Uphengululo ekukhohlakaleni komphakathi nokufumbathisa ludinga ukulinganisela okunempumelelo phakathi kokugcinwa komthetho kanye nezivikelo zomthetho. Abanqobile bayindlela eyinhloko engokomthetho egunyaza ukusesha, ukuquleka, nokuboshwa kulamacala abucayi, nokuqonda izimfuneko eziqondile kubalulekile kubashushisi, abacwaningi, nochwepheshe bezomthetho. ISichibiyelo sesine eUnited States simisa indinganiso: akukho siqinisekiso esiyokwenziwa ngaphandle kwesizathu, esisekelwa ngokufunza noma ukuqinisekisa, futhi ikakhulukazi ukuchaza indawo okumelwe ihlolwe futhi abantu noma izinto ezimelwe ziphathwe. Ezimweni zomphakathi, lezi zifuneka zisetshenziswe ngokuhlola okwengeziwe ngenxa yezikhundla eziphakeme nezingoko bufakazi obuvame ukufunwa, njengoba imibhalo engokwezimali, ukuxhumana, nokugunyaza kwezikhulu. Lesi sihloko sinwe kakhulu ezidingweni zeze ukonakala komphakathi, ukukhokhwazwa okungokomthetho, izihloko eziwusizo, izihloko eziwusizo, izihloko eziwusizo, nezinyathelo eziwusizo.

Izisekelo Ezingokomthetho Zezihambeli

ISichibiyelo sesine siyindawo eyisisekelo somthetho ogunyaziwe. Isivikelo saso ekuphenyeni okungacabangeli nokuquleka sisebenza ngokugcwele ekuhloleni ukonakala komphakathi. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yachaza iSichibiyelo ukuba sitholakale ngaphandle kokuba kusetshenziswe imvume, umbono ocacile, izimo ezicacile, noma ukuphenya izenzakalo zokuboshwa okungokomthetho. Ezimweni zenkohlakalo, izimo eziguquguqukayo azisebenzi ngenxa yobufakazi (kaningi izivumelwano zemali noma amarekhodi emishini). Ngakho, ukuthola imvume kungenziwa ngendlela ejwayelekile. Isidingo esisobala sibaluleke kakhulu: kumelwe sibe sikhulu kunesizathu esikhona nje sokusolisa futhi kumelwe sisekelwe emaqinisweni akhona futhi okumelwe kuhole umuntu onengqondo ngaphansi kwezinhlelo zezinhlelo zezindawo ezithile. Izinhlelo ezingokwezisekelo ezithile zale ngokomthetho noma izinhlelo zezinhlelo zembubhishoshoshone. Izinhlelo ezivamile zivinjelwe izinhlelo zezinhlelo zezinhlelo zembubhishone. Izinhlelo ezivamile zisuke zihlolwe izinhlelo zezindawo ezithile zihlolwa ukuba zitholakale kakhulu. Izinhlelo ezithile ziqaphele zezindawo ezithile futhi zilindele ukuthi, futhi zilindele

Izimfuneko Zokusekela Ukonakala Komphakathi Namacala Okufumbathisa

Lapho sifuna isiqinisekiso sokukhohlakala noma sokufumbathisa, izimfuneko ezintathu eziyisisekelo kumelwe zihlangatshezwane: okungase kube yimbangela, ukunikeza incazelo, nokugunyazwa kokwahlulela. Isici ngasinye sibucayi futhi sibhekene nenselele enzima ngabameli abazohlola yonke imininingwane ye-affidavit nesiqinisekiso.

Imbangela Enengqondo

Imbangela engenzekayo emacala enkohlakalo ivame ukuvela ebufakazini obungaqondile. Ubufakazi obuqondile bokufumbathisa okubhaliwe njengenkokhelo noma isivumelwano esicacile ("iqanda]. Kunalokho, abacwaningi bancike ebufakazini obuyimfihlo: izindlela zokuziphatha ezisolekayo, ingcebo engachazeki, ubuhlobo phakathi kwezikhulu zomphakathi nezindawo zangasese, isikhathi sokukhokha ngokuhlobene nezenzo ezingokomthetho, nokungavumelani nokukhokha. I-affidavit kumelwe ibeke lalalise la maqiniso entweni ecacile, iketangalele. Inkantolo ephakeme iye yakholelwa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi imbangela isekelwe ezindlebeni ezintabeni ezithembekile, uma isekela ulwazi luvunyiwe. Isibonelo, ukufuthwa kwemilo ngolwazi oluqondile lwesifumbathi. Nokho, ukukhokhwa kwemizwa kwemali kunganikeza izimali ezinziwayo ezingeni ezisemfaza ukuze kubonise ukuthenwa okungavamile. [ingwengwengwe inkantolo:][4] Isango eliwubufakazi obuncane, ngokuvamile ngenxa yezinga elivamile, ngokuvamile, okubonakala kaningi ngenxa yezinga elithembekile, ngenxa yezinga elivamile, imvume

Ukucaciswa

Imfuneko ekhethekile ivimbela "ukudoba i-ofisi yomphakathi." Uma kuphenya inkohlakalo, imvume kumelwe ichaze ngokukhethekile ubufakazi obufunwayo. Lokhu kuyinselele ngoba ukonakala kuvame ukuhilela ukuthengiselana okuningi, izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi, nenqwaba yezincwadi. Amasheya kumelwe achaze ngokucophelela umkhakha: ukuphenywa kwehhovisi lomphakathi, ukugunyaza amabhodi amafayela e-computer, amacomputer, noma amarekhodi ahlobene nesivumelwano esithile. Ukuze ukuhlolwa kwezibalo kuhlolwe, kumelwe kukhankanye uhlobo lobufakazi obufunwa (umz., ama-email, amarekhodi emali) futhi kungadinga ukuphenywa kwemithetho e-projectal ukuze kuhlolwe ulwazi olusabelayo. [FLT:] R. v[FLT] [FFLD] [F:1] Isinqumo esikhona esikhona ngokuncibilikiswayo, idinga ukuselelwa kwe-osethi ye-cellum (iences."Imic."Irightographics."

Ukuvunyelwa Ukwahlulela

Imvume kumelwe ikhishwe imantshi engathathi hlangothi ngemva kokuhlola i-affidavit. Lomahluleli kumelwe athole ukuthi kungenzeka kunesizathu futhi imvume ihlangabezana nemfuneko eqondile. Ezindabeni zenkohlakalo eziyinkimbinkimbi, izimantshi zingafuna ukufushaniswa noma ukugcinwa okwengeziwe ngaphambi kokusayinwa kwemvume. Inqubo yesicelo imanejaji isuka phambili engxenyeni ehlukanisayo (ngokuvamile) ingaziwa (ukuthi inhloso ibhujiswe). Nokho, ezinye izifundazwe zidinga ukuba izici ezithile zesicelo zenziwe obala lapho imvume iqediwe, ikakhulukazi uma isisulu siyisikhulu somphakathi. Ukungathathi hlangothi komahluleli kubaluleke kakhulu; umahluleli ohilelekile ekuhlolweni noma onezimpikiswayo zesithakazelo angeke aphule inqubo efanelekile. Imvume yomahluleli ewufaka umthetho owe phakathi nesikhathi esivamile (imithetho engokomthetho)

Ukucatshangelwa Okukhethekile Ekuhlolweni Kwenkohlakalo

Izindaba zokonakala komphakathi ziveza izinselele eziyingqayizivele ezithinta izimfuneko nokubulawa. Isidingo sokuvikela imithombo eyimfihlo, ukuzwela kokwaziswa okungokwezombangazwe, kanye nobunzima bobufakazi obungokwezimali konke kudinga ukuvikelwa okwengeziwe.

Ukuyimfihlo Enqubweni Yohlelo Lokusebenza

Izicelo zemvume ezigunyazwayo ezimweni zenkohlakalo ngokuvamile ziqukethe ukwaziswa okuvela kubameli abayimfihlo noma abavuthi bekhwela ikhwela. Uma i-affidavit iqala ukuba obala, kungafaka izingozi emthonjeni noma kuhlehlise uphenyo. Ngakho, izicelo eziningi zihlanganisa isicelo sokuqinisa imvume kuze kuphele ukuphenya. Ezinye izinkantolo zivumela ukubekwa uphawu lwezicelo, kodwa ukuqhubekela phambili kokuqondisa embusweni kukahulumeni kungaphikisana nokufihla. Umnyango weziqondiso wezobulungisa udinga abashushisi ukuba balinganisele isidingo sokufihla ilungelo lomphakathi, ikakhulukazi uma isisulu siyisikhulu somphakathi. Kwezinye izimo, icala ngokwalo lingabekwa uphawu, kodwa isisulu ngokwaso kumelwe sinikezwe okokukopishwa ngemva kokukhishwa. Ukuzithwaliswa kwemininingwane okuyimfihlo kungaphakamisa izindaba eziyimfihlo; ukushumayeza okumelwe kuhlanganise ubufakazi obufanele kuqinisekiswe ngokusemthethweni.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwezinga Nokukhathazeka Ngezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

Ngenxa yokuthi ukucwaninga kokonakala kuhilela izindaba zomphakathi zezikhulu nemikhaya yazo, izinkantolo zibeka imingcele eqinile ekwakheni imvume. Ngokwesibonelo, imvume yokuhlola ikhaya lomphakathi yesikhulu ngeke ivumele ukuthathelwa phansi kwezinto zomuntu siqu ezingahlobene nokonakala okuthiwa kulungile. Amasheya kumelwe agweme "ukuhlola" emabhukwini. Andess v. Maryland[[FLT] [[FLT]] icala lokuvumela ukuphanjwa kwemibhalo ewubufakazi bobugebengu, kodwa isiqinisekiso kumele sicace. Ekuhloleni ngokwezinombolo, "iintshinga" izinqubo zokuhlola ngokuvamile zisetshenziswa: ukuphenyaza kobufakazi obuqala phakathi nendawo, bese kusetshenziswa ilungelo lokubukeza (okanye ne-eentcclcl,) phambi kwesinqumo. [i-Foctal Court: [2] kusetshenziswa futhi ukukhomba izikhahlulo zezindawo ezihlolwayo ezimayelana nokwaziswa.[3]

Izincwadi Ezinemininingwane Nezinto Ezisekelayo

Ama-affidavits ezimweni zenkohlakalo ngokuvamile athatha isikhathi eside, asebenzisa amakhasi amaningi. Kumelwe ahlanganise: isizinda sophendlo, indima yesisulu, izimiso zobugebengu ezithi ziphulwe, ubufakazi obuqoqwe kakhulu, ukwaziswa okuvela emithonjeni, ukuhlaziywa kwezezimali, ne-ixus phakathi kobufakazi obufunwayo nendawo okumelwe ihlolwe. Abaxhasi bangafaka imibukiso enjengemibhalo yasebhange, amabhuloho, noma ukushwa. I-affidavit iyincwadi ecutshutshuliweyo kakhulu; noma yikuphi ukuhlelwa okungafanelekiswe kakhulu kwezezimali, noma ukushiywa kwemithetho okungalawuleki okungamangazayo kungaholela ekunqandeni uma kungulelwa ngokwezinhloso eqinisekile. [[FLD:] Fictals. vFFF:1], iNkadective, iNkadenti enkulu kakhulu ingayinsela inselele inselele uma imvume yokukhothwa noma ukukhomba okunga okunga kahle.

Izinhlobo Zabantu Abakhohliwe Nezigebengu

Izinhlobo eziningana zezincwadi ezigunyazwayo zivamile ekuhloleni ukonakala komphakathi: funa izimvume, ubophe izimvume, nokuhlola ngemishini (kuhlanganise neyadi yentambo). Nganye inezimfuneko ezihlukile.

Ukufuna Izindlela Zokufuna

Imvume yokufuna imvume isetshenziswa kakhulu. Bagunyaza ukuseshwa kwendawo (ihhovisi, ikhaya, imoto) ukuze bathole ubufakazi obuqondile obufana namaphepha, amacomputer, izingcingo, noma imali. Ezindabeni zenkohlakalo, izicelo zokufuna zivame ukubulawa emahhovisi kahulumeni, izindawo zamabhizinisi, kanye nezindawo zokuhlala zomuntu siqu ngesikhathi esisodwa ukuze kuvinjelwe ukubhubha noma ukuhanjiswa kobufakazi. Ukubulala kumelwe kulandele imithetho eqinile: ukungqongqoza-kanye nokukhipha (ngaphandle kokukhomba imvume yokungena ngenombhosholo), ukuncishwa kwemvume, nokunikezwa kwemali ethathweyo. Ukubuya kwencwadi yenkantolo kuhlanganisa umbiko. Uma imvume ingekho kahle noma ukubuyiswa, ubufakazi bungabekelwangangangangatshalwanga.

Izindawo Zokuthumba

Imvume yokubopha umuntu igunyazwe ukuboshwa ngenxa yesizathu okungenzeka ukuthi wenza ubugebengu. Ezindabeni zenkohlakalo, izivumelwano zokuboshwa zikhishwa ngemva kokumangalelwa noma ukuqulwa kwecala. I-affidavit esekela ukubopha kumelwe ibonise ngokunokwenzeka imbangela yecala ngalinye. Ukuboshwa kwezikhulu zomphakathi ngokuvamile kuphakeme kakhulu, futhi uMnyango Wezobulungisa udinga ukuvunyelwa izikhulu ezikhulu ngaphambi kokuba zifune ukuboshelwa izikhulu ezikhethiwe. Isivumelwano sokuboshwa singaba sifanelekile ukugwema ukuphazanyiswa ngokuphenyaza okuqhubekayo noma ukuvimbela ukushayela. Umuntu oboshelwe ngaphansi kwemvume kumelwe alethwe phambi kwemajini yecala ngesizathu esingasehlolwa phakathi namahora angu-48.

Imishini Yogesi

Ukufaka imvume yokuxhumana kwenkohlakalo kudinga iSihlomo III esigunyazwe ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni noma uhulumeni olinganayo. Lokhu kugunyaza kudinga indinganiso ephakeme: ngokunokwenzeka kubangela ukuba ubugebengu obuthile (njengesifumbathiso noma impoqo) buyenziwa, ukuthi izingxoxo cishe ziyonqandwa, futhi izinqubo ezivamile zokuhlola ziye zazanywa futhi zehlulekile kakhulu noma ziyingozi kakhulu. I-Siquage III siyisikhathi esilinganiselwa (cishe sibe izinsuku ezingu-30) futhi idinga ukuncishiswa kwezingxoxo lapho izingxoxo zingahlobene nobugebengu. Ngenxa yokuthi ngokuvamile izingxoxo eziyinkimbinkimbi, ama-washifidi zinamandla, kodwa zidinga ukuqondisa okuqinile. I-panethi II liyinda emhlane ye-cine ye-cine ye-maptamptine kumelwe ithathwe futhi ichaze ezinye izindlela (i-eejantshisi), ukubambisana kwezezezena, ukubambisana okungamele).

Izinselele Ekuvivinyweni Okubi Komphakathi

Abahloli bahlola izingozi eziningi lapho befuna izivumelwano zezentengiselwano zokonakala. Okokuqala, isimo sobufakazi bokonakala ngokuvamile asicacile: umnikelo omkhulu noma ukudla okunethezekile kungase kungabonisi isilinganiso esikhona. Abashushisi kumelwe bakhe indlela yokuziphatha. Okwesibili, izikhulu zomphakathi ziyakwazi ukufinyelela izimali ezingokomthetho futhi zingakubekela inselele. Okwesithathu, ukucubungula okuyinkimbinkimbi kwemali kudinga ukuhlaziywa kochwepheshe okumelwe kunikezwe ngendlela ecacile, ekwazi ukugayekayo ye-mantshisi. Okwesine, ilungelo elilindelekile (ukuphakama kwe-cleen, ilungelo lobufundisi, ilungelo lokuphatha) lingabambezela noma ukugunyaza ukubulala. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuseshwa kwehhovisi lomenzi womthetho kungahlanganisa ilungelo lokulungisa, elidinga izinqubo ezikhethekile zokukhipha izinqubo ezikhethekile. I-Claudiouskian, noma ukuvikela ezinye izinto ezimweni zokuhlola ezisemfashiniswe ezindaweni ezithile, njenge-Rodminer.[10] Ihhovisi lombuso lombuso womphakathi womphakathi womphakathi wonke kumelwe ukwamukela i-G.[Fodsner.[0

Ukusetshenziswa kwe-subpoenas enkulu yomthetho kahulumeni kungelinye ithuluzi elingasebenza njengelinye i-operas ekufuneni amafaksi. I-Subpoenas emaphepha adinga izimbangela ezilindelekile kodwa kumele kube nokulinganisela futhi kungabi banzi kakhulu. Nokho, ama-topina anakho ukusetshenziswa ukuphoqelela ukukhiqizwa kobufakazi bokuthi isigxobo singabhubhisa; kulezo zimo, isiqinisekiso sokuseshwa siyadingeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSimemezelo sesine sifuna ukuba amabhande abhalwe phansi kakhulu abe "obhandena ngokulinganiselwe ngokwesilinganiso" njengoba kubekwe ku- United States v. R. Enterpurise, Inc.[FLT].

Imikhuba Engcono Kakhulu Yomthetho Nezishushisi

Ukuze baqiniseke ukuthi imibandela iyaqhubeka ikhona lapho kunezingqinamba ezingokomthetho, abacwaningi kufanele balandele le mikhuba engcono kakhulu:

  • Inikeza uphenyo oluphelele lwangaphambi kwempi ukuba kwakhiwe umbiko oningiliziwe ongase ubangele i-ffidavit ehlanganisa amaqiniso, imithombo eminingi, nokuhlaziywa kwezindlela zezimali. Gwema ukuthembela kusimemezeli esisodwa ngaphandle kokuzimela.
  • [ Sebenzisa amanxusa akhethekile [ anjengabahlaziyi bezezimali ze FBI noma ababali bemali abakhokhelwayo ukuze balungise incwadi yobufakazi obungokwezimali.
  • Ihlanganisa isiqinisekiso nge-": hlanganisa uhlu lwezinsuku, uhlobo lwemibhalo, kanye nemithetho elandelwayo yokuhlola ubufakazi bemisebe. Cabangela ukusebenzisa iqembu "lomthathi" ukubukeza izinto ezihloniphekile.
  • Funa ukwaziswa kokwahlulela kusenesikhathi [ ngokunikeza ifomu kumantshi ojwayelene namacala ayinkimbinkimbi. Zimisele ukuphendula imibuzo ngembangela nangale mini.
  • Gcina uketanga olucacile lwelungelo lokuhlala nezingane [ kubo bonke ubufakazi obubambekile futhi ubhale inqubo yokubulala ukuze ulwe nezenzo zokucindezela zesikhathi esizayo.
  • Ihlangene neseluleko senhlangano kanye noMnyango Wecandelo Lobuqotho Bomphakathi weSiqeshi sokwamukelwa kwemithetho ye-profile ephezulu. Ngokuvumelana nanoma yiziphi izinqubo zangaphakathi, njengalezo ezidinga amazinga amaningi okuphuma kwezimpawu ngaphambi kokuhlola ihhovisi lesikhulu esikhethiwe.
  • Cwangcisa ezinye izindlela [ ukuze uhlole izimpawu, njenge-subpoenas, uma ingozi yokubhubha iphansi. Kodwa uma isisulu singase sishintshe noma sibhubhise amarekhodi, isiqinisekiso sokuseshwa siyadingeka. Futhi, cabangela imisebenzi yokuhlola ngaphansi kobuso noma izindlela zokubambisana ngaphambi kokuba usebenzise isiqinisekiso.

Isiphetho

Izimfuneko eziqinile ekukhohlakaleni komphakathi nasekuhlolweni komthetho nokufumbathisa zisekelwe eSichibiyelweni sesine futhi zisetshenziswe ngokunzima ngenxa yokwakheka kwamacala namalungelo ezikhulu zomphakathi. Ukugcinwa komthetho kumelwe kubonise imbangela engenzekayo ngokuningiliziwe, isho ubufakazi obufunwa ngokunembe, futhi ithole ukuvunyelwa komthetho okungathathi hlangothi. Ukucabangela okukhethekile mayelana nemfihlo, ukulinganiselwa kwemali, kanye nelungelo elikhethekile ngenxa yesimo esiphezulu. Ngokunamathela kulezi zindinganiso, abacwaningi bangaqinisekisa ukuthi ubufakazi obuqoqiwe buyinto eyenzekayo futhi isivikelo somthetho sihlonishwa. Ngolwazi olungokomthetho, ukuqonda lezi zimfuneko kubalulekile ekuqapheleni ukulinganisela okunenzuzo phakathi kokugcinwa kwenkululeko nokulondolozwa kwenkululeko. Njengoba ukukhohlakazeka kuyinkimbinkimbi ngobufakazi obungokwezezimali nezimiso zembulunga yonke, izimiso zezentengoso ngokomthetho ziyoqhubeka, kodwa izimiso zezimiso ezingokomthetho ziyoqhubeka njalo.

Ukuze ufundeke ngokwengeziwe, bheka umbhalo weSichibiyelo sesine [[FLT:] weSichibiyelo se-Cornell LII, Isethulo soMahluleli woLuhlu lweLutho-mpumpululo [, kanye ne [[FLT:]Plat] Imithetho ye-Proceduredal enikeza izimfuneko [[].