Isingeniso: Ukulinganisela Phakathi Kwezithako Nezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

Amakhamera omzimba nokuhlola amavidiyo kuye kwaba amathuluzi abalulekile omthetho wanamuhla, anikeza indlela yokuxhumana, ukuqoqa, nokuthuthukisa ukulandisa. Nokho, ukuthunyelwa kwazo kuphakamisa imibuzo egxekayo engokomthetho uma kuyimfuneko. Isichibiyelo sesine soMthetho-sisekelo eUnited States sivikela abantu ekuphenyeni okungenangqondo nasekudumazekeni, futhi lesivikelo sidlulela ekusebenziseni ubuchwepheshe bokuqopha. Ukuqonda izimfuneko zokugunyaza amakhamera endikimba nokuhlola amavidiyo kubalulekile ezinhlanganweni zamaphoyisa, ochwepheshe bezomthetho, kanye nezakhamuzi ngokufanayo. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlaziywa okungaqonda okungaqondani okungathí nakathi okulawula ukusetshenziswa kwala mathuluzi okuhlola.

ISichibiyelo Sesine

ISichibiyelo sesine siyisivikelo sezethulo e-United States. Sigunyaza ukuba ukugcinwa komthetho kuthole isiqinisekiso esisekelwe entweni okungenzeka ibangele ukuphehlwa noma ukuthatheka, ngaphandle kokuba sisetshenziswe. INkantolo Ephakeme isekelele ukuthi imfuneko yemvume iklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukungena komshoshaphansi kubukezwa umahluleli wezindaba zomuntu siqu. Katz v. United States [1967], iNkanto enquma ukuthi “ukulindela okunengqondo kwemfihlo, okuhlola ukuthi umuntu ulindele imfihlo yemfihlo eyimfihlo yini.

Ngaphansi IKHAZ, imvume idingeka lapho ukugcinwa komthetho kungena endaweni noma emsebenzini lapho umuntu elindele ukuba wedwa. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ngaphakathi ekhaya, ehhovisi langasese, noma phakathi nezingxoxo zomuntu siqu. Ngokungafani, imisebenzi eqhutshwa obala noma ngokubona okusobala ayiphathi ithemba elifanayo, ivumela amaphoyisa ukuba abhale ngaphandle kwemvume. Nokho, ukwanda kwamakhamera nezimiso zokuhlola ividiyo kufiphele, kuholela ezinkingeni ezintsha zomthetho.

Izimfuneko Ezinhle Zokudweba Umzimba

Amakhamera agqokwa amaphoyisa aklanyelwe ukuqopha ukuhlangana kwezindawo zasendle. Ngenxa yokuthi izikhulu zisebenza njalo ezindaweni zomphakathi − i-street, amapaki, noma ukwakha amapulangwe − ukuma kwemfihlo ngokuvamile kunciphile. Ngenxa yalokho, akudingeki ukuba kuthathwe izimvume zokuthwebula ikhamera yomzimba lapho kuqashelwa noma kumiswa izimoto ezindaweni zomphakathi. INkantolo Ephakeme inqume njalo ukuthi abantu abanalo ithuba elingokomthetho lokuzilindelela ukuthi bachaye kunoma yikuphi lokho abakudalele umphakathi, ngisho noma beyindaba yamaphoyisa.

Izindawo zomphakathi eziphikisanayo

I-calculus iyashintsha uma izikhulu zingena ezindaweni ezingasese. Uma isikhulu singena ekhaya noma ebhizinisini ngemvume yomniniyo noma ngaphansi kwezimo eziguquguqukayo, ukuqopha ikhamera yendikimba kungavunyelwa ngaphandle kwemvume. Nokho, uma umthetho uhlose ukusebenzisa amakhamera okusidumbu ukuba athathe umbhalo oyimfihlo ngaphakathi noma ezindaweni lapho kulindeleke khona ukuba inkulumo ibe yimfihlo, njengokuyigumbi lokulala noma ihhovisi lommeli, kungadingeka khona ngempela. Indaba United States v. Jones[FL:] [202] iveza ukuthi kufakwa isisetshenziswa yimishini embonini yempahla noma ephepheni. [i-FLT]

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izifundazwe eziningi ziye zasebenzisa imithetho ethile elawula ukusetshenziswa kwekhamera yendikimba. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izikhulu zifuna ukuba zazise abantu lapho kuqoshwa uma kwenzeka lokho kuqoshwa endaweni lapho kulindeleke khona ukuba umuntu abe wedwa. Ezinye zigunyaza ukuba amakhamera omzimba asebenze kuphela phakathi nezinhlobo ezithile zokuhlangana. Izimo eziphuthumayo kumelwe zisebenzise lezi zimfuneko ezihlukene zenqubo kanye nesivikelo somthetho-sisekelo.

Ukuvuma Nokusebenza Kwekhamera Yomzimba

Ukuvuma kunikeza imfuneko evamile efunwayo. Uma umuntu evuma ukuqoshwa, ukufakwa kwekhamera kuvame ukukhishwa ngisho nangaphandle kwemvume. Nokho, imvume kumelwe ivele ngokuzithandela, itshelwe, futhi ingabi naphutha. Uma kuqashelwa, izikhulu zingamane ziluleka umsolwayo noma ufakazi ukuthi zibhaliwe, futhi ukubambisana okuqhubekayo kungakha imvume eqondiswe. Izinkantolo zihlola ingqikithi yezimo zokunquma ukuthi umuntu onengqondo uzizwa ekhululekile yini ukwenqaba. Abaphathi bencwadi bangavuma noma nini lapho kungenzeka ukuba bagweme imisebenzi yokucindezela.

Okunye ukuguquguquka okubucayi: Amakhamera omzimba ngokuvamile afakwa ngokuqhubekayo phakathi nomshicileli, kodwa ukuvuselelwa komzimba okungakhethi kungaphakamisa izindaba. Uma iphoyisa liyicima ngamabomu ikhamera ngaphambi kokungena endaweni yangasese ukuze ligweme imfuneko engokomthetho, leso senzo ngokwaso singase sibhekwe njengesingekho emthethweni. Eminye iminyango inezimiso ezifuna amakhamera ahlale ekhona phakathi nazo zonke izimo ezihlobene nomthetho, ngaphandle kokuba kunesizathu esithile esiyimfihlo sokuvala imoto.

Izimfuneko Ezishukumisayo Zokulwa Nge - video

Ukuqapha kwevidiyo, ikakhulukazi lapho kuqhutshwa ngamakhamera aqinile noma ngemishini efihlayo, ngokuvamile kuthatha iSichibiyelo sesine ngokuqondile kakhulu kunekhamera yomzimba. Ukuzimisela ukuthi umbhalo udingeka yini kushintsha izici ezimbili: indawo yokuqapha nokusebenza kwekhamera. Ikhamera ebanzi ezindaweni zomphakathi cishe njengamakhoneni emigwaqo, amapaki, noma izakhiwo zikahulumeni zidinga isiqinisekiso ngoba abantu abanalo ithuba elifanele lokufihla imfihlo emphakathini. Nokho, ukuqapha, ukuqapha isikhathi eside, noma ukuthatha amakhamera athatha umsebenzi ezikhaleni eziyimfihlo ngokuvamile kudinga imvume.

I-foundt v. I-oververaince

Amakhamera afihlakele, afihlekile embonini futhi asetshenziswa ukubuka imisebenzi embonini yangasese, cishe njalo idinga isiqinisekiso esisekelwa yisizathu okungenzeka. United States v. Cuevas-Sanchez (1987), isifunda sesihlanu sesifunda sabambelela ekutheni ukufakwa kukahulumeni wekhamera efihliweyo endaweni yangasese kwakusho ukuthi “sesha” ngaphansi kweSikhawu seSine seSimemezelo, kanjalo kudinga isiqinisekiso. Ngokufanayo, ukusetshenziswa kwe-palm eqopha njalo isakhiwo esibhaliwe egcekeni noma endaweni yangasese kungathathwa njengokuhlola uma ukuqapha umuntu okuqashelwe futhi kuqhubeka kusendaweni yakhe.

Ngokuphambene, amakhamera angaphezulu abonakala ngokucacile futhi aqophe kuphela lokho umuntu angakubona endaweni yomphakathi ngokuvamile okuvunyelwe ngaphandle kwemvume. Ngokwesibonelo, ikhamera ebekwe esigxotsheni sokukhanya esibhalwe umgwaqo ongangqubuzani neSichibiyelo Sesine. Iphuzu eliyinhloko liwukuthi inqubo yokuhlola yembula ukwaziswa okungenakutholakala ngokuhlola okungokomthetho ezindaweni zomphakathi.

Imfundiso Nezobuchwepheshe Zesithathu

Imfundiso yesithathu iqukethe ukuthi abantu abanalo ukulindela okunengqondo kokwethulwa kokwaziswa okuhlangatshezwana nabanye ngokuzithandela. Lemfundiso iye yasetshenziselwa ekuthatheni amavidiyo aqoshwe ngamakhamera okuvikela azimele kamuva atholwa yi-operagi angokomthetho ngaphandle kwemvume. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ikhamera yomakhelwane ithatha ubufakazi bobugebengu, amaphoyisa angathola lowo mnyango ngaphandle kwemvume ngoba umenzi womuntu okhululekile ukuguqula ikhamera. Nokho, uma uhulumeni esebenzisa ikhamera kamakhelwane njengethuluzi lakhe lokuhlola ngokuqhubekayo noma ngokucela i-songeniswa kwe-software eqhubekayo noma ngokufaka ezinye izikhothathu ze-projekthi ze-teji ye-teccoption. Isinqumo seNkakhulu singendlela ye-'i-FLT] v.[5] U-United States [2001]

Abahlukile Endinganisweni Eqaphile

Ngisho noma ukuqapha ngokuvamile kungadinga isiqinisekiso, izimpawu eziningana ezimiswe kahle zivumela ukugcinwa komthetho ukuba kuqhubeke ngaphandle komthetho. Lokhu kuhlukile kusobala futhi kumelwe kusetshenziswe ngokucophelela ukuze kugwenywe ukwephulwa komthetho-mthetho.

Izimo Ezibi

Izimo ezithathelwanayo zivumela ukuba kuqashelwe uma kunesidingo esisheshayo sokuvimbela ukulimala, ukuphunyuka, noma ukubhujiswa kobufakazi. Ngokwesibonelo, uma isikhulu sibona umsoli osolwayo ebalekela esakhiweni, ukusebenzisa ikhamera yendikimba ukuze abhale ukuxoshwa nokungena okulandelayo kungavunyelwa ngaphandle kwemvume. Ngokufanayo, uma abaphendula ngokuphuthumayo bebizwa esimweni esiphuthumayo ekhaya, noma i - video ebanjwa yikhamera yendikimba phakathi nokukhululwa ngokuvamile iyafaneleka. Nokho, ukuthatha ikhamera kungathethelelwa ekuqasheleni ijubane ngemva kokuba imoto iphelile.

Usizo

Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngaphambili, imvume ingasiqeda isidingo semvume. Ukuvuma kungashiwo (imvume noma ibhalwe) noma kuboniswe ngokuziphatha. Emkhakheni wokuhlola ividiyo, umnini mpahla angavumela amaphoyisa ukuba afake ikhamera endaweni yawo. Okanye, umsoli ovumayo ukuba akhulume nezikhulu zemoto yamaphoyisa enemvume yokuthwebula ikhamera ehlangeneyo. I-Accounting kumelwe aqinisekise ukuthi imvume ayiphoqelelwanga futhi ukuthi imvume iqondwa kahle.

Umbono Ongamanga

Imfundiso ecacile ivumela izikhulu ukuba zithathe ubufakazi ngaphandle kobufakazi uma bubonakala ngokushesha njengobungagunyaziwe futhi isikhulu sikhona ngokomthetho. Lemfundiso isebenza ekuqapheni kwevidiyo futhi: uma ikhamera ithatha umsebenzi ongekho emthethweni ngokubonakalayo kwe-"njengesidakamizwa esisemgwaqweni womphakathi""ingabonakala kalula noma ngaphandle kwemvume. Nokho, uma ikhamera isetshenziselwa ukukhuthaza ezindaweni ezingacacile ngokwendawo esobala esobala, kungadingeka isiqinisekiso.

Imithetho Ehlukahlukene Kahulumeni Nezincazelo Zokwahlulela

Nakuba iSichibiyelo sesine sinikeza isisekelo, imibuso ngayinye iye yamisa imithetho emisa izimfuneko ezengeziwe zekhamera yesidumbu nokuhlola amavidiyo. Ngokwesibonelo, izifunda-zwe eziningi zifuna ukuba ukugcinwa komthetho kuthole imvume ngaphambi kokuba kuqaliswe amakhamera endikimba ngaphakathi kwendawo yokuhlala yangasese, ngisho noma isikhulu sikhona ngokomthetho. Eminye inemithetho “ehlukene emibili yemvume” yokuqopha izindlebe, engathinta ukuthatha kwekhamera okubamba izingxoxo. Ezindabeni ezinjengo-Illinois, i-Eavesting Act yazisa imvume yawo wonke amaqembu ekuqopheni izingxoxo zangasese, nakuba izinguquko zamuva ziye zaqopha ngaphandle komthetho wokugcinwa.

Izinkantolo eziphakeme zikahulumeni zifeza indima ekuchazeni isivikelo sobuso bezindaba esiyimfihlo ngaphansi komthetho - sisekelo wombuso. Ezinye izifundazwe, njengeWashington neMassachusetts, ziye zachaza imithetho - sisekelo yazo yombuso ukuba inikeze isivikelo esikhulu somuntu siqu kuneSichibiyelo Sesine. Izinhlangano zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho kumelwe ziqaphele kokubili izimfuneko zikahulumeni nohulumeni zokugwema ukubekwa isibopho somphakathi nokucindezelwa okusobala.

Izimfune Zokuphoqelelwa Komthetho Namalungelo Ezindaba Zomuntu Siqu

Ukusebenzelana phakathi kwezimfuneko zomthetho nobuchwepheshe bokuhlola kunemiphumela ephawulekayo yakho kokubili ukusebenza kwamaphoyisa nenkululeko yomphakathi. Kumthetho ophoqelelwe, ukuyiqonda lemithetho kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ubufakazi obuqoqwe ngamakhamera endikimba nokuqapha amavidiyo bungathunyelelwa enkantolo. Ukwehluleka ukuthola isiqinisekiso lapho kudingeka kungaphumela ekucinyweni kobufakazi obugxekayo futhi kungaholela ekumangalelweni ngenxa yokwephulwa kwamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo.

Ubufakazi Obungaqondakali

Izinkantolo zisebenzisa umthetho wokuzihlukanisa ukuze zicindezele ubufakazi obutholakele besiMinzi seSichibiyelo sesine. Lokhu kusho ukuthi noma yibuphi ikhamera yomzimba noma i-video ethathwe ngaphandle komthetho lapho kufunwa umuntu cishe ngeke isetshenziswe uma kuqulwa icala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma ukuqapha kwakuqala kwakungekho emthethweni, noma yibuphi ubufakazi obuthathwe kulelo nyawo (njengamazwi ofakazi noma ubufakazi obungokoqobo obubekwe njengomphumela) bungakhishwa futhi ngaphansi “kwesivunguvungu somuthi” imfundiso. Ngakho izinhlangano zomthetho zokuqondisa kumelwe ziqeqeshe izikhulu ngezikhathi eziqondile ezinikeza izimfuneko eziyimfuneko.

Ukwethenjwa Komphakathi Nokulandisa

Ukuthola imvume efanele yokuqapha kungaqinisa ukwethenjwa komphakathi. Uma izakhamuzi zibona ukuthi ukugcinwa komthetho kuhlonipha ukuzifihla futhi kulandela izinqubo ezingokomthetho, zithambekele kakhulu ekusekeleni futhi zibheke umnyango njengofanelekile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izenzakalo zokuqapha okungagunyaziwe kamuva ezingase zibonakalise ukuthembana kanye nokuhlaba ihlasimu. Ukusetshenziswa kwamakhamera okusebenza emzimbeni kuye kwakhuthazwa njengethuluzi lokuveza obala, kodwa lokho kungcono uma ukuqopha kwenziwa ngokwephula amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu. Izimiso ezicacile nokunamathela ekuqinisekiseni izimfuneko ezidingekayo kamuva kungaqeda ukulinganisela okusheshayo phakathi kokulandisa nokufihla icala.

Imikhuba Engcono Kakhulu Yokuphoqelelwa Komthetho

Ukuze zikwazi ukulawula izindawo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezingokomthetho, izinhlangano kufanele zamukele izimiso eziqinile ezikhuluma ngalezi zindawo ezilandelayo:

  • [ Ukuqeqesha amathemba ayimfihlo:[ abaphathi kufanele baqeqeshelwe ukuqaphela izimo lapho umuntu elindele ukuba wedwa ngokufanelekile khona (eceleni kwekhaya, ekamelweni lasesibhedlela, noma phakathi nengxoxo eyimfihlo) futhi afundiswe ukuthola imvume noma imvume ngaphambi kokuqopha kuleyo mininingwane.
  • Engathandekiyo i-Operactives for Body Cameras: i-Policies kufanele isho uma amakhamera kumele asebenze, uma engase avalwe amandla ngenxa yezizathu zobumfihlo (umzk., ukukhuluma nesisulu sokunukubezwa ngokobulili), kanye nendlela yokubhala.
  • Imithetho elandelwayo ye-'transfects' eqinile': Ngaphambi kokufaka ikhamera egqumeni noma ukuphatha ividiyo isikhathi eside embonini yangasese, isiqinisekiso kumelwe sitholakale ngaphandle kokuba kusetshenziswe isikhala esihlukile. Izimo-mfundamazwe kufanele futhi zifune isiqondiso somthetho lapho zithumela ubuchwepheshe obusha bokuhlola.
  • [[NTL:0] I-Data Reontation and Access Policies: Ngisho noma ividiyo itholakala ngokomthetho ngaphandle kwemvume, ukukwazi ukungena nokusetshenziswa kungaphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngasese. Ukulinganisela ukungena kwendlela yokungena nokusetshenziswa kwayo ezinjongweni ezingokomthetho zokugcinwa komthetho kunganciphisa ukuchayeka ezingozini.
  • Imikhankaso eqhubekayo nokwengamela: ukubukeza kwangaphakathi kwekhamera yomzimba nokusetshenziswa kokuhlolwa kungasiza ekuboneni ukuphulwa komthetho nokuqinisekisa ukuvumelana nezimfuneko zomthetho.

Ngokuzijwayeza ukwamukela le mikhuba emihle, izinhlangano zinganciphisa izingozi ezingokomthetho kuyilapho zithuthukisa izinzuzo zobuchwepheshe bokuhlola.

Isiphetho

Izimfuneko eziqinile zamakhamera endikimba nokuqapha kwamavidiyo zisekelwe ekuvikelweni kweSichibiyelo sesine sokuhlola okungacabangeli. Nakuba ubuchwepheshe bushintsha, isimiso esiyisisekelo sisalokhu sikhona: ukugcinwa komthetho kumelwe kuhloniphe ukulindela komuntu okunengqondo kokungafihliwe. Amakhamera omphakathi adinga isiqinisekiso, kodwa ukuqapha okukhethekile kuyadingeka lapho kuqoshiwe lapho kuhlaselwa izindawo eziyimfihlo noma ukuxhumana okuyimfihlo. Ukuhlola kweze-vidiyo, ikakhulukazi okufihlekile noma ukuhlola okuthatha isikhathi eside, ngokuvamile kudinga isiqinisekiso, ngaphansi kwemithetho echazwe kahle. Imithetho yoMbuso inganezela imingcele eyengeziwe yesivikelo. Ngoba ukugcinwa komthetho, ukuqeqeshwa okucacile nokucacile kudingekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwalamathuluzi anamandla kungokomthetho kungokomthetho kuya ngokomthetho futhi kuyamukeleka obala. Njengoba indawo esemthethweni iqhubekela ukuba kuqhubeke, ukugcinwa okunikezwa ngokwaziswa ngezinqulu ngokomthetho ngezenzo zokwahlulela nokushintsha.

Ukuze ufunde okwengeziwe ezimisweni ezingokomthetho okuxoxwe ngazo, cabangela ukubukeza isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme nj. United States, ithonya le Karpater v. United States[FLT] [FLT] eyimfihlo yezimiso, kanye noMnyango weSishayamthetho [FLT:] [FLT] inikeza umbono wenkululeko yekhamera yesizwe. , futhi [[FLT:]]