Isingeniso: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Kwe - Alden v. Maine

Icala leNkantolo ePhakeme ka-1999 iMaine ingenye yemithetho elandelanayo ephethe ukuzivikela kombuso empilweni eqinile eMelika yanamuhla. Ekujuleni kwayo, isinqumo sadingidwa ukuthi abantu ngabanye bangamangalela isifundazwe enkantolo kahulumeni ngokuphula umthetho wezemisebenzi kahulumeni (891) ngokulandela i-Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) ngaphandle kwemvume kahulumeni. Ngokwahlukana okukhulu nombono ka-5-4, iNkantolo yaphendula ngokuthi cha, isithiwa, isivikelo somthetho wemithetho esebenzela izisebenzi ezisebenza uhulumeni, ukugcinwa komthetho wezisebenzi, nokulinganiselwa kwamandla phakathi kwegunya lezwe negunya. Ukuqonda lokhu kubalulekile kunoma yisiphi isiphi isigaba semvume noma isifunda sesifunda sesifundazwe noma isilinganiso sombuso sombuso sombuso.

Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlaziywa okubanzi kwe-Alden v. Maine, sihlola isizinda sayo esiyiqiniso, indlela iNkantolo Ephakeme ecabanga ngayo, imibono ephikisayo, nemiphumela ephathekayo yokukhankanyelwa kwemisebenzi. Sihlola futhi ukuthi iziqondiso ezilandelayo ziye zakhela kanjani phezu kwalesinqumo noma zilinganise, kanye nezifundo eziwusizo abaqashi nezisebenzi ezingazithola kuso namuhla.

Isizinda: IFLSA Ithi Imelene NeMaine

Lelicala laqala lapho iqembu lezikhulu zezesigwebo eziqashwe yisifundazwe saseMaine limangalela ukuthi uhulumeni uphule amalungiselelo emali engeziwe e-Fair Labor Standard Act (FLSA). IFLSA, emiswe yiKhomishane yonyaka ka-1938, imisa iholo elilinganiselwe, iholo elithatha isikhathi esiningi, ukugcina amarekhodi, nezindinganiso zemisebenzi yentsha kokubili izisebenzi ezizimele nezezingxenye zomphakathi. Ngaphansi “kokukhokhela izivumelwano zenkokhelo ze-FLSA”, izinhlangano zikahulumeni ngokuvamile zingaphansi kwezimfuneko zomthetho.

Izikhulu zathi iMaine yahluleka ukuzikhokhela ngamahora asebenza kakhulu, ngokwephulwa ngokuqondile komthetho kahulumeni. Zaletha isudi enkantolo yesifunda yesifunda, zifuna iholo lemuva nezingozi. Maine waphendula ngokufaka ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi nanye soMthetho-sisekelo we-U.S., esinikeza ukuthi “amandla ombuso we-United States ngeke athathwe ukuba adlulisele kunoma isiphi isigqebhezana somthetho noma ukudlula, aqale noma amangalelwe omunye wezakhamuzi zezwe lase-United States, noma izakhamuzi noma izihloko zanoma isiphi isifundazwe esingokomthetho.” Nakuba umbhalo ubonakala ukhuluma kuphela ngezakhamuzi ezisezweni ezizimele, iNkanto ephakeme yayithathe isikhathi eside i-A1 yenzelo yenze isigwebo esimelene nesizwe sawodwa, noma imvume yesizwe sombuso wazomthetho noma izakhamuzi.

Enkantolo equlwayo, ukuzivikela kukaMaine kwanqoba. Inkantolo yesifunda yasilahla lesi sigwebo, iphethe ukuthi umbuso wawungagonyiwe ekufuneni iFLSA enkantolo kahulumeni. Izikhulu zanxusa, futhi iNkantolo Yokuqala Yesifunda Yokudlulisa Amacala ("idlulisa isibonelo) esandulela ngaleso sikhathi ) ukuxoshwa. INkantolo Ephakeme yavumela i-certitoari ukuba ixazulule isifunda esihlukene futhi iphinde iphinde ihlole umbuso owenqaba wombuso ezimisweni zikahulumeni.

Indaba Engokomthetho Ngaphambi Kwe - alden

Phambi kwe Alden v. Maine, iNkantolo Ephakeme yayisiphawulile kakade isibopho esisha sokuvikela ubukhosi. Seminole Tribe yaseFlorida v. Florida (1996), iNkantolo yasekela ukuthi iNkantolo yeSishayamthetho yeSizwe ayinakukwazi ukuvikela uhulumeni ngokungemthetho ngaphansi kwe-Indiya Commercionacle. Lesinqumo sabangela ukungabaza ukuthi i-Creast Comment ingabeka emacation ngaphansi kweminye imibuso I, njengesisekelo se-CPlaystem Claus, okuyisisekelo somthetho we-FLSA. Isigaba sasihlelelwe ukuvikelwa kwezindawo eziqondile phakathi kwe-mthetho wenkonzo ye-omfault ne-octivement Clation.

Isinqumo SeNkantolo Ephakeme: Isinqumo Esiqinile Senkantolo Kahulumeni Esilahla Icala

Esinqumweni esingu-5-4 esaqanjwa uMahluleli u-Anthony Kennedy, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaqinisekisa ukuxoshwa kwecala labaphathi abaquliswayo. Abaningi basekela ukuthi iSichibiyelo seshumi nanye sigcina amasudi ayimfihlo enkantolo kahulumeni, ngisho noma isuti iveza ukwephulwa komthetho kahulumeni ogunyaziwe we-pursuant kuMagunya eSigqekelweni samaKhosi. INkantolo yangaphambili yavumela ukulwa kwezinqumo ezinjalo ngaphansi kwe FLSA neminye imithetho efana nayo, ngokuphawulekayo kakhulu Perenter v. Harrangey ye-gey yeSiteji ye-gem ka-gement ebekwe i-Alaba mbuso [[FLT][FLT] [F 1] [FLT1] [1964]] [1964], eyayivumele ukumelana nomthetho wesitimela sombuso.

Umbono kaMahluleli uKennedy wasekela isinqumo ngezimiso ezimbili ezihlobene: umbhalo weSichibiyelo seshumi nanye nokwakhiwa kwendima ebanzi yokuvikela uhulumeni esimisweni sikahulumeni. INkantolo yacabanga ukuthi ulimi lweSichibiyelo seshumi Nenye, nakuba lungagcwali, lubonisa ukuqonda okuyisisekelo okuthi kunesimiso sokuvikela ezisubeni zomuntu siqu. Lokhu kugonyelwa, iningi liphikisa, limisa uMthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo futhi linendima emfundisweni kazwelodwa. Ngakho, noma imuphi umzamo wesivumelwano wokuvikela i-brobosethiwe ngomthetho jikelele kumelwe “ucace ngokungenakuphikwanqika” futhi kumelwe ukuba uwe ulwe ngaphandle komthetho wobukhosi.

INkantolo yathola ukuthi lapho imisa i-FLSA, inhloso yayo yayingacacile ngokwanele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngisho noma uMkhandlu wawuzame ukwenza kanjalo, iningi lathi iCommerce Claus awaziniki iziKhomishane amandla okuqeda uhulumeni owenqaba enkantolo kahulumeni. Lesi siphetho sasivumelana nomqondo we-Sminole Tribe [ futhi samelela ukuncinya okuphawulekayo kwegunya likahulumeni phezu kwabamangalelwa.

Isikhungo Esiyinhloko Sempi Yomhlaba

  • Isimiso sokuzivikela sombuso esingumthetho-sisekelo, hhayi imfundiso engokomthetho. INkantolo yagcizelela ukuthi ukuvikeleka kwemibuso esuswe emasusini wodwa kuyingxenye “yomklamo womthetho-sisekelo wokuqala” futhi akunakumiswa umthetho ovamile ongekho iziqondiso ezicacile nezisemthethweni.
  • Acticle I amandla alinganiselwe. Nakuba uMkhandlu unegunya elibanzi ngaphansi kwe-Claus nenye i-Atting I, lawomandla awahlanganisi ikhono lokubeka izifunda eziphethe inkantolo zikahulumeni. Izisekelo zesimiso soMthetho-sisekelo ezindaweni ezisezikhulwini eziphethe imbulunga okumelwe izinkantolo zikahulumeni zihloniphe.
  • Isithunzi nenkululeko yemibuso kumele kuvikelwe. Ukuvumela amapesenti azimele ukudonsela amazwe enkantolo kahulumeni “kungasongela ukuthembeka kwezezimali ze-United States” futhi kululaze indima yabo njengababusi abalinganayo esimisweni sombuso.

Imibono Engavumelani: Ukuvikelwa Okunamandla Kwezehlakalo Ezingalawuleki

Abahluleli abane baphikisa, beholwa nguMahluleli uDavid Souter. Embonweni omude, abaphikisayo baphikisa ngokuthi ukufundwa kweSichibiyelo seshumi nanye ngokomlando kwakunganembile futhi kuyingozi. UMahluleli uSouter waphikisa ngokuthi iSichibiyelo sasihloselwe ukubuyisela ukuqonda kokuqala kombuso ngemva kwesinqumo esiyiphutha iChitholm v. Georgia[ [1793], ukungazidali ukuzivikela, okungaguquguquki. Wakhomba izenzakalo eziningi zokuqala lapho amazwe ayeye angenamvume khona enkantolo yombuso.

Umehluko waphinde waphikisa ngokuthi i-FLSA yayiwukusetshenziswa okusemthethweni kwamandla ezentengiselwano kaKhongolo-kahulumeni nokuthi, ngokumisa lomthetho, uMkhandlu wawuhlose ukuvala izisebenzi zikahulumeni. Ukuvumela amazwe ukuba agweme izimfuneko zikahulumeni namahora, abaphikisi baxwayisa, “bayoveza isigaba sezakhamuzi [1] izisebenzi zamazwe angakufanelekeli ukuvikelwa ngokuphelele komthetho kahulumeni.” Umba ophikisayo wabikezela ukuthi isinqumo sasizoholela ekusebenziseni umsebenzi odidaliweyo wezindlela zombuso eziguquguqukayo futhi ululaze ukuphumelela kwezindinganiso zesizwe zemisebenzi.

Ithonya Lomthetho Womsebenzi: Lokho U - Alden Ashintsha Khona — Nento Engayenzanga

Umphumela osheshayo we Alden v. Maine kwakuwukuvala umnyango wendlu yenkantolo kahulumeni ezisebenzini ezifuna ukumangalela abaqashi bazo bezwe ngaphansi kwe FLSA. Kodwa icala lafinyelela ngaphezu kwemali ethatha isikhathi eside. Ngokuyisisekelo laguqula indawo ngenxa yakho konke ukuphula umthetho wezezimali eziyimfihlo, kuhlanganise neNkathi Yenkathi Engalawuleki eMsebenzini Act (ADEA), amaMelika anokuphazamiseka komthetho (ADA), kanye noMthetho weminde nezokwelapha (FAMLA), phakathi kwezinye.

Ngemva kwe-Alden, izisebenzi zikahulumeni zazingasakwazi ukuthembela enkantolo kahulumeni njenge-asmeum yokumisa lemithetho ngokumelene nohulumeni wazo siqu, ngaphandle kokuba iSishaya-mthetho savuma noma iSishaya-mthetho sagunyazwa ngokusobala ukuba sivinjelwe ngokusebenzisa amandla aso asemthethweni ngaphansi kweSigaba 5 seSichibiyelo seshumi Nane. Lo mhubhe wahlala uvuleka ngoba ngaphambili iNkantolo Ephakeme yayiphethe ukuthi iSiphendulo Seziphendulo Sezwe Sesine (esivimbela ukucwaswa kweze sivikelwe futhi sivikelwe inqubo efanele (*) ngokusebenzisa izisu zangasese ezisehlonze ezimelene nezizwe. Nokho, iNkantolo yayisithelela ekutheni lokho kungathi kusekhona.

Ukushintsha Kwengxenye 5 Ukuphoqelelwa

Eshumini leminyaka ngemva kwe-Alden, iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma uchungechunge lwamacala athi i-Congress ibekelwe imingcele eyengeziwe yekhono lombuso lokuvikela izikhali ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo se-14. Ngokwesibonelo, Khimel v. Florida Board of Regents (2000), iNkantolo yathi i-ADEA ayinakusetshenziswa kuhulumeni abaqashi ngenxa yokuthi uKhomishana wenkathi egciniwe yobandlululo ngemithetho yokungavumelani ngemithetho ye-ADADAS (FLT:2]). Ngokufanayo, e [[FLT:] Brard of Trustes of University of Alabackame. Garret (2001) [FLT], iNkantolo yeNkantolo ye-AD kusetshenziswa isikhululogo (imoti ye-AD) emos) emoose, ngokubonisa isilinganiso futhi i-ekhodi ye-og.

Lezi zinqumo, ezaziwa njengecala “eliyiNew Federalism”, lagcizelela isimiso sika-Alden: zisho ukuthi ngokuvamile azinakuvikeleka kumasudi azimele emali enkantolo kahulumeni. Nokho, iNkantolo yakhipha umehluko omncane wokusho ukuthi ilwela ngokuqondile amalungelo ayisisekelo, njenganelungelo lokuvikela elilinganayo. Ngokwesibonelo, [ku- i-Tennessee v. Lane (2004), iNkanto evumela isuti yempahla yangasese ngaphansi kweSihloko se-AAA (accessss zomphakathi) emhlabeni ukuthi ivimbela isilinganiso esingenangqondo ekungeneni ezinkantolo, inqubo ephakathi efanelekile.

Imiphumela Eyinhloko Kwabaqashi Bakahulumeni Nabaqashi

Imiphumela esebenzayo ye [[QT:0] Alden v. Maine ihlelwe ngezindlela eziningi. Ngezansi, sihlola imiphumela ebaluleke kakhulu ekutholeni umsebenzi, ukubekeka kombuso, kanye nokuhlelwa kwezimiso.

Izindlela Zokwelapha Ezilinganiselwe

Izisebenzi zikahulumeni ezifuna ukukhululeka ekuphathweni kwe-FLSA ollution, ukucwaswa, noma okunye ukufunwa kwemisebenzi kahulumeni kumelwe manje kubheke kwenye indawo. Okungasetshenziswa kakhulu ukuhlanganisa iziqu zenkantolo yombuso, uma nje uhulumeni unqande ukuvikela kwayo noma ukuthi umthetho kahulumeni udala imbangela efanayo yokuthatha isinyathelo. Nokho, amazwe amaningi alondoloza ukuvikeleka kobukhosi ngaphansi komthetho wawo siqu noma imithetho, ashiye izisebenzi ezingenalo nhlobo ikhambi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngisho noma inkantolo yenkantolo ikhona, amakhambi angase ahlukane: izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinganganikeza ukuqulwa kwejaji, noma zingafaka isijeziso esilinganisweni somthetho esihlukile.

Izinqubo Zokuqondisa Nezokuhlola

Abaqashwa bangafuna futhi ukuphanda ngezinhlangano zezisebenzi. Ngokwesibonelo, uMnyango wezisebenzi wase-U.S. ungahlola ukuphambaniswa kwe-FLSA nezinhlangano zikahulumeni futhi bafune ukuthotshelwa ngemithetho noma ngeziqondiso zokukhokha inxeba. Ngokufanayo, i-Uncimence Accomplication Opportounsion Commission (EOC) ingahlola amacala obandlululo futhi izame ukuvumelana. Kodwa lezi zinqubo ngokuvamile zinikeza indlela ephucuzayo, enganqunyiweyo yokusiza, futhi abaqinisekisi ukuthi iholo lezisebenzi ngabanye liyo liyo liyothola imali.

3. Ukuthuthukiswa Kweziteshi ZoMbuso

Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zakhetha ukulahla ukuzivikela kobukhosi ukuze zimelane nezinhlobo ezithile zokuzisholo, ngokuvamile njengesimo sokwamukela izimali zikahulumeni noma ukugwema ukungaqiniseki. Ngokwesibonelo, uma uhulumeni wamukela usizo lwezimali lukahulumeni ngaphansi koMthetho weRehabilitation noma i-ADA, kungabhekwa njengokungavikeleki ekutheni ingowase-kutheni kuvela kulezo zimiso. Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme ikholelwa ukuthi abahlulwayo abanjalo kumelwe babe “abangakhonziwa" futhi abanakuthathwa ekuthatheni nje ingxenye yezinhlelo zikahulumeni.

4. Ukubaluleka Kokuhlanganisa Imali Ephakeme

Kuzisebenzi ezihlangene ngesivumelwano esihlangene (CBA), isikhalo nenqubo yokususa kungase kunikeze enye indlela kunokukhipha imvume. Izinyunyana eziningi zeqembu lomphakathi ziye zaxoxa ngezindlela ezivumela izisebenzi ukuba ziphikise iholo nezimiso zemisebenzi ngaphandle kokuya enkantolo kahulumeni. Kwezinye izimo, imithetho kahulumeni inikeza iCBA ukuba isebenze njengesehluleli sokuzivikela kobukhosi ngenxa yokuzifihla.

5. Ukunikezwa Kwemithetho Ehleliwe Ngaphansi kuka - 42 U.S.C. ■ 1983

Nakuba i-Alden isambatho esiqondile kakhulu ngaphansi kwe-FLSA, izisebenzi ngezinye izikhathi zingasebenzisa Ukuzilimaza ukubekela imingcele yomsebenzi ephula amalungelo omthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umqashi kahulumeni evala isisebenzi ekuphuleni amalungelo eSigqizo sokuqala senkululeko yokukhuluma, isisebenzi singakhokha izikhulu zikahulumeni ezisesikhundleni saso somuntu siqu. Amasutu awavinjelwe ukuzivikela ngenxa yokumelana nesikhulu ngasinye, hhayi nombuso ngokwawo. Nokho, isiqephu sonyaka ka 1983 asinakusetshenziswa ukuphoqelela amalungelo okungaphakathiwe okungalingani namalungelo enkululeko engokomthetho njengehhotela noma amalungiselelo amancane e-FLFLS.

Intuthuko Yamuva Nokuqhubeka Kuhle

Kusukela ngo-1999, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaphinda yaphinda yafaka i-pane phakathi kobubusi bezwe nemithetho yemisebenzi kahulumeni. Okuphawulekayo ukuthi ku-Federal Maritime Commission v. South Carolina State Ports Authority (2002), iNkantolo yandisa ukufaneleka kwe-Alden ekuqondiseni, iphethe futhi izikhalo zombuso ezizimele phambi kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni.

Muva nje, iNkantolo iye yabonisa ukuzimisela okunesizotha ukuvumela izenzo ezithile zomthetho ezilethwe nguhulumeni ngokwawo. Luhlaza v. City of New York (2016), iNkantolo iqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni ungabamangalela uhulumeni ukuba uphoqelele iFLSA, ngoba umbuso awugonyelwe ezenzweni ezaqala iUnited States. Lokhu kuhlukanisa kwemithetho yokugcinwa kwemithetho ye-post-Alden. //isigqekezo-m seze-omfont.

Isiphetho

Isinqumo n/.Maine sisalokhu siyisici semfundiso yanamuhla elawulayo yesizwe. Ngokuvala iminyango yenkantolo kahulumeni ukuba izisebenzi zimangalele abaqashi bazo bezwe ngaphansi kweFLSA nenye iMithetho I, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaqinisekisa ubukhulu bomthetho kahulumeni bokuzimela ngokwayo. kodwa ngokukhokha izindleko zokushiya izisebenzi eziningi zingalisebenzisi ikhambi elinenjongo. Isinqumo samisa uketheko lwezehlakalo ezalandelana nezithiya ezinye izigebengu eziphoqelele abaqashi bawo ngaphansi kweSiphetho se-14, zidala umbuso okumelwe izisebenzi zikahulumeni ziqondise umthetho wezwe wesizwe, umsebenzi wezenzwe wezomthetho, nemithetho esemthethweni ukuze zilwelethe amalungelo azo.

Kubaqashi, isifundo siwukuthi ohulumeni bezwe bayaqhubeka bejabulela ukuvikeleka okunamandla esuti yomonakalo owenziwe ngasese, ngisho nalapho bephula izindinganiso zikahulumeni ezamukelwa kabanzi. Kuzisebenzi nakubaphathi bazo, u-Alden ugcizelela ukubaluleka kokuqonda okunye okungasetshenziswa ezinkantolo zombuso, izinqubo zokuphatha, izikhalo zokuhlangana, kanye namasuti ngaphansi kwecandelo 1983, kanye nokudingeka okuqhubekayo komthetho kahulumeni ocacile ohlobana nemingcele yomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo. Njengoba impikiswano ngemithetho kahulumeni kanye namalungelo abantu iqhubeka, Alden v. Maine ngokungangabazeki ihlala iyiphuzu eliyinhloko lokubhekisa kunoma yisiphi isibalo somthetho ohlola ukumiswa komthetho nobukhosi.