Isichibiyelo Sesine Nesivikelo Sezindaba Zomuntu Zomuntu Ongasese

ISichibiyelo sesine soMthetho-sisekelo we-United States siqinisekisa ilungelo labantu lokulondeka kubantu babo, izindlu, amaphepha, nemiphumela emelene nokuphenywa okungenangqondo nokuquleka. Lesivikelo se-lick rock sidlulela eposini nasephaketheni lokuhambisa, inkantolo osekuyisikhathi eside ziqashelwa ngokuthi “amaphepha” futhi“afeza izimpawu ezifanele ukuvikelwa ngomthetho- sisekelo. Njengoba umboniso wekhulu lama-1877 inxenye yeJackson[[[, iNkanto ephakeme iphethe ukuthi izincwadi ezivalelwe izincwadi namaphakethe eposini ingaphansi kwezimfuneko ezifanayo ezifanele ukugcinwa njengekhaya noma imoto. Lokhu kusho ukugcinwa komthetho kungenakho ukuvula noma ukuhlola iposi noma iposi yangahlolwa ngokuhlola okusemthethweni okungahlanganikiwe yi-magempstmagethi, okusekelwa ngezizathu ezithi kanye kanye nezimpahla ezibangezo ezibangwa yizinto.

Ukuqonda izimfuneko ezingokomthetho zokuhlola iposi namaphasela kubucayi kubo bobabili izakhamuzi ezifuna ukuvikela imfihlo yazo nezisebenzi eziphoqelela umthetho ezizama ukuqhuba uphenyo olungokomthetho. Imithetho ayiqondile ngaso sonke isikhathi − ukudlulisa kwezindlela zanamuhla kuye kwasungula izinkimbinkimbi ezintsha. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukuphenya okungokomthetho kokulawula iposi yangasese namaphakethe, izimfuneko eziqondile zokuthola imvume, ukuqashelwa, kanye nezingakhomba-mfihlo enkathini yokuxhumana kwamanani nezokuthumela imbulunga yonke.

Isimiso Esingokomthetho Sabafuni Bempi

Imvume yokufuna umthetho ogunyaza ukugcinwa komthetho ukuba uqhube ukuseshwa komuntu othile, indawo, noma into ethile. Uma kufunwa iposi namaphasela, imvume kumelwe ithathwe kumahluleli noma kumahluleli ngaphambi kokuba kufunwe, ingatholakali. ISichibiyelo sesine sibeka izimfuneko ezintathu eziyisisekelo zanoma isiphi isiqinisekiso esisebenzayo: izimbangela (isimo), impela, kanye nesifungo noma isifungo (i-affidavit).

Imbangela Enengqondo Ehlelweni

Imbangela engathi sína ikhona uma ukugcinwa komthetho kunenkolelo enengqondo, esekelwe emaqinisweni aqondile nasezimweni, ukuthi ubugebengu buye benziwa nokuthi ubufakazi balelocala bungatholakala eposini noma ephaketheni ukuze buphenyiswe. Lendinganiso iphakeme kunendlela yokusola nje kodwa iphansi kunobufakazi obungenakungatshazwa. Ngokwesibonelo, uma i-narcotics ihlola inja ephakelelwayo ephaketheni lesakhiwo seposi, iqaphe, ihlangene nezinye izingxebezo ezinjengekheli elisolayo noma indlela yokukhokha, ingaveza imbangela engenzeka. Izinkantolo zihlola ngokunokwenzeka imbangela esekelwe ekupheleleni kwezimo, uma kucatshangelwa ulwazi olukhona kumphathi ngesikhathi sokusebenza.

Kungenzeka ukuthi ibangela i-affidavit kumelwe inikeze amaqiniso aqondile, hhayi nje izitatimende ezivumelanayo. I-affidavit ejwayelekile ingahlanganisa imininingwane ephathelene nophendlo oluqhubekayo lokushushumbisa izidakamizwa, ukuqapha, izihloko ezibonisa ukuqinisekiswa, kanye namarekhodi abonisa ukuthunyelwa okuvamile okuvela emthonjeni owaziwayo wezinto ezilawulwayo. Uma i-affidavit incike kusimemezelo esiyimfihlo, isikhulu kumelwe simise ulwembuyiselo lwe-ant nolwesisekelo solwazi ngaphansi [[FLT: 0] [FLT]] Aulpunellic, nakuba imikhathi eminingi manje ilandela ingqikithi ethambileyo-odactal-octives ukusuka [FFF:]

Imfuneko Yokuchaza Ukuthi Ungubani

ISichibiyelo sesine siyayala ukuba “ngokuvamile sichaze indawo okumelwe ihlolwe, futhi abantu noma izinto ezizothathwa.” Ukuze iposi namaphasela, imvume kumelwe iphawule into ethile − ngokwesibonelo, iphasela elivalwe elithwele inombolo ethile, elibhekiswe kumuntu obizwa ngokuthi usendaweni ethile, futhi lisolwa ukuthi linezidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni. Incazelo enjengathi “noma yiziphi iziphakethe ezibhekiswe kuJohn Doe” izoshaywa phansi njengenkwedlulele. Imfuneko ethile ivimbela ujenene, i-Alathingle, iphengulushi futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu azingeni ngeposi yomuntu ehunch.

Emqoka wephakethe eliphethwe yisithuthi seposi esinjenge-FadEx, noma i-UPS, lo myalo kumelwe uchaze futhi indawo yokufuna − njengesikhungo esithile sokusakaza noma imoto yokuhambisa. Lokhu kungaba okuyinkimbinkimbi uma amaphakethe ehamba ngezindawo ezibanzi, okungadinga ukuhlanganiswa phakathi kweziphathimandla zikahulumeni nombuso.

Inqubo Ye - affidavit

Ukuze athole imvume, isikhulu somthetho kumelwe sinikeze umahluleli noma imantshi imvume efunwe ngesithembiso. I-affidavitt iveza amaqiniso aveza imbangela okungenzeka futhi ichaze izinto ezizoseshwa futhi ziphathwe. Umahluleli ube esehlola i-affidavit, angase abuze imibuzo, futhi anqume ukuthi imvume inikezwe imvume. Uma ivunyelwe, kumelwe ibulawe phakathi nesikhathi esithile, futhi kufanele ibekwe izinsuku eziyishumi kuya ku-14, kuye ngokuthi i-affidavit, futhi ibuyele enkantolo nge-operation yempahla ethathweyo.

I-affidavit iyikhambi eligxekayo. Uma iqukethe izinkulumo ezingamanga ezenziwe ngokwazi noma ngokunganaki ngeqiniso, imvume ingancishiswa ngaphansi kwe Firanks v.Delaware indinganiso, futhi noma yibuphi ubufakazi obubambekayo bungavinjelwa. Ukuhlola iposi, ama-affidavits ngokuvamile kuhlanganisa ukulandelela imikhondo, izingobo zokuhlola, izingqapheli, izixwayiso, nezinkulumo ezivela kofakazi noma abayazisayo.

Ukuhlukaniswa Nezimfuneko Ezinhle

Nakuba imfuneko yokugunyazwa ingeyiphutha, izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela ukunqatshelwa kwemithetho okuningana okuvumela ukugcinwa kwezincwadi ukuba kuhlole iposi noma amaphasela ngaphandle kwemvume.

Usizo

Uma umthumeli noma ohloselwe uvuma ngokuzithandela ukuseshwa kwephasela, akukho mvume edingekayo. Ngokwesibonelo, umuntu angase avume ukuhlolwa kwemithetho lapho kuthunyelwa impahla emhlabeni wonke, noma umninikhaya angavumela umhloli weposi ukuba avule iphasela elisolekayo. Imvume kumelwe inikezwe ngokuzithandela, hhayi umkhiqizo wokuphoqelelwa noma ukukhohlisa. Abaphathi-mikhosi abakudingi ukululeka umuntu welungelo labo ukuba angavumi, kodwa uhulumeni uthwele umthwalo wokuqinisekisa ukuthi imvume ingeyobokuzithandela.

Izimo Ezibi

Izinhlangano ezinikeza usongo oluseduze ekuphileni noma ingozi yokubhujiswa kobufakazi zingathethelela ukuphenywa kweposi noma amaphasela okungenasizathu. Ngokwesibonelo, uma iphasela libonakala linebhomu futhi lisolwa ukuba lihlale linebhomu, izikhulu zingalivula zingalindili imvume. Ngokufanayo, uma ukugcinwa komthetho kubangela ngokunokwenzeka ukuba iphakethe liqukethe ubufakazi obubonakalayo − njengezidakamizwa ezingagudlulwa noma zibhujiswe ngokushesha. (nesikhathi sokuthola imvume, izimo ezihluzekile zingasebenza. Izinkantolo zihlola ingqikithi yezimo, kuhlanganise nokuphuthuma kwesimo kanye nokutholakala kwamajaji (manje kunezingcingo zocingo noma izindlela zomshini zokugunyaza).

Ukuhlola Umngcele Nemikhuba

Emingceleni yomhlaba wonke kanye nezinto ezisebenzayo, uhulumeni unegunya elikhulu lokuhlola iposi namaphasela ngaphandle kwemvume. Lokhu “kuwukufuna imingcele,” okusekelwe elungelweni lombusi lokuvikela imingcele yakhe. Izikhulu zezentengiselwano zingavula iposi yomhlaba wonke, amaphasela, kanye namaphakethe athumelayo ukuze zihlole ukuthi ibhange libhaliswe, izimpahla ezinqatshelwe, noma izinto ezisemisebenzini. INkantolo Ephakeme iphethe ukuthi umnyango uhlola unengqondo ngaphansi kweSiphemende se-C5, nakuba ukuphenya kakhulu (ngokuphenya okuwumthuthi) kungadinga ukusola okunengqondo. Ukungena e-United States u-Mostal Servery and Custom and Cousttion Provition and Devition (CP) ngokuvamile, izincwadi nezimpahla ze-Xreams.

Ukushiywa Nemfundiso Yesithathu

Uma umuntu eshiya iphakethe elifanele lokuhambisa, ngokwesibonelo, ngokulishiya emfucumfucwini yomphakathi, noma ngokuhluleka ukulisho ngemva kwesaziso . "ISichibiyelo sesine asisalivikeli.] Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphansi kwemfundiso yesithathu yengxenye, ukwaziswa kuphendukele engxenyeni yesithathu ngokuzithandela (njengomphathi wokuthutha) kungalahlekelwa ithemba laso elinengqondo lokufihla imfihlo. United States v. uVanuweun Wenu [1970]), iNkantolo Ephakeme yakholelwa ukuthi ukuvalelwa okufushane kwempahla ngesikhathi ipholishwa isikhulu sisesimweni esivamile futhi lapho ingekho ukwephulwa kwephawu. Nokho, imfundiso yesithathu ayinikezi imvume ezivalelwe ukuba ivulwe, imvume yokuvulwa komthetho, ivumela ukuba isetshenziswe (imvume yokugcinwa kumthetho).

Izinhlelo Zokuhlola Nokuhlola Ezisebenzayo

Ezinye izinhlelo zokuphatha zigunyaza ukuhlolwa kwamaphasela ngaphandle kokuvumela ngaphansi kwezimo eziqinile. Ngokwesibonelo, uMnyango Wezolimo ungahlola izitshalo nezilwane ukuze kuvinjelwe ukusakazeka kwezinambuzane. Lokhu kuphenya ngokuvamile kusekelwa uma nje kufezwa isidingo esikhethekile sikahulumeni ngaphandle kokugcinwa komthetho ovamile futhi senziwa ngokwezimiso ezivamile, ezingathathi hlangothi.

Izinselele Zomuntu Siqu Nezinselele Zanamuhla

Imfuneko yokuthunyelwa kweposi nempahla eyimfihlo isisekelo sesivikelo esiyimfihlo, kodwa izinguquko zezobuchwepheshe nezentengiselwano ziye zadala izindawo ezintsha eziwubala ezingokomthetho. Ukwanda kokuxhumana ngemishini, ukwanda kwezinkonzo zokuthutha izincwadi zomuntu siqu, kanye nokwakheka kwembulunga yonke kwe-ecommerce konke kuye kwaphakamisa imibuzo ngesilinganiso seSichibiyelo seSine sesivikelo samaphakethe nezincwadi.

Ukulindela Ukuba Nempahla Yakho Yedwa

INkantolo Ephakeme ngokungaguquki iye yakholelwa ukuthi iphasela elivaliweyo eposini liphethe ukulindela okunengqondo kokuba umnini-mkhandlu. United States v. Jacobsen (19984), iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi isisebenzi esizimele esithuthile esivule iphakethe elili elilimele futhi sithole izidakamizwa ngeke kamuva sisetshenziswe njengenxusa likahulumeni ngaphandle kwemvume. Nokho, uma nje isiphakamiso sivulwa yiqembu elithile elizimele (umz., isisebenzi esiphethe i-athobolo esihlola ukuchitheka kwempahla), futhi umthetho umane uvivinye uhlola i-projectives, iSichimende Sesine singase singabi nalutho ngenxa yokuthi ukuphaza kwempatho kusuka esinyazandleni.

Lesimiso sinemiphumela emikhulu embonini yokuhambisa izimpahla. Amakhampani anjenge-Amazon, i-USS, ne-FEC ngokuvamile asebenzisa i-X-rey kanye nezinye iteknoloji zokuhlolwa ukuze avikeleke futhi asebenzise i-logism. Nakuba lezi zilinganiso zingaveza okuqukethwe yiphakethe, izinkantolo ngokuvamile ziye zathi ukuhlola okunjalo okungekona okungangeni ezinhlanganweni zabantu akwenzeli ukuphenya kukahulumeni. Kodwa uma isikhulu se-XEx sisebenzisa imiphumela ngokugcinwa komthetho, iSimemezelo sesine singavela uma ukubambisana kungadluli ukubambisana okuvamile.

Imiyalezo yezinombolo kanye ne-imeyili

Isivikelo seSichibiyelo sesine se- “amaphepha” manje sinwebela ngokucacile ekuxhumaneni ngemitapo, kuhlanganise ne-imeyili. Ex ngxenyee Jackson, iNkantolo evalelwe izimpawu ezivaliweyo ukuze ivalwe amaphakethe. Kuleyonkathi yonyaka, kusetshenziswa ukuqonda okufanayo kokuqukethwe ama-imeyili. Nokho, i-meyili yokuxhumana (18.S.C. 2701 et seq.) inikeza i-state comment evame ukunikeza isiqinisekiso sikahulumeni sokuphoqesha isikhwama se-imeyili ukuba sidlulise izinsuku ezingaphansi kwe-180. Uma ubhala (kusukela ekhelini, emakhelini), i-email noma ku-mameya-mampsss, i-pain noma i-pain e-oct. Lendlela yokuvikela i-sethiyo. I-eletutitut, futhi yomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womphakathi womthetho womthetho womphakathi womabili u-(o)

Ukungenela Kwabo Abathwalayo

Ngezinye izikhathi abathwali bavimbela amaphakethe ngenxa yokugcinwa komthetho. United States v. Van Leeuwen, iNkantolo yasekela ukulibala okufushane (amahora angu-29) amaphakethe amabili ngesikhathi izikhulu zihlola, ngoba ukulibala kwakukuncane futhi amaphakethe ayesesibambisweni sesikhulu. Izimo, ezifana ne United States v. La France[FLT[19] [1999], iye yacabangela ukuthi ijele elide yini noma “ukuthwala okungahambiswayo” (lapho isithuthi sempahla sidluliswa ngaphansi kokugadwa) zilingana nokuthuthwa komthetho okudinga ukubambisana. Ngokujwayelekile, njengoba i-asttingtings ezibambisana kanye nephakethene zingavuleki, zikhona, ezivunyelwe kahle.

Ubuchwepheshe banamuhla buqinisa lezi zinkinga zemfihlo. Izimiso zokuhlela, ukuhlola, kanye nokwaziswa okudluliselwa yizimpahla ezithwalwa yizo zingaveza okwengeziwe ngemisebenzi yomuntu kunanini ngaphambili. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Postal Service’s Mail Control Control ne-operating comsting uhlelo lubhala izithombe zangaphandle zazo zonke iposi eziqediwe − ngaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi- 160 ngonyaka. Ukutholakala komthetho kuleyo mininingwane ngaphandle kwemvume kuphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile yeSijikelezo Sesine, nakuba izinkantolo ziye zanikeza uhulumeni ithuba elibanzi lokusebenzisa i-metametation.

Izinyathelo Eziwusizo Zokuphoqelelwa Komthetho Nabantu

Kubaphathi bezemthetho abafuna ukusesha iphasela, inkambo ephephile iwukuthola isiqinisekiso sokufuna uma kungenzeka. Imvume kufanele ichaze iphasela ngokunembe, imininingwane yembangela esekelwe emaqinisweni, futhi isho indawo. Abaphathi-mikhosi kufanele babhale noma yiziphi izimo ezicatshangelwe uma imvume ingenakutholakala, futhi kufanele bakhumbule ukuthi i- “nkcanson kanye nenkulumo” kumelwe icele imvume ngentando yokuzithandela ngempela.

Kubantu ngabanye abakhathalela ukuba kwabo bodwa ezintweni ezithunyelwa ngemikhumbi, lamaphuzu alandelayo abalulekile ukuwaphawula:

  • Ukusetshenziswa kwephakethe elivaliweyo, elifiphele kusiza ukulondoloza ukulindela okunengqondo kwendawo eyimfihlo. Izakhiwo ezibonisa noma ezivuzayo zingamema ukuhlolwa kwabathwali bomuntu noma amasiko.
  • Ukuthatha ngenkonzo yeposi yase-U.S. kunikeza isivikelo esiqine kakhulu seSichibiyelo sesine sokuvinjelwa ekuvulekeni okungenasizathu kunabantu abathwala iposi, ngoba i-Postal Service iyinhlangano kahulumeni. Abathwali bomuntu siqu ababoshiwe yiSichibiyelo sesine ngokwaso, kodwa uma benza njengenqobo yokugcinwa komthetho, imingcele iyasebenza.
  • Ukwenqaba imvume [ kuyilungelo lomthetho-sisekelo. Uma umthetho ucela ukuvula iphakethe, unelungelo lokwenqaba ngaphandle kokuba ukhiqize isiqinisekiso noma imvume engekho.
  • [[QT] Imiyalezo ye-Digital kufanele ibhalwe ngasese lapho kungenzeka khona, futhi amadokhumende azwelayo kufanele athunyelwe ngezindlela ezilondekile. Nakuba umthetho usajikeleza, ukukopishwa kombhalo kunganikeza ulwelwesi olunamandla olunesivikelo.

Isiphetho

Izimfuneko zokuhlola iposi eliyimfihlo namaphakethe okuhambisa zibonisa ukulinganisela okucophelelayo phakathi kwezidingo zikahulumeni zophengululo namalungelo omuntu ngamuntu. ISichibiyelo sesine sigunyaza ukuba ukugcinwa komthetho kuthole isiqinisekiso esisekelwe cishe ngesizathu noma incazelo ethile ngaphambi kokuvula incwadi evaliwe, ingekho inselele eqaliwe. Lesi sici siye samelana nezinselele zokushintsha kwezesayensi futhi sihlala siyisivikelo esibalulekile. Nokho, njengoba ukuhanjiswa kwezimiso zomthetho kuba yizidingo zamazwe ngamazwe onke namanani, izinkantolo ziyoqhubeka zichaza lokho okulindeleke ngokwezingasese ezweni lapho iphakethiwe khona, iphaketheko, ilandelwe, futhi igcinwe ngezinhlangano eziningi ezizimele. Zombili izikhulu zizuza ekuqondeni okucacile kwemithetho engokomthetho okuhlola okusebenza kahle futhi okuyimfihlo ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka isichibiyelo sesine [[FLT: 1]] kuyi-Curnell Legin Information Institute, ngokunokwenzeka imbangela yendinganiso engenzeka eMfakweni [ [Isizathu esingokwento][, nesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ku [[FLT:]] United States v. Vanuwen.[FLT]]