. i-United States yathumela ukwaziswa okungokomlando kwe-cell-isigebengu (CSLI) egcinwe yiziphathi ze-panet. INkantolo yaphetha ukuthi uhulumeni kumelwe athole isiqinisekiso [1] hhayi uhlelo lwenkantolo nje ngaphansi kwe-VedMemone Communications Act [1] ukuthola izinsuku ezingu-12 ze-CSLI ukuze ahlole ukuthi ubugebengu bungakhombiswa. Isizathu siphendukele mayelana "imfundiso yesithathu-ngxenye," egcina ulwazi oluhlanganyela ngokuzithandela neqembu lesithathu (njengebhangebhange noma inkampani yocingo) ilahlekelwa isivikelo sesine. Inkantolo yenqaba ukunweba leyo ngokomthetho emibhalwe ngamazansi yeminyango ephansi, kodwa iyakuyeka ukukhipha i-'imvume emisha emisha emishaneni emishaneni emishaneni emishaneni emisha. I-CL'Inqululiwe, kodwa ihluleka ukukhipha isilinganiso seminye yeminye yeminye imvume yeminye yeminye i-'imvume

Ezinye Izinqumo Eziyinhloko

Izimo ezengeziwe zicacisa izici eziqondile zemithetho yezinombolo. Florida v. Jardines (2013), iNkantolo yathi ukusebenzisa umjovo wenja ehamba phambili wendlu kuwuphendlo oludinga ukubangela "‘isimiso esingenza""isimiso sokubhema imishini. United States v. Jones [202], iNkanto enquma ukuthi ukufaka i-GPS emotweni i-apps ingenza ukuphendla ngaphansi kwe-Geneticives, ukuqinisekisa umqondo wokuthi ukungena komfaza emzithweni akudingenwanga emfuthweni. Izikhombazwe eziphansi ziqondiswe futhi zihlolwe ukuphe imfutho ye-data, i-temthene ye-temssion, ne-gevent transsionsting.[F]

Uhlelo lokusebenza ekuhlanganiseni ama-techniologie

Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bushintsha, izimo ezintsha ziphikisana nesisekelo esivamile.

Ukugcinwa Kwamafu Nemfundiso Yesithathu

Uma umsebenzisi egcina umniningwane emafwini (‘okanye]] [uMnyango Wokwethula] [uMnyango Wesikhala], i-iCoult, noma i-Preed] ifaka ukwaziswa kwabo kungxenye yesithathu. Imfundiso yesithathu yengxenye ithi uma unikela ngemininingwane eyimfihlo kwenye into, ulahlekelwa iSiphetho sesine seSiphendu. Nokho, ] [FLT]] [[FLT]]] [[FLT]]] [1] [uphawule] kuleyomfundiso yemikhakhakha yemininingwane eveza imininingwane ejulile. Izinkantolo eziphansi ziye zahlukana ukuthi ithululekile yini itshe liyindawo yokugcina ingqala noma liyindawo egciniweyo entweni, ikakhulukazi ezinye izinkantolo ezinikezwayo futhi zisebenzise imfundiso yesithathu kuhulumeni ukuze kutholakale imvume yokukhomba ngaphansi kwendlela yecala.[FLT][FD]3]) ngaphansi kwendlela yomthetho omthetho ogciniwe wabaningi, ngenxa yesilinganiso semfuyo, abanye abantu abaningi bayazizamukela iqoqo leze iziphaka ubufakazi ngenxa yemfu

Ukubhala Okufingqiwe Nawo Wonke Amasu

Ukubhala kuyinselele eyingqayizivele: ngisho nangemvume esemthethweni, ukugcinwa komthetho kungase kungakwazi ukufinyelela i-data efingqiwe. Ngezinye izikhathi uhulumeni uye wafuna ukuphoqelela ukuthungatha izingcingo zokuvula i-biometrics (umz., umnwebu noma ubuso buvula) noma ukunikeza amagama ayimfihlo. ISichibiyelo sesihlanu singasebenzisa ku-magama okuyimfihlo ayimfihlo, kodwa izinkantolo ziye zathi i-biomimetric ayifakazelwa ngoba ayiyona into engokoqobo. Kunye: Uhlelo lokufuna iMpi evumelekile[FLT] [FLT:] [208], uma imboni yomthetho enegunya elingumthetho owengeziwe, uma ingenakugunyazwa ngaphansi kwendlela egunyaziwe, futhi ingekho imvume yokukhipha i-odensiba ngaphansi kwe-Whone. Nokho, izicelo ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho ezithiye zomthetho ezithiwe.

I - Internet Nemishini Ehlakaniphile

Imishini ehlakaniphile yasekhaya, izinto ezivalekayo, nezimiso zemoto ziveza ingcebo yemininingwane − ama-ivoice, ama-metric ezempilo, izingodo zendawo. Lokhu kuvame ukuhlanganiswa nemfuneko efanayo ne-makhalekhukhwini kanye nama-computer. Nokho umthamo owengeziwe nokwakheka kokwaziswa okuqhubekayo kungandisa ikhono likahulumeni lokuhlola ngaphandle kwemiyalo uma i-memo enziwa abakhi bemishini. Izimiso ze- Carpeenter zingasebenza ekutholeni ulwazi olude oluvela kwimizwa ye-IoT. Izivivinyo kumelwe ziqaphele ukuvikela izilinganiso zemishini noketanga welungelo lobufakazi be-IoT, njengoba imininingwane ingabhalwa noma i-oT encishisiwe ngokuzenzaka.

Imikhuba Engcono Kakhulu Yokuphoqelelwa Komthetho Neyokuhlola

Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ubufakazi be - computer obutholakala ngokuhlaziya okungokwesayensi bungagunyazwa enkantolo, izinhlangano eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho nezindawo zokucwaninga ezivamile kufanele zilandele lemikhuba engcono kakhulu:

  • Khusela isiqinisekiso phambi kwanoma ikuphi ukuhlola okuqukethwe isisetshenziswa, ngaphandle kokuba isikhombi esiqanjiwe sisebenza ngokucacile. Ukuthembela emvumeni noma ekuqondiseni kudinga umbhalo ocophelelayo futhi kumelwe kunciphe ngaphansi kweposi-[ I-Riley kanye neposi-[ Amahlelo e-Cardent [].
  • [ Izimpawu ezithiye. Hlanganisa nencazelo yesisetshenziswa, ama-akhawunti, uhlobo lokwaziswa olufunwayo, kanye nolwesikhashana. Gwema ukubilisa-bhayela-late ulimi; i-affidavit kumelwe ibonise ukuhlobana okuqondile phakathi kobugebengu nobufakazi bobuchwepheshe obufunwayo.
  • Isebenzisa imithetho elandelwayo yokuhlola eqinile enciphisa ukubukezwa kokwaziswa okungahlobene. Ukusebenzisa amaqoqo amafayela angaziwa angahambisani ne-oda, kusebenzisa ukusesha okucacile okulinganiselwe esayizini yemvume, futhi kusebenzisa izinto ezihloniphekile noma eziyimfihlo.
  • Gcina uketayela oluningiliziwe lwelungelo lokuhlala nezingane kusukela ngesikhathi isisetshenziswa sibanjwa noma lapho imniningo itholakala. Ibhalwe yonke imvume, ukudluliswa, nokuhlaziywa. Amathuluzi okuhlola amanani ngokuvamile akhiqiza izingodo zokuhlola okufanele zigcinwe.
  • Qeqesha bonke izisebenzi ezidingweni zamanje zesiHlanzi sesine, kuhlanganise nethonya le Riley kanye Isibambo [. Iziphazamiso eziholela ekucinezeleni ubufakazi zingavimbela ukushushiswa nokumema amasutu ngaphansi kuka-42 U.S.C. 1983.
  • Hlala waziswe ngezindlela zomthetho wezwe. Ezinye izifundazwe zinikeza izivikelo zangasese ezinkulu kune-U.S. Constitution. Ngokwesibonelo, iCalifornia idinga imvume yokuhlola isenzakalo somshini we electronic ukuze iboshwe ngisho noma umsoli osolwayo engekho ngaphansi kwegunya lenkantolo. Isifundazwe sihlola imingcele nemithetho yaso.

Abahloli be-Forensic kufanele basebenzelane nabashushisi phakathi nesigaba sokubhala imvume. Abashushisi bangasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi i-affidavit ihlangabezana nendinganiso yesizathu okungenzeka ibangele nokuthi i-posi alidluli kunoma yini umantseri ongathathi hlangothi angayigunyaza. I-Pfulls, uhulumeni kumelwe akhiphe ukutholwa kwemvume, kuhlanganise ne-affidavit, kanye nohlu lwanoma yimuphi umbiko othathwe ngaphandle kwesilinganiso se-optice. Ukubonisa gcaba okukhanyayo kwakha ukuthemba futhi kunciphise izingozi zokuvinjelwa.

Isiphetho

Izimfuneko eziqinile zokuhlaziywa kwemishini ye-teography nokwaziswa akuzona izithiyo eziqinile ezikhona; ziyizivikelo zomthetho-sisekelo ezivikela ukuzifihla komuntu siqu kuyilapho zisiza ukugcinwa komthetho. ISichibiyelo sesine, njengoba kuchazwa ku Riley[, [Isikhala] esiphambili [[[FLT]], [isikhala senhlansi], kanye nezinye izinqumo, zifuna ukuba umthetho ukungenisa imvume yokwahlulela ngaphambi kokungena kwemisebe yezemishini esebenzayo. Amarekhodi agcinelweyo, kodwa alinganiselwe futhi anciphisanayo. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka bukhona kanye nokugcinwa kwezimiso ezingcono kakhulu, ukukhomba okukhishwa kwemisebe, ukukhishwa kwe-ocoption, nokukhuliswa kwemisebe ye-ocondsss. Imithetho yomthetho ehlelekile, iyakugcinwa ngokusemthethweni futhi ingasebenzi kakhulu, futhi ingasebenzi kakhulu, futhi isivikelo esisemthethweni, ingasebenzi kanye kanye kanye neyo, isilinganiso esisemthethweni, futhi isilinganiso