Abenzi bomthetho bayisisekelo sokubusa kwentando yeningi, abasebenza njengabaklami bezakhiwo ezingokomthetho ezibumba imiphakathi yethu. Laba bantu banomthwalo wemfanelo wokwakha, wokulungisa, nokubuyisela imithetho ethinta zonke izici zokuphila kwethu kwansuku zonke. Ukuqonda ukuthi obani abashaya umthetho, ukuthi basebenza kanjani, nendima ebucayi abayenzayo kuhulumeni kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde kangcono inqubo yentando yeningi nendima yazo ngaphakathi kuyo.

Obani Abaenzi Bemithetho?

Ummisi-mthetho, noma ummisi womthetho, ungumuntu obhalayo futhi adlulisele imithetho, ikakhulukazi othile oyilungu lesishaya - mthetho. Laba bantu bakhonza ezimisweni ezihlukahlukene zemithetho emhlabeni wonke, ngamunye onezihloko nemithwalo yemfanelo ehlukile kuye ngesimiso sezombangazwe asebenza kuso.

Izinhlobo Zemizimba Eqinile

Inhlangano yomthetho ingumhlangano onegunya elingokomthetho lokwenza umthetho futhi usebenzise ukuqondisa kwezombangazwe ngaphakathi kwenhlangano yezombangazwe enjengezwe, isizwe, noma idolobha. Izindikimba ezishaya umthetho zikhona emazingeni amaningi okubusa, kusukela komasipala bendawo kuya kohulumeni bendawo ngisho nasezinhlanganweni zezizwe.

Okuvame kakhulu iphalamende nengqungquthela, nakuba lamagama futhi anencazelo eqondile. Isishaya-mthetho esimisweni sephalamende siyiphalamende; isishaya-mthetho esisemihlelweni kamongameli siyingqungquthela. Lomehluko uveza umehluko oyisisekelo endleleni le mikhakha esebenzelana ngayo namandla aphethe futhi ihlele umsebenzi wayo.

Ngaphandle kwalezi ziqu ezivamile, amanye amagama avamile ahlanganisa i-Orchester (ngokuvamile iSizwe soMhlangano futhi ehlangene nesidingo sokuqinisekisa ukubusa kwesizwe sabantu), iSishaya-mkhandlu (ngokuvamile esihlanganisa nekamelo eliphansi neliphezulu), iCamber (iSikhamu Sabameli, iNkantolo yaBameli, njll, ehlanganisa ukubhekiswa okucacile kwendima yesigaba sePlenum, iMajlis (igumbi elidumile lamagumbi aphezulu), i-Sabia (intshiya). Kodwa amaphalamende amaningi futhi anamagama akhethekile ezweni lawo, njenge-Althingi (Iceland), i-Bredagne (i Janyu), u-Green), uDish (uaylland), uMajlis (udiah nakwamanye amazwe amaSulumane).

Iziqu Ezihlukile Zabenzi Bomthetho

Abenzi bomthetho baziwa ngeziqu ezihlukahlukene ezixhomeke endikimbeni yomthetho abasebenza kuyo. IPhalamende: ilungu lephalamende ·Gagislature: ilungu lenhlangano yendlu yomthetho ·Gavery: ilungu lenhlangano ·Centre of Deputies: isekela le-smetator · House of Demessistem: ummeleli wegama elijwayelekile elithi ··The producy" lingasenziwa, lisuselwa embonweni wokuthi i-gevertission yi-" ye-ovotatorotary yesigodi sabo.

EUnited States, iSigele sakhiwa amalungu ayikhulu (82) avela ezweni ngalinye, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi linani labantu noma indawo — ekhethwe abantu ngokuvumelana neSichibiyelo sekhulu le - 17 soMthetho - sisekelo. Okwamanje, iNdlu yabameleli yakhiwa amalungu angu - 435 akhethwa njalo ngemva kweminyaka emibili ekhethwa kumazwe angu - 50, ahlukaniselwa ingqikithi yabantu.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Yabenzi Bemithetho

Abenzi bemithetho benza imisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile edlulela ngalé kokumane bakhethe umthetho.

Ukwakha Nokudlula Kwemithetho

Umsebenzi oyinhloko wanoma yimuphi ummisi-mthetho uwukuhlanganyela enqubweni yomthetho. Isivumelwano siyisiphakamiso somthetho omusha noma ukushintshela kumthetho okhona. Noma yiliphi ilungu leSishaya-mthetho – elivela eNdlu noma eMgubeni noma eMnyango – onomgomo womthetho angabhala incwadi yemvume. Lemiqondo ivela kumalungu oMkhandlu ngokwawo noma ezakhamuzini zansuku zonke nakumaqembu ombuso.

Inqubo yomthetho ihlanganisa izigaba eziningi. Okokuqala, ummeleli ukhokhela izimali. Imali inikwa ikomiti ukuba ifunde. Uma ikhululwa yikomiti, ikhabethe lemali libekwa ekhalendeni elizovotelwa, liphikiswane noma lilungiswe. Uma isambathi sidluliswa yiningi (218 kuya ku-365), isikweleti sihamba siye eSigele.

Mhlawumbe ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yenqubo yokushaya umthetho yisenzo samakomiti. AmaKomiti anikeza ubuchwepheshe obukhethekile nokuhlola okuningiliziwe umthetho ohlongozwayo ngaphambi kokuba ufinyelele indawo ephelele yokuhlola.

Umsebenzi Wekomiti Nokumiswa Okukhethekile

Kokubili iNdlu Nesigebengu zinamakomiti ahlukahlukene akhiwa amaqembu amalungu oMkhandlu anesithakazelo ngokukhethekile ezindabeni ezihlukahlukene njengezindaba zempilo noma zezizwe.Indlu Yabameleli ihlukanisa umsebenzi wayo phakathi kwamakomiti angaphezu kwamashumi amabili ahlala njalo.

Inqubo yekomiti ihlanganisa ukuhlola ngokucophelela umthetho ohlongozwayo. Ngokuvamile, isinyathelo sokuqala kulenqubo ukuqulwa kwecala obala lapho ikomiti noma amalungu ekomiti encane ezwa khona ofakazi abamelela imibono ehlukahlukene ngalesisilinganiso. Ngemva kokuba sekuqediwe, isikhwama sithathwa esiqephini esaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi "umthetho". Kuleliqophelo, ukubuyiselwa kunganikelwa esikwenzweni somthetho, futhi ikomiti noma amalungu angaphansi kwekomiti avotelwe ukuba avume noma alahle lezinguquko.

Izinkonzo Zokumelela Nezokuvikela

Isici sokuqala nesiyinhloko sendlu yomthetho ukuhlobana kwayo okuyisisekelo nezakhamuzi zesizwe noma isifundazwe. Abenzi bomthetho basebenza njengezwi lezikhulu zabo, beletha ukukhathazeka kwezwe noma kwesifunda futhi beqinisekisa ukuthi imibono ehlukahlukene izwakala ezimpikiswaneni zezimiso.

Indlu yomthetho isebenza futhi njengendlela eyinhloko yokukhipha iqhaza lezombangazwe nokuveza izimpawu zokumelela okungaguquguquki.

Ukuphatha Nokulandisa

Amandla abo angahlanganisa ukumisa imithetho, ukumisa uhlelo lwemali kahulumeni, ukumisa ukumiswa kwezikhulu, ukuhlanganisa izivumelwano, ukuhlola igatsha eliphethe, ukuphonsa nokususa emahhovisi esikhulu nomphathi wejaji, nokulungisa izikhalo zezikhulu. Lo msebenzi wobubonisi uqinisekisa ukuthi igatsha eliphethe lisebenza phakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho futhi lihlala linesibopho kubantu.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwemali Nemithombo Yemali

Ngaphezu kokumisa imithetho, izishaya - mthetho ngokuvamile zinegunya elikhethekile emazweni athile lokuphakamisa izintela nokwamukela uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali.

Indlela Abaenzi Bemithetho Abakhethwa Ngayo

Indlela abashaya imithetho abakhethwa ngayo ihlukahluka kakhulu ezimisweni zezombangazwe ezihlukahlukene, nakuba ukhetho lwentando yeningi luseyindlela evame kakhulu embusweni wentando yeningi wanamuhla.

Ukukhetha Kwentando Yeningi

Abameli ngokuvamile bakhethwa abantu, kodwa bangamiswa, noma banikwe ifa.

Inqubo yokuvota iyahlukahluka ngokwezwe nangamandla. Ezinye izimiso zisebenzisa ukuvota kokuqala kwangesikhathi esidlule, lapho umvoti ephumelela khona, kuyilapho ezinye zisebenzisa izihlalo ezilinganiswayo, ezibekwa ngokwesilinganiso samavoti atholwa yiqembu ngalinye. Lezizimiso ezihlukene zingathinta ngokuphawulekayo ukuhlelwa nokusebenza kwezindikimba zemithetho.

Amazwi Enkonzo

Imali yabelwa inani elikhethekile lokuhlukanisa, eliyigcina kuzo zombili iziqephu ze-Congress yamanje. Isimiso ngasinye singonyaka owodwa, futhi i-Congress ngayinye iyiminyaka emibili. Izindikimba ezihlukene zemithetho zinama-paltime ahlukene ngamalungu azo, athinta kokubili ukuqhubeka nokulandisa.

ESigele sase-United States, izinyunyana zisebenzisa iziphakamiso zeminyaka eyisithupha, cishe nengxenye eyodwa kwezintathu zeSigele esiphakanyiselwe ukuvota njalo eminyakeni emibili. Lesimiso esixegayo siqinisekisa ukuqhubekeka kokuhlelwa kwenhlangano kuyilapho silondoloza ukulandisa kwasikhathi sonke kubantu abavoti. Ngokungafani, amalungu endlu, asebenzisa amagama eminyaka emibili, afuna ukuba babhekane nabavoti kaningi.

Ukunqunywa Nokuhlelwa Kwaso

Nakuba ukhetho lwentando yeningi luyindlela evelele yokukhetha ezindlini zanamuhla zomthetho womthetho, ezinye izimiso zisahlanganisa amalungu amisiwe noma afuzo. Amalungu angamiswa noma akhethwe ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile; angase amelele wonke umphakathi, amaqembu athile, noma izifunda ezingaphansi kwezwe. Ngokwesibonelo, iBritish House of Lords ngokwesiko yayihlanganisa nontanga abazalwa yifa, nakuba izinguquko ziye zanciphisa kakhulu inani labo ngenxa yontanga abamisiwe ekuphileni.

Inqubo Yomthetho Ehlelwe Ngemininingwane

Ukuqonda indlela izindleko eziba ngayo umthetho kunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile ngomsebenzi owenziwa abamisi - mthetho nokuhlola nokulinganisela okuye kwafakwa ezimisweni zentando yeningi.

Ukungena Esikoleni Nokuvinjelwa

Ilungu eliyinhloko leKhongolo elisekela lesi sivumelwano libizwa ngokuthi "isigebengu". Amanye amalungu asekela lesi sivumelwano abizwa ngokuthi "i-co-sponsors". I-Sponsorship ibonisa isibopho somenzi womthetho othile futhi ngokuvamile abonisa izithakazelo zawo ezingokwenqubo kanye nezithakazelo zawo.

Uma isikweleti sesibhaliwe, kumelwe siqaliswe. Uma ummeleli ewumxhasi, isambathi sesiyaqala eNdlu. Uma i-Senator ingumxhasi, isambathiso siqala i-Gaample.

Ukubukezwa Kwekomiti Nesichibiyelo

Uma isambathiso sisezandleni zekomiti, sihlolwa ngokucophelela futhi amathuba ayo okudlula kuyo yonke i-Congress anqunywa. Ikomiti ingase ikhethe ngisho nokuthatha icala ukuze iqonde kangcono imiphumela yemali. Lesisigaba sekomiti sivumela ubufakazi obuqaphile, isiphakamiso esifaka isikhwama, nokuhlaziywa okuningi ngomthetho ohlongozwayo.

Phakathi nayo yonke inqubo kufakwa futhi kwenziwa izinguquko ebhodini lemithetho nasesitezi seSigele nendlu. Ngakho ngevoti yokugcina icala kungenzeka ukuthi liye labukezwa kaningana futhi libheke ngokuhlukile kumthetho okhokhelwayo. Lenqubo yokulungisa yenza abenzi bomthetho bacwengisise umthetho, izinkathazo, futhi bakhe ukusekela okukhulu.

Impikiswano Nemisebenzi Yokucula Eyindawo Ezungezile

Imithetho nemikhuba yendlu ivumela inani elikhulu ukuba lisebenzise umthetho ngokushesha. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imithetho yeSigele nezinqubo zivumela ukuhlobana ngesenzo esisheshayo, njengoba zinikeza abaPhathi-kakhulu abaqaphi. Lokhu kungafani kwemiqondo kubonisa indima ehlukile yegumbi ngalinye enqubweni yemithetho.

Enye yemisebenzi eyinhloko yendlu yomthetho womthetho iwukuxoxa futhi kuxoxwe ngezindaba ezibaluleke kakhulu emphakathini. Ezingxabanweni zezishaya-mthetho, njengePhalamende le-United Kingdom, isikhulu sendlu yomthetho sivame ukubona impikiswano eshubile. Ngokuphambene, ezindlini zomthetho-mthetho ezisekelwe kumakomiti njenge-United States Congress, ukucabangela kwenzeka kumakomiti avinjelwe.

Ukubuyisana NeBharameral

Indlu kuphela engasungula umthetho wenzuzo, futhi iSigele kuphela esiqinisekisa ukumiswa kukamongameli nezivumelwano ezivumayo, kodwa ukumiswa komthetho njalo kudinga ukuba womabili amakamu avumelane ngokuhlukana nomthetho ofanayo ngaphambi kokuba awunikezele kuMongameli. Uma lamakamu amabili edlulisa izinguqulo ezihlukene zomthetho ofanayo, ukubuyisana kuyadingeka.

Uma iNdlu neSigele kudlulisa izinguqulo ezihlukene zalencwadi yesivumelwano, ikomiti yengqungquthela eyakhiwe amalungu awo womabili amakamu ihlangene ukuze izame ukufinyelela ukuvumelana. Uma ukuhlehla kufinyeleleka, ikomiti yengqungquthela ngokuvamile izothumela umbiko wengqungquthela (ngokuvamile obizwa ngokuthi umbiko weNdlu) kuzo zombili izindawo zomkhandlu). Le nqubo yengqungquthela idinga ukuba abakhi bomthetho baxoxe futhi bavumelane.

Isenzo Sobumongameli

Uma la maqembu esedlulise izinqumo zesivumelwano ezifanayo, sidlulela kumongameli ukuze athathe isinyathelo sokugcina. Uma uMongameli evuma umthetho, uyasayinwa futhi ube umthetho. Uma uMongameli engathathi nyathelo izinsuku eziyishumi lapho uMkhandlu usesiqenjini, isikhwama sivele sibe umthetho.

Nokho, uma uMongameli ephikisa izivumelwano zemali, bangase bawuthathe umthetho. Uma uMongameli ekhipha umthetho, uMkhandlu ungazama ukudlulisa i-veto. Uma kokubili iSigele neNdlu kudlulisa isikwele esibili-sithathu, i-veto iqedwe, futhi lomthetho uba umthetho. Lokhu kulawula amandla kuqinisekisa ukuthi isigebengu sigcina igunya lokugcina igunya lokwenza umthetho, nakuba umnyango ophezulu ofunekayo wenza ukudlula okungavamile.

Izinhlobo Ezihlukene Zezimiso Zomthetho

Izindikimba ezingokomthetho emhlabeni wonke zisebenza ngaphansi kwezimiso ezihlukahlukene zomthetho - sisekelo, ezithinta ngokuphawulekayo indlela abamisi - mthetho abasebenza futhi basebenzelane ngayo namanye amagatsha kahulumeni.

Izimiso Zasephalamende

Amaphalamende akhona ezivumelwaneni ezithi ukuhlanganiswa kwemibuso, kuyilapho izingqungquthela zikhona ezisho ukuthi kuhlukaniswa imibuso. Ezimisweni zephalamende, igatsha eliphethe liphuma futhi lihlale linesibopho sokulandisa kumthetho.

Ezimisweni zephalamende, amalungu egatsha eliphethe akhethwa emalungwini emithetho. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwemibuso kusho ukuthi undunankulu nezikhonzi zekhathemende ngokuvamile zingamalungu ahleliyo ephalamende, akha ukuhlobana okuqondile phakathi kwegunya lomthetho negunya eliphethe.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, nakuba uhulumeni ehlukile, unecala ephalamendeni. Ngokusho ukuthi, isishayamthetho singasusa uhulumeni njengoba sibona kufaneleka, kungakhathaliseki imiphumela ekhethiwe. Lendlela yokulandisa, ngokuvamile esetshenziswa ngamavoti angenathemba, iqinisekisa ukuthi umphathi ulondoloza ukusekela kweningi lemithetho.

Izimiso Zobumongameli

Imingcele phakathi kwamagatsha kahulumeni incishiswe ngokuhlukanisa izimiso zemibuso. Ngokungafani nezimiso zephalamende, ekuhlukaniseni kwezimiso zemibuso, inhloko kahulumeni nenhloko kahulumeni ihlanganiswa ibe igatsha eliphetheyo ehhovisi likamongameli. Futhi, ukucacisa umngcele wenhlangano ngisho nangokwengeziwe, umongameli nendlu yomthetho ye-constation bakhethwa ngokhetho oluhlukene.

Ezimisweni zikamongameli kahulumeni, njenge-United States, isishaya - mthetho sibhekwa njengegatsha likahulumeni elilingana nesikhulu esizimele. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwakha isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela lapho igatsha ngalinye lingalinganisela khona imibuso yamanye.

Nakuba injini yemibono yemithetho nezenzo kuyiSishaya-mthetho ngokwaso, uMongameli utusa uhlelo lwemali lwaminyaka yonke lwezinhlangano zikahulumeni futhi usikisela umthetho. Mhlawumbe okubaluleke kakhulu, amandla okushaya umthetho angathinta izindleko ezidluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho.

Izimiso zeSemi-Pressidey

Ezinye izifundazwe, njengeFrance, zinesimiso esinezindawo ezingefani esiwela phakathi kwezimiso zephalamende nezombuso, zihlanganisa inhloko enamandla kahulumeni (umholi) nenhloko kahulumeni, undunankulu, onomthwalo wemfanelo ephalamende. Lezizimiso ezixubile zizama ukulinganisela izinzuzo zomalungiselelo ephalamende nawabapresi.

Izindonga ezingezona ezesigebengu

Imithetho ingase ibe i-un - cameral noma i-bigameral (umbono wesimiso se-bidamaral). Lomehluko wokwakha uthinta ngokuphawulekayo indlela umthetho ohlelwa ngayo nokuthi iziphi izithakazelo ezihlukile ezimelelwa ngayo.

Imithetho YaseBhalemal

Amagumbi amabili alingana kakhulu ezindima nasemisebenzini yawo yokushaya umthetho. Izimiso ze-Badameral zivame ukuveza indlu engaphezulu nephansi, ngayinye enezici nemithwalo yemfanelo ehlukile. Indlu ephansi ivame ukumelela inani labantu ngokuqondile, kuyilapho indlu ephezulu ingamelela izingxenye zendawo, inikeze izimpawu zesifunda, noma isebenza njengegumbi lokubukeza.

E-United States, isakhiwo se-bidamaral sibonisa kokubili ukumelelwa kwenani labantu eMzini kanye nokumelelwa kwesifundazwe esilinganayo eSigele. Lokhu kuhlehla, okusungulwe eMhlanganweni woMthetho-sisekelo, kuqinisekisa ukuthi imibuso engabantu abaningi nabangabaningi kakhulu inezinkulumo ezinengqondo kuhulumeni.

Imithetho Engekho Ngokwayo

Amanye amagunya asebenza ngegumbi elilodwa lomthetho. Uhulumeni weCanada unepalamende ye-badamal, futhi isifunda ngasinye sezifunda eziyishumi zaseCanada sinepalamende engangeni manzi. Izimiso ezingekho-mfashinini zingasebenza kahle kakhulu futhi zingabizi kakhulu, nakuba zintula ukubukezwa okwengeziwe nokumelelwa kwezimiso zesifunda ezinikezayo.

Intuthuko Engokomlando Yemithetho

Ukuqonda ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okungokomlando kwezindikimba zemithetho kunikeza umongo wemisebenzi yazo nezakhiwo zanamuhla.

Izenzakalo Zasendulo

I-Athene yasendulo yayiyisiqalo sentando yeningi. Umhlangano wase-Athene (76שששששש, ekklesia) wawuyinhlangano ebaluleke kakhulu, futhi sonke isakhamuzi sesilisa esikhululekile sasingahlanganyela ezingxoxweni. Nokho, idemokrasi yase-Athene yayingameleli, kodwa yayingameleli ngokuqondile, futhi ngenxa yalokho i-ekklesia yayihlukile esimisweni sephalamende.

IRome Republic yayinemihlangano yemithetho, eyayinesisho sokugcina ngokuphathelene nokukhethwa kwezimantshi, ukumiswa kwemithetho emisha, ukukhishwa kwesijeziso sokufa, ukumenyezelwa kwempi nokuthula, nokudalwa (noma ukuqedwa) kwezivumelwano. ISigele saseRoma sasilawula imali, ukuphatha, nemininingwane yesimiso sakwamanye amazwe. Lezizinhlangano zasendulo zamisa izenzakalo zokubusa kwemithetho nokuzinqumela okuqhubeka nokuthonya izimiso zanamuhla.

Intuthuko Yasendulo Neyakuqala

Ama-parmement's, inkulumo, kusukela e-parler, 'to nkulumo'. Incazelo yaqala ibhekisele kunoma iyiphi ingxoxo, ingxoxo, noma ukuxoxisana ngezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ze-devoralitudis, ngokuvamile ibizwa yinkosi eBrithani ngekhulu le-15.

Izishaya-mthetho zokuqala zaziyizingxoxo ngokuyinhloko, abantu ababehlangana ngazo ukuze baxoxe ngezindaba eziyinhloko zalolo suku. Amandla ahlala njalo alezi zikhundla ukuze zenze izinqumo noma zimane zixoxe futhi zixoxe ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, phakathi neminyaka namakhulu amaningi. Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, lezi zindikimba ezihlolayo zathola igunya lomthetho futhi zaguqukela ezinhlanganweni ezinamandla esiziqaphelayo namuhla.

Indima Yezidili Zezombangazwe

Amaqembu ezombangazwe afeza indima ebalulekile ekuhleleni umsebenzi womthetho kanye nemiphumela elawulayo. Isinyathelo sombuso sihlelwa futhi siqondiswe abaholi beqembu egumbini ngalinye, abaye bakhethwa amalungu engqungquthela yabo siqu ye-caucus noma yeqembu. Laba baholi basiza ekumiseni izinqumo zomthetho, ukuhlela, nokugcina iziqondiso zeqembu.

Izishaya - mthetho eziningi zilawula uhlelo lwezimemo nezihlalo, zinikeza amandla abalulekile okuthuthukisa isimiso sawo esiza kuqala. Nokho, izinga lokuyala kweqembu lihluka kakhulu ezimisweni ezihlukahlukene zemithetho.

Izinselele Abenzi Bemithetho Banamuhla Ababhekene Nazo

Abamisi bemithetho banamuhla babhekana nezinselele eziningi ezithinta ikhono labo lokumelela ngokuphumelelayo isimiso sokusebenza esiqinile.

Ukuyinkimbinkimbi Kokubusa Kwanamuhla

Umthetho wanamuhla uvame ukuxoxa ngezindaba zobuchwepheshe obuyinkimbinkimbi nezidinga ulwazi olukhethekile. Kusukela esimisweni sokunakekela impilo kuya ekuqondiseni izimali kuya ekuvikeleni indawo ezungezile, abamisi-mthetho kumelwe baxabane nezindaba eziyinkimbinkimbi ezingase zidinge ukucwaninga okukhulu nobuchwepheshe. Lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi kwenza isimiso sekomiti nezisebenzi sisekeleke kakhulu.

I - partisan Polaryation

Izishaya-mthetho eziningi zentando yeningi ziye zabhekana nokwanda kokwehlukana okungokohlanga emashumini eminyaka amuva. Lokhu kuhlukana kungabangela ukuyekethisa kube nzima kakhulu futhi kuholele ekubekeni i-productrock. Uma abamisi-mthetho bebheka izindaba ngokuyinhloko nge-lens ehlukanisayo, ukuthola isisekelo esivumelanayo ngemibuzo yezimiso ezibalulekile kuba yinselele enkulu.

Ukwethenjwa Komphakathi Nokulandisa

Ukulondoloza ukwethenjwa komphakathi kuyinselele eqhubekayo ezinhlanganweni zomthetho. Abenzi bomthetho kumelwe balinganisele izithakazelo ezincintisanayo, benze ukuhweba okunzima, futhi ngezinye izikhathi basekele izimiso ezingathandwa kodwa ezidingekile. Ukubonisana ngokukhululekile, ukuziphatha okuhle, nokukhulumisana okuphumelelayo nezinhlangano kudingekile ukuze kugcinwe kusemthethweni.

Indawo Ezungezile Yemithombo Yezindaba Nolwazi

Imithombo yezindaba yanamuhla, kuhlanganise nezokuxhumana, iye yashintsha indlela abakhi bemithetho abaxhumana ngayo nabantu abazimele nendlela umsebenzi womthetho oqondwa ngayo umphakathi.

Ukubaluleka Komsizi Nosizo Lomthetho

Abenzi bemithetho banamuhla bathembele kakhulu ezikhulwini zobuchwepheshe ekucwaningeni izindaba, ekukhipheni umthetho ozokwenziwa, ekuxhumaneni nabantu abasebenza nabo, nasekunakekeleni izimfuneko eziningi zenkonzo yomthetho.

Izinhlangano ezisekela umthetho, njenge-Congregational Research Research Service, i-Hulumeni Accounting Office, ne-Congregational Baccouncial Office e-United States, zinikeza ukuhlaziywa kwemithetho nokwaziswa okungasizi abamisi-mthetho ukuba benze izinqumo ezinolwazi. Lezi zikhuthazo zithuthukisa ikhono lendlu yomthetho lokuqondisa nelemisebenzi ephumelelayo.

Imithetho Kahulumeni Neyasendaweni

Isishaya-mthetho sivame ukwenza imisebenzi kahulumeni ngendlela efanayo ne-United States Congress eyenza ngayo imisebenzi yesizwe ngokwezinga lesizwe. Imithwalo yemfanelo yesishaya-mthetho sikahulumeni iyahlukahluka ngokwesifundazwe, kuye ngomthetho-mthetho kazwelonke. Umsebenzi oyinhloko wanoma yisiphi isishaya-mthetho uwukwakha imithetho. Izishaya-mthetho zikahulumeni zivumela nemali kahulumeni.

Nakuba izishaya-mthetho eziningi ziseyizinhlangano zesikhashana, izifundazwe ezimbalwa ziye zandisa ezazo ukuze zihlangane unyaka wonke. Lokhu kushintsha kuveza izindlela ezihlukene zokuhlela ukuhlelwa kwemithetho kanye nezimfuno ezihlukene ezibekwa kubaphathi bemithetho kazwelonke.

Izikhulu zendawo, ezikhonza emikhandlwini yamadolobha, emakhomishaneni esifundazwe, nakwezinye izikhungo zikamasipala, zixoxa ngezindaba ezithinta ngokuqondile ukuphila kwezakhamuzi kwansuku zonke, kusukela ekwakheni intela yezindawo nasezindaweni kuya ezinkonzweni zomphakathi nasezisekelweni zesisekelo. Nakuba lezi zikhundla zinganakwa kakhulu kunezikhulu zesizwe, zifeza indima ebalulekile ekubuseni kwentando yeningi.

Imithetho Yomhlaba Wonke Neyamazwe Ngamazwe

Imithetho ingaba i-sukra-parlia (ngokwesibonelo, iPhalamende laseYurophu), izwe, njenge-Japanese Diet, izwe lonke njengasezifundazweni, noma endaweni. Izishaya-mthetho zesizwe zimelela intuthuko yamuva kakhulu ekubuseni, ikhuluma ngezindaba ezidlulela ngalé kwemingcele yezwe.

Ngokwesibonelo, iPhalamende laseYurophu limelela izakhamuzi zamazwe angamalungu e - European Union futhi lihlanganyela ekumiseni umthetho we - EU eduze koMkhandlu we - European Union. Lezi zinhlangano zibonisa indlela izimiso zokushaya umthetho ezingase zilungiswe ngayo ukuze kuxazululwe izinselele zesifunda nesembulunga yonke ezidinga ukuhlanganiswa kwemingcele yezwe.

Ikusasa Lezinhlangano Zomthetho

Izinhlangano zemithetho ziyaqhubeka ziguquka ukuze ziphendule izimo ezishintshayo zezenhlalo, ezobuchwepheshe nezezombangazwe. Ubuchwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe bamanani bunikeza amathuba amasha okuveza izimpawu zomphakathi, ukuthembisana nokusebenza kahle komphakathi. Ezinye izishaya-mthetho ziye zazama ukusebenzisa izimiso zomphakathi zokuphendula, zilandela izinhlelo zokuvota, kanye nezimiso zokuvota ngomshini.

Nokho, ezobuchwepheshe zibangela izinselele, kuhlanganise nokungalingani kwe - Internet, ukuhlukana kwemicikilisho okungase kungabi khona kwezinye izakhamuzi ezithembisene kuyi - Internet, nemibuzo yokuthi zingayilondoloza kanjani imfanelo yokuzihlukanisa enkathini yokukhulumisana ngokushesha.

Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukungalingani kwezomnotho, ukuphazamiseka kwezobuchwepheshe nezinye izinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi kuyodinga ukuba abamisi-mthetho bathuthukise izindlela ezintsha zokwenza izimiso. Izinhlangano zemithetho eziphumelelayo kumelwe zilinganisele isidingo sokuthatha isinyathelo ngesikhathi ngokucabangisisa, zimelele izinqumo ezihlukahlukene lapho ziphishekela okuhle okufanayo, futhi zilondoloze ukulandisa kwentando yeningi kuyilapho zisingatha ukuyinkimbinkimbi kwezobuchwepheshe.

Amasihluthulelo Aphathelene Nabenzi Bemithetho

Ukuqonda abashaya umthetho kanye nendima yabo ekubuseni ngentando yeningi kubalulekile ekwakheni izakhamuzi ezinolwazi.

  • I-Reformation:[ abenzi bomthetho basebenza njengezwi lezakhelo zabo, baletha imibono ehlukene nenkathalo yendawo enqubweni yokwenza isimiso
  • Ukwenza umthetho: Umsebenzi oyinhloko wabamisi-mthetho ukuthatha ifomu, ukuphikisana, ukuqeda, nokuvota umthetho ophenduka umthetho wezwe
  • Ukuqapha:[ abamisi-mthetho baqondisa izenzo zegatsha eliphethe, bahlola imisebenzi kahulumeni, futhi baqinisekise ukulandisa emphakathini
  • Igunya lokulawula i-: Imithetho ilawula ukusetshenziswa kukahulumeni ngamandla awo ukuvumela uhlelo lokuhlela nokuhlela imithombo yemali
  • Committee ukwenziwa okukhethekile: Umsebenzi omningi wemithetho wenzeka emakomitini lapho amalungu aqala khona ubuchwepheshe ezindaweni ezithile zezimiso
  • Izimiso zeBHASIKAMENYA:[ Izishaya-mthetho eziningi zinamakamelo amabili anikeza izinhlobo ezihlukene zomfanekiso futhi asebenza njengetshekisi komunye nomunye
  • Ukulandisa kobukho be-'FLT': ukhetho lwedemocratic qinisekisa ukuthi abakhi bomthetho bahlala besabela ezidingweni zabo nasezithandweni zabo
  • Isikhonkwane kanye nezilinganiso:[ Izinhlangano zomthetho zisebenzelana namagatsha aphethe nawakwahlulela ukuze kuvinjelwe ukubekwa kwamandla

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezingahlanganyela Ngayo Nabenzi Bomthetho

Ukuqonda indlela yokusebenzelana ngokuphumelelayo nabashayi bomthetho kunikeza abantu amandla okuthonya isimiso futhi kugcine abameleli babo benecala.

Izakhamuzi zingathintana nabamisi-mthetho bazo ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nezingcingo, ama-imeyili, izincwadi, nemihlangano ebhalwe phansi emahhovisi esigodi noma emahholo edolobha. Lapho zixhumana nabenzi bomthetho, ziqonde izikhundla zemithetho, zixoxela abantu ngezindaba ezibonisa ukuthi izindaba zithinta kanjani abantu bangempela, futhi ukubonisa ulwazi ngenqubo yomthetho kungenza ukuqamba imvume kuphumelele kakhulu.

Ukuhlanganyela ekuqulweni kwezindaba zomphakathi, ukunikeza ubufakazi obubhaliwe, nokuhlanganyela ezinhlanganweni zobushiqela kuqinisa amazwi.

Ukuqasha okhethweni kuseyindlela ebaluleke kakhulu izakhamuzi ezibheka ngayo abamisi-mthetho ukuba balandise. Ukuvota kudinga izikhundla zolwazi zabazohlolwa, amarekhodi abo emithetho uma bengenazo izimo zomthetho, nokuthi izindinganiso zabo zivumelana kanjani nezinto eziza kuqala.

Isiphetho

Abenzi bomthetho banesikhundla esiyinhloko ekubuseni kwentando yeningi, besebenza njengebhuloho phakathi kwezakhamuzi nezenzo zikahulumeni.

Inqubo yomthetho, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi iyinkimbinkimbi futhi ihamba kancane, ibonisa izindinganiso zentando yeningi zokucabanga, ukuveza, nokulandisa. Izigaba eziningi zokubukeza, amathuba okulungisa, nezimfuneko zokusekela okukhulu ziqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho iveza ukucatshangelwa nokuhlukahluka kwemibono.

Izimiso zemithetho ezihlukene − i-parliament, i-presidential, ne-information , ziveza izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuhlela igunya lomthetho kanye nobuhlobo balo namandla aphezulu. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uni - dameral noma i-bidaral, okhethwe noma omisiwe, lezizinhlangano zihlanganyela injongo efanayo yokuhumusha umphakathi uyoba ngokomthetho kuyilapho zivikela amalungelo amancane futhi zithuthukisa okuhle okufanayo.

Njengoba imiphakathi ibhekene nezinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi, indima yabamisi - mthetho ibaluleke kakhulu. izikhungo zemithetho eziphumelelayo kumelwe zilinganisele izimfuneko ezincintisanayo: ukwenza ngokuwujuqu kuyilapho ukhulula ngokucophelela, ukumelela iziphakamiso ezihlukahlukene lapho uphishekela izithakazelo zezwe, nokulondoloza izindinganiso zentando yeningi ezingokwesiko kuyilapho uzivumelanisa noshintsho lwezobuchwepheshe nezenhlalo.

Kubantu abahlala khona, abamisimthetho abaqondayo nezinqubo zomthetho zibalulekile ukuze bahlanganyele ngokunenjongo ekubuseni ngentando yeningi. Ngokuhlanganyela nabameleli babo, ngokuhlala benolwazi ngezimpikiswano ezingokomthetho, nangokusebenzisa ilungelo labo lokuvota, abantu bangasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izinhlangano zemithetho zihlale zisabela, zilandisa futhi ziphumelela.

Amandla okubusa kwentando yeningi axhomeke ekuqondiseni kwabahleli bemithetho abanekhono futhi ababophe izakhamuzi ukuba zisebenze ndawonye ukuze zixazulule izinselele ezihlanganyelwe futhi zakhe imiphakathi engcono. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuleyondawo, kuhulumeni, ngokwezinga lezwe, noma emhlabeni wonke, izinhlangano zomthetho zinikeza uhlelo lokwenza izinqumo zomphakathi wonke ezithinta amalungelo abantu kuyilapho ziphishekela okuhle okukodwa.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngenqubo yomthetho, vakashela .Gov's iziqondiso zendlela imithetho eyenziwa ngayo[ noma ukuhlola AUSAGV's enqubeni yokwenza imithetho[.