Ukubukeka Okusemthethweni Kwenqaba Amaphoyisa

Kuleminyaka eyishumi edlule, izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni kulo lonke elase-United States ziye zamisa izinguquko ezinkulu ezinqunyweni zamaphoyisa, ziqhutshwa yizicelo zokuba ngcono, ukulandisa, nokumelelwa komphakathi. Lemithetho ithonya ngokuqondile elingaba isikhulu somthetho, indlela izinhlangano ezikhanga ngayo abazokufaka abazohlolwa, kanye nokuthi yiziphi izinhlangano ezifuna ukuthatha izimpawu zemithetho ehlukahlukene. Imiphumela eqhubekayo yalo msebenzi wobukhomba ibuye yaguqula i-payingi, yadala amathuba nezingxabano ukuthi abaholi benhlangano, abaphathi bezimiso, nabaphathi bezimiso, nomphakathi kumelwe bahambe.

Isenzo sombuso esisezingeni eliphezulu sezenzakalo zamaphoyisa eziphezulu zokusebenzisa impoqo kanye nezingxoxo zesizwe eziwumphumela mayelana nobukhoma bezimiso. Ngokwe- uNgqungquthela yesizwe ye-State Legislatures, izifunda ezingaphezu kuka-40 zicabangela umthetho oqondiswe ngokuqondile ekutholeni amaphoyisa, ekuqasheni izindinganiso, nasezindinganisweni ezihlukahlukene. Nakuba ubukhulu buhlukahluka kakhulu, imicu evamile ihlanganisa ukususa imingcele yababelwe ezizinzeni ezingaphansi kwezizinde, ukuqeqesha abantu ngokucwasana ngokungenaphutha ngenxa yokuqasha izindawo zokuqesha, nokufuna ukuqondisa umphakathi wezenzo zokuqasha.

Ukuqonda indlela lemithetho ethinta ngayo kokubili inani nezinga lezinhlangano ezifaka isicelo, kanye nezinga lenani labantu, kubalulekile kunoma ubani ohileleke ekuqondiseni ukuphepha komphakathi. Lesi sihloko sihlola izici eziyinhloko zomthetho kahulumeni wamuva, imiphumela yawo engenakulinganiswa ekujoyineni kwabantu nokuhlukahluka, izinselele eziye zavela, kanye noshintsho lwezimiso olungase ludingenwe oluqhubekayo.

Ukubukeka Okungokomthetho: Amalungiselelo Ayinhloko Emithetho KaHulumeni

Imithetho yoMbuso ekhuluma ngokubuthwa kwamaphoyisa nokuhlukahluka ngokwezigaba eziningi. Amalungiselelo avame kakhulu ahlasela inqubo yokubuthwa ngokwayo, ezama ukususa izithiyo zesimiso eziye zakhishwa ngokwesiko, abesifazane abanombala, nabazothatha izizinda ezingezona ezesiko.

Ukuqeqeshela Abaqeshi Bezinto Eziyigugu Ukuzivuselela

Izigodi eziningi manje zidinga ukuba izikhulu ezihileleke ekubhalisweni nasekuqashweni okuqinisekisiwe ngokuqeqeshwa okuphelele kobandlululo olucacile nokuncintisana kwamasiko. Ingcaca iqondile: uma abantu abakhetha abazobhapathizwa benobandlululo olungekho zingqondweni, iqumu labafaki-zicelo nabaqashwa ngokunokwenzeka liyobonisa lokho bandlululo. Ngokwesibonelo, izikhulu zaseCalifornia Ukugunyaza ngezindinganiso ze-Profecter Office and Training (POLT) zasungula izifundo eziqondile ezihlanganisa imikhuba yokuqashwa okungalawuleki, eye yamukelwa yiminyango eminingi eqenjini engaphandle kwezwezwe.

Ukusungula Imigomo Ehlukahlukene Neyokuhlangana

Inani elandayo lezifundazwe lidinga izinhlangano eziqapha umthetho ukuba zihlele izisulu ezingenakuguqulwa. Lokhu kuvame ukuhlanganiswa nokwakheka kwenani labantu abasebenzayo. Eminye imithetho imane igunyaza ukubika kwaminyaka yonke ngenani labantu abasebenzayo, kuyilapho eminye iqhubeka, ifuna ukuba izinhlangano zibonise intuthuko noma zilahlekelwe izimali ze-odocts. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Illinois, yalungisa i-Police Training Act yayo ukuze ifune wonke umnyango wohlelo lwezinhlobonhlobo zezindawo futhi ibike izibalo zaminyaka yonke ngokuphathelene nokuqashwa, ukuqashwa, nokugcinwa kwezinhlanga, ubuhlanga, nobulili.

Izinhlelo Zokubuyisela Zomphakathi

Umthetho ezifundazweni ezinjengeMinnesota ne-Oregon uye waxhasa imizamo yokuthola inzuzo yomphakathi eletha abangase bangene emapayipini ngaphambi kokuba basebenzise. Lezinhlelo ezisebenza nezikole eziphakeme zendawo, amakholiji, nezinhlangano zomphakathi zokudalula amaqembu angaphansi kwemisebenzi yobupopulishi, ngezinye izikhathi kuhlanganise nemishini ekhokhelwayo, izinhlelo zobungcweti, kanye nezikhungo zokuhlola umphakathi. Ifilosofi engaphansi kokubhalisa kumelwe iqale kudala ngaphambi kokuba i-acreding ibekwe, futhi leyo sakhiwo semiphakathi ebekwe ngokwezimo zezomlando siyimfuneko yokukhanga abacela abacela abahlukene.

Ukulungisa Isimo Sengqondo Sokungagwegwesi

Mhlawumbe indawo ephikisana kakhulu yoshintsho lwezinqumo ihilela ushintsho lwezimo ezilinganiselwe. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zehlisa imfuneko yobudala kusukela ku-21 kuya ku-18 yezindawo ezithile, kanti ezinye zinezidingo ezikhululekile zemfundo (umz., ezingasafuni iziqu ezihlobene) noma ezikhuliswe uhlu lolwazi olwamukelekayo ngaphambili (njengomsebenzi wezempi, umsebenzi wezenhlalakahle, noma ukufundisa ngentsha). Abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi ukwehlisa izindinganiso zesikhathi kuya ngokuyekethisa, kodwa iphuzu lokucwaninga kubonisa ukuthi izimfuneko eziningi ezingokwesiko azihlobene kakhulu nomsebenzi kanye nesikrini esiqinile nabafanelekayo abavela ezizindeni ezimpofu. [[FLT:] [FLT:Pult]Picecleaust Arheccence Forum[FULT:1]

Ukulinganisa Ithonya Ekuvuselelweni Nokuhlukahluka

Imiphumela yomthetho kahulumeni wokuthola amaphoyisa iyinkimbinkimbi, ihlukahluka ngokwemithetho, ukuhlanganisa ukwethembeka, kanye nokwaziswa okubanzi kwezenhlalo. Nakuba okunye ukuhlola kuye kwabonisa intuthuko engcono ekhona ekulinganisweni kwezindlela ezihlukahlukene, okunye ukwaziswa kusikisela ukuthi ukujoyina yonke into kuye kwaba nzima kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva, ngaphandle kwemithetho eqondile. Ukungavumelani nethonya lomthetho kwezinye izici kudinga ukuhlaziywa ngokucophelela kwezimiso ezihlolwa ngaphambi nangemva kwemithetho.

Izinzuzo Eziqondile: Izinqubo Ezithuthukisiwe Ezivela Eqenjini Eliphakanyiswe

Izifundazwe eziningi zibike ukwanda kwezicelo ezibhalwe abazohlolwa ngemibala nabesifazane ngemva kokwamukela umthetho oqondiswe ngokuhlukahluka. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuhlolwa kwemithetho yokuguqula izakhiwo zamaphoyisa eNew York ngo-2022 kwathola ukuthi iminyango eyasungula izinhlelo zokujoyina umphakathi yathola ukwanda okungu-15% kwabafaki-zicelo abathi bangamaBlack, amaSpania, noma ama-Asia phakathi neminyaka emibili. Ngokufanayo, ukuhlola izinhlangano zase California ezamukela ukuqeqeshwa kokuqasha okungaqeshiwe ngendlela esemthethweni kwabonisa ukuncitshiswa okungalinganiyo phakathi kwedidi eliqeshiwe neqembu eliqashiwe.

Ngaphandle kwezinombolo ezishayekile, izinhlangano eziningi zibika intuthuko ekuthembekeni komphakathi nasekubambisana. Uma amabhodi okuqasha ehlanganisa abameleli bomphakathi, noma lapho izinto zokuqasha zigcizelela ngokucacile isibopho somnyango sokufuna ukwahlukahluka, abangase bafake isicelo bangase bazizwe bemukeleke kakhulu. i-Interrand Corporation[[ iye yakhipha ukuhlola kobufakazi becala okubonisa ukuthi iminyango isebenzisa ukuqasha nokuthumela iposi iye yakha ubuhlobo obuqinile nemiphakathi emincane, okuholela ekubizeni ubugebengu obubambisana kakhulu nokuveza amanani aphezulu emacala athile.

Izinselele Nemiphumela Engalindelekile

Naphezu kwalempumelelo, izinhlangano eziningi ziye zazama ukuhlangabezana nezimfuneko ezintsha zemithetho. Imithombo eyisithiyo esiyinhloko. Ukuhlanganisa ukuqeqeshwa komphakathi ngokuhlukahluka, ukuqhuba izenzakalo zomphakathi, nokulandelela imininingwane yabantu kudinga ukuxhaswa okunikezelwe ngokwezimali kanye nezisebenzi. Iminyango emincane, ikakhulukazi leyo esezindaweni zasemaphandleni, ngokuvamile ayinamali yokuvumelana ngokugcwele. Amanye amazwe, nakuba edlulayo, awazabelanga izimali ezengeziwe zokuwasekela, ashiya izinhlangano zishiye izinhlangano ukuze zithole izindleko ezinikezelweyo noma isilinganiso sezinhlelo ezidlulele emuva.

Enye inselele ukuphikiswa kwezombangazwe kusukela kokubili ngaphakathi nangaphandle komthetho ophoqelelwayo. Kwezinye izifunda, izinhlangano nezikhulu ze-code ne-file zezikhulu ziye zamelana nokuthatha izinyathelo zokuhlola izinhlobonhlobo, ziphikisa ukuthi zilingana nezilinganiso noma izindinganiso ezinciphisanayo. Lokhu kwenqaba kungabonakala ngokusebenza kancane, ukungenzi ngokomthetho owenziwayo, noma ngisho nezinselele ezingokomthetho. Emacaleni ambalwa aphezulu, umthetho kahulumeni uye walungiswa noma wabuyiselwa ngemva kokucindezelwa amaphoyisa, kwakha umsebenzi wezimiso eziguquguqukayo ezihlukene phakathi kwesimo esifanayo.

Ukukhathazeka Ngokuncipha Kwezindinganiso

Indaba yezimiso ezilungisiwe zokungaguquguquki ithathe ukugxeka okukhulu. Uma amazwe enciphisa izimfuneko zemfundo noma ukudambisa izisekelo zokuhlola isizinda, amanye amanxusa amakhulu amaphoyisa nochwepheshe baxwayisa ngokuthi izingozi zomsebenzi ovuma abadinga ukwahlulela, ukuqina, noma ukubekwa kwezimiso zokuziphatha ezidingekayo kumaphoyisa anamuhla. Nokho, abasekeli baphikisana ngokuthi izindinganiso ezingokwesiko ngokuvamile ziwubushiqela futhi azisekelwe ebufakazini. Ngokwesibonelo, ukufuna iziqu zemfundo zasekolishi ezineminyaka emine zingahlola amasosha noma abaphathi bomphakathi abanolwazi abanolwazi oluhle kakhulu. Isihluthulelo, bayaphikisa ukuthi, kuqinisekisiwe ukuthi noma yiziphi izindinganiso ezisalokhu zikhona ezikhona ezikhona ezihambelana ngokuqondile emsebenzini futhi zingalinganiswa njalo.

Izwe lishintshashintsha-shintsha: Ukubhekisisa Izimpikiswano Ezintathu

Ukuze siqonde ukuthi izwe elingokoqobo linamandla kangakanani, kuyasiza ukuhlola indlela amazwe ahlukahlukene aye afinyelela ngayo izinguquko.

ECalifornia: I - Comprehentive, I - Framed Yomsebenzi Owenziwe Ngezinsimbi

ICalifornia ibiphambili ekushintsheni kwemithetho. Ngaphezu kwemfuneko yokuqeqesha kobandlululo lwe-POST, isifundazwe sadlula i-AB 846 (2020) enqabela amanxusa ukuba angabethi abafaki izikhala ezisekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwensangu ngaphambili, siqaphela ukuthi imingcele enjalo ethintekayo ngokungenakulinganiswa emiphakathini yemibala. Lombuso futhi waxhasa uhlelo lokuqeqeshela u-"peer-topeer" oluqeqeshela izikhulu zamanje ezizizinda ezihlukahlukene ukuba zikhonze njengenxusa ezinkonzweni zomphakathi. Imiphumela yasekuqaleni ye-injini yendiza yabonisa ukuthi iminyango esebenzisa ontanga yabona ukwanda kwenani lezicelo zemibala phakathi nonyaka owodwa.

ITexas: I - decentraline, Ilawula Indawo

ITexas, ngokungafani, iye yathatha indlela ehloniphekile kakhulu. Nakuba i-Texas Commission on Law Enforcement (TCOLE) imisa izindinganiso eziyisisekelo, izinqubo eziningi zokujoyina zibekwa ngesilinganiso sikamasipala. Amadolobha amaningana amakhulu [1] kuhlanganise ne Houston, Dallas, ne-Austin , ngokuzimele kusetshenziswa imiyalelo ehlukahlukene, kodwa isishaya-mthetho sezwe asithathanga isikhathi eside ukuthatha isinyathelo. Umthetho ka 2023 owawufuna zonke izinhlangano ukuba zisebenzise amasu omphakathi awuphumeleli. Njengomphumela, i-Texass iveza ukuhlukahlukahluka okukhulu: eminye iminyango inemisebenzi ehlukahlukene kakhulu, kanti eminye iminyango ihlala imhlophe nabesilisa.

IConnecticut: Ukusekela Ukusetshenziswa Kwezinto Ezihlukahlukene

I-Connecticut idlulise umthetho ka-2021 oxhumanisa imishini yamaphoyisa nobuchwepheshe ekusebenziseni komnyango izinqubo ezihlukahlukene nezihlangene. Lendlela i-"carrot" iphumelele ekukhuthazeni amanxusa amancane ukuba ahlanganyele. Lombuso wakha futhi itheku eliphethe elikhangisa izikhala eminyangweni yonke, lenze kube lula ngabazodwa abavela kunoma kuphi ezweni ukuba basebenzise. Kusukela kusungulwe i-techtal, inani lezicelo zabesifazane nabathathiwe yidlana liye lanyuka ngo-18% kazwelonke.

Ukusekela Imali Nezinkinga Zengcebo

Umthetho kahulumeni uvame ukuhluleka ukuveza umthwalo ongokwezimali owubeka ezinhlanganweni. Ukuthatha izinyathelo eziningi ezihlukahlukene kudinga izisebenzi ezengeziwe, izinto zokuqeqesha, izimiso zokwaziswa, nemikhankaso yokuthola ukwaziswa ngaphandle. Ngaphandle kwemibhoshongo enikezelwe yokusekela izimali, iminyango kumelwe ithole imithombo ekhona noma ifune iminikelo. I-Bhureau yeMitatisticstiki yeJaji [ ibhale ukuthi izinhlangano ezisezindaweni ezinemiyalo engagunyaziswanga, azinakali kakhulu ukubika ukuthobela okuphelele, futhi labo abavumelana nezinhlelo ezivame ukukwenza ngezindleko zezinhlelo ezinjengenqubo yomphakathi noma ukusabela kwengqondo.

Ezinye izifundazwe seziqalile ukusingatha leligebe. Ngokwesibonelo, i-New Jersey yakha uhlelo "Ukwenziwa kwe-Polication" oluxhaswe ngokukhokhelwa ngemali ekhokhwayo yasenkantolo. Imali yemali ihlanganisa izindleko zokuqeqesha kobandlululo, ukuhamba ukuze kuthathwe izenzakalo, kanye nokunikeza amalungu ebhodini lomphakathi. Ezinye izifundazwe ziye zanikeza izimali ze-oversementation ku-U.S. uMnyango we-Community Policision Services (COPS), nakuba le-ofisi ye-occompas), nakuba le miklomelo yokuncintisana ilinganiselwe futhi ingaqinisekisiwe.

Indima Yokuqondisa Umphakathi

Imithetho ezifundazweni eziningi ihlanganise abameleli bomphakathi abasemthethweni enqunyweni yokubuthwa. Ngokwesibonelo, eWashington, House Bill 1310 ifuna ukuba amabhodi okuqasha izikhundla zamaphoyisa ahlanganise okungenani ilungu elilodwa elingabuyi-othorinto lomphakathi owenziwe, elikhethelwe abantu abavela emaqenjini ahlukene ngokwengokomlando. Imithetho efanayo eMyakatho Carolina nase Georgia iye yasungula amakomiti ahlola imishini yokubhalisa nokuhlola imishini.

Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ukuqondisa komphakathi kwandisa ukubonakala futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi izindinganiso zomnyango zivumelana nezindinganiso zomphakathi. Abagxeki bakhathazekile ngokuthi kungaholela ekuqashweni kwezisebenzi noma izingxabano zenzalo. Ukuhlola kwakuqala kuye kwaxubana. Umbiko ovela we-National Association for Civinian Oversition of Law Inforcement (NACOLE) uthole ukuthi nakuba ukuhlanganyela kwezempi yamazwe ngokuvamile kuthuthukisa ukwethemba nokulandisa, kumelwe kuhambisane nokuqeqeshwa okufanele nokugwenywa okungadingekile noma ukwenqaba okungathembekile kwabafanelekayo.

Iziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo: Ukulungiswa Kwezimiso Nemikhuba Emihle Kakhulu

Njengoba amazwe eqhubeka elungisa izindlela zawo, kuye kwavela izifundo eziningana ezingaqondisa umthetho wesikhathi esizayo.

  • Izindinganiso ezisekelwe ku-'i-'i-'i-'i-'i-'i-'i-' Izimiso zokungakholeki' kufanele zisekelwe ekuhlaziyweni komsebenzi futhi ziqinisekiswe ngokucwaninga, hhayi ngokwesiko.] Izwe kufanele lifake imali ekuhloleni ukuthi yiziphi izimfanelo ezibikezela impumelelo nezimiso zokusebenza.
  • Ukuhlanganisa:[ Noma imuphi umyalo omusha kufanele ufike nomthombo onikezelwe wezimali noma inqubo yokukhipha imali yezinhlangano ezincane. Izinhlelo zokubuyisela izindleko ziye zaphumelela kakhulu kunemiyalo engagunyaziwe.
  • Iqoqo lokwaziswa lobuLongitudial:[ Ukuze kulinganiswe, izifundazwe kufanele zidinge izinhlangano ukuba zithumele ukubuthwa kwaminyaka yonke kanye nokuqashwa kwemininingwane, kuhlanganise nokuwohloka kwenani labantu, amazinga okuguqula abantu kusukela ekuqasheni ukuqashwa, kanye nezibalo zezemali. Le mininingwane kufanele ikhishwe obala ukuze ilandiswe.
  • Ukuhlobana nama-nyuklitu:[ Imithetho esungulwa ekuthintaneni nezinhlangano zezisebenzi ingenzeka kakhulu ukuba isetshenziswe ngokushelela. Izimiso ezihlakaniphile zilondoloza isikhulu somthetho futhi zihlonipha izivumelwano ezihlangeneyo kuyilapho ziqhubekisela phambili imigomo ehlukahlukene.
  • Amapayipi asebenza ngokubambisana: Kunokuba igxile kuphela esikhathini sokuqashwa, imithetho ephumelelayo isekela izinhlelo eziveza intsha ukuba ipholishi ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izikole zesikole, izinhlelo ezithatha ama-ademin, kanye nokubambisana namakholiji namayunivesithi angokomlando amaBlack College nama-S (HCUS) kanye nezinhlangano ezifundisa ama-Spanishi (HS).

Izinhlangano zesizwe eziningana, kuhlanganise ne Foundation ne Internationalpol Association of Shists of Police, ziye zasungula umthetho wesibonelo ohlanganisa imikhuba emihle kakhulu evela ezindaweni ezingaphandle kwezwe. Ukuthatha izithombe ezinjalo kunganciphisa ukuhlukana okukhona manje futhi kwakhe izindinganiso ezengeziwe ezifanayo, kuyilapho kusavumela ukuvunyela ukuvumelana nendawo.

Isiphetho

Umthetho kahulumeni unamandla okuguqula ukubuthwa kwamaphoyisa nokuthatha izinyathelo ezihlukahlukene. Uma iklanywe ngokucophelela futhi ixhaswe ngokwanele, le mithetho ingaholela emabuthweni awummeleli amaphoyisa, ukwethenjwa komphakathi okukhulu, futhi ithuthukise imiphumela yokuphepha komphakathi. Nokho, le nqubo ayinazihibe: imiyalelo engahlolwanga kahle ingacindezela imithombo yezezombangazwe, ibangele ukunqandwa kwezindinganiso eziphansi zezekhono. Imithetho ephumelela kakhulu yileyo esekelwe ebufakazini, eyakhelwe ngezinqubo ezizimele zomphakathi, futhi ehlonishwe ngezimali eziqhubekayo.

Ikusasa lamaphoyisa eMelika liyoxhomeka kakhulu ekutheni abamisi-mthetho bakahulumeni bangawuqeda yini lo mehluko. Njengoba iminyango ezweni lonke izama ukugcwalisa izikhala nokuthembana kabusha, ukuqashelwa kokuqashwa nokuhlukahluka kuyoba kukhulu. Ngokufunda kokubili ukuphumelela nokuhluleka komthetho wamuva, imibuso ingaletha izimiso zobungcweti ezingalethi nje kuphela abazobhapathizwa abahlukene kodwa futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi labo abazobhapathizwa bahlonyiselwe ukusebenza ngobuchwepheshe nobuqotho.

Ekugcineni, umgomo awukona nje ukushintsha ofaka ibheji, kodwa ukuguqula isiko lokugcinwa komthetho ngokwalo. umthetho woMbuso ungelinye ithuluzi elibucayi kulowomzamo omkhulu, futhi ukuziphendukela kwawo kwemvelo okuqhubekayo kuyowulolonga umsebenzi amashumi eminyaka azayo.