Isihloko IX singenye yemithetho kahulumeni elandela impela eyake yamiswa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ubulili bobulili e-United States. Kusukela inkathi yaso ngo-1972, lo mthetho owodwa ushintshe indlela izigidi zabafundi ezithola ngayo imfundo — kusukela ekilasini kuya ekudlaleni kuya endleleni amakilasi asingatha ngayo ukuziphatha okubi kobulili. Ukuqonda iSihlomo usho ukuqaphela hhayi nje injongo yaso yokuqala kodwa nendlela ukuchaza kwazo okuye kwaqala ngayo phakathi namashumi eminyaka ezinselele zomthetho, ukubhalisa, kanye nezimiso eziguquguqukayo zomphakathi. Lesi sihloko sinikeza umbono ogcweleyo ngomlando wesihloko se-IX, izimpikiswano eziwusizo, i-IX, futhi isebenza ngayo ngokuqhubekayo ekulweni kokulingana nobulungisa.

Umlando Wesihloko IX

Isihloko IX asizange siphume kushelele. Saqanjwa ngemishini yama-1960 nasekuqaleni kuka-1970 yezinhlangano zamalungelo abantu, lapho abashisekeli benkolo nabenzi bomthetho bephendukela ezinkingeni zezimiso abesifazane ababebhekene nazo emfundweni. Ngaphambi kwesihloko i-IX, amakholiji amaningi, amakholiji amaningi angena ngokusemthethweni, izigaba ezibekwe, futhi aqondisa abesifazane “emikhakheni enjengezenhlo noma ukufundisa. Abesifazane abathola ukuthi bayazithathela ezifundweni, izindlu ezingokwazezezenzile, futhi cishe abakwazi ukungena ezimisweni zemidlalo.

Izimpande zomthetho wesihloko IX zilandelela emuva ekufuneni ubulili obusekelwe yizibalo ezifana no-Edith Green noSenator Birch Bach, owasungula isheya. Bayh wagcizelela ukuthi umthetho wawuklanyelwe ukusingatha “ukucwaswa okugcwele okusekelwe ohlakeni locansi” ezimisweni zemfundo ezixhaswa nguhulumeni. Umthetho wawufingqa: “Akekho umuntu eUnited States, ozakungahlanganyeli, oncishwa izinzuzo, ongabandlululwa ngaphansi kohlelo lwemfundo noma umsebenzi onikezwa usizo lwezemali.” Naphezu kokuba lunemali esemthethweni.

Ukulwela ukudlulisa isihloko u-IX kwakuyingxenye yokunqoba okukhulu kwemithetho yamalungelo abesifazane okwakuhlanganisa i-Avimenci Pay Act ka-1963 kanye neSichibiyelo semfundo sango1972, okwakuyingxenye eyinhloko yaso. Ingxenye yomthetho yayiphawula inguquko, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwakukude kakhulu. Kwakuzothatha iminyaka eminingi ukuqondisa kokuqondisa, ukukhipha izinkantolo, nokuphikelela kokuguqula amazwi ephepha abe yinto engokoqobo kubafundi kulo lonke izwe.

u-“Title IX iyithuluzi elinamandla, kodwa isebenza kuphela uma izikole zizithatha ngokungathi sína izibopho zazo.” — Catherine Lhamon, owayenguNobhala Osizayo kumalungelo Omphakathi e-U.S. kuMnyango wemfundo[

Amalungiselelo Ayinhloko Esiqu

Isiqu esithi IX sinegunya elicacile: akukho kucwasana okusekelwe ohlazweni lwemfundo noma umsebenzi onikezwa izimali zikahulumeni. Lokhu kusebenza ezifundeni zesikole zendawo ezicishe zibe ngu-17,600, amakolishi nasemayunivesithi angu-5 000, nezinye izinhlangano zemfundo ezingenakubalwa — ikakhulu noma isiphi isikole esamukela amadollar kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nosizo lwabafundi lwemali. Umthetho uhlanganisa izindawo ezintathu ezibanzi zesibopho.

Ukukhishwa Kobandlululo Olusekelwe Kwobulili

Imfuneko yokuqala nengokwesisekelo iwukuthi izinhlangano akumelwe ziphathe abafundi ngokuhlukile ngokuya ocansini, ngokunikeza iziyalezo zezifundo, ngokunikeza iseluleko, ngezimali, ngokuhlala, noma nganoma isiphi isici solwazi lwemfundo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuvikela abafundi ekuthatheni izinhlelo zemfundo ezishaye isosha futhi baqinisekise ukuthi bayakwazi ukufinyelela izinhlelo zemfundo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinkantolo ziye zachaza lokhu ukucwasa okusekelwe ekukhulelweni, esimweni sobuzali, futhi — ngokwezici eziningi — ubulili kanye nokusabela ngokobulili.

Amathuba Alinganayo Ezesayensi

Mhlawumbe umphumela obonakalayo kakhulu wesihloko IX seze kwezemidlalo. Umthetho udinga izikole ukuba zinikeze abafundi besilisa nabesifazane amathuba alinganayo okugijima. Ikhampani ilinganiswa ngokuhlola kathathu: (1) ukuthi amathuba okuhlanganyela alingana kakhulu yini ekungeneleni; (2) ukuthi isikhungo sinomlando wokwandisa amathuba obulili obungaphansi kwamandla; noma (3) ukuthi afanela ngokugcwele yini izithakazelo namakhono alabo abangaphansi kwemfundo yobulili. Ngokomphumela, ukuhlanganyela kwabesifazane emidlalweni yesikole esiphakeme kuye kwakhula kusukela kwabangaphansi kwamakhulu amathathu kuya kwabangu-30,000 [3,4 yizigidi namuhla], ngokwe-National Federation of High School Association.

Isivikelo Ekuhlukunyezweni Nokuhlaselwa Ngokobulili

Isihloko IX sidinga futhi izikhungo zokubheka ukuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili nobudlova bobulili njengezindlela zokucwasa ngokobulili. Izikole kumelwe zibe nezinqubo ezicacile zokukhalaza, zinikeze umxhumanisi wesihloko se-IX, futhi zisabele ngokushesha lapho ‘ zinolwazi olufanele” lokuziphatha okubi. UMnyango Wemfundo weHhovisi Lamalungelo Omphakathi (OCR) umisa lezimfuneko, futhi izikole zingalahlekelwa izimali zikahulumeni uma zihluleka ukuhambisana. Le ndawo iye yaba ngenye yezithakazelo ezinkulu, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nokulinganisa phakathi kwamalungelo abasindayo kanye nenqubo efanelekile yabafundi.

Umphumela Wesiqu Sesihloko Emfundweni

Impumelelo yesihloko se-IX ayidluli kakhulu emidlalweni yezemfundo, impucuko yamakolishi nezimiso zezinhlangano ngendlela ethinta umfundi ngamunye. Ukusetshenziswa komthetho kuye kwaholela ekushintshweni kwezindawo ezibonakalayo ezikhokhelwayo, izindlela zomsebenzi, kanye nezikhungo zesikole namayunivesithi.

Isihloko IX Nesayensi Yezifo

Imiphumela yezemidlalo yabesifazane ibhalwe kahle kodwa ifanele ukuhlolwa kabanzi. Ngaphambi komthetho, abesifazane bathola amaphesenti amabili kuphela emali yokuhlela imidlalo yasekolishi futhi cishe bangenazo izikhokhelo. Namuhla, izinhlelo zezemidlalo zabesifazane zilandisa ngamathuba ezemidlalo acishe abe ngu 45% ezikoleni zemidlalo eNCAA, futhi inani labesifazane abathola iziqu zezemidlalo liye landisa inguquko yempucuko: imidlalo yabesifazane manje iyayalela ukuthengwa kakhulu, amathuba ochwepheshe, nesithakazelo somphakathi. Kodwa kusekhona ukudilingwa kwe-2023 NCAA izikole. Umbiko wathola ukuthi imidlalo yamadoda isathola izindleko eziphambili zokusebenza nokuthola ama-R372. [FFF:] [FULD] [F:]

Isihloko IX kwizincwadi

Ezimisweni zemfundo, i-Title IX iye yaba usizo ekunqandeni imigoqo. Ukubhalisa kwabesifazane emfundweni ephakeme kuye kwanyuka kusukela ku-43% ngo-1971 kuya ku-60% namuhla. Abesifazane manje bahola ingxenye enkulu ye-schemistry, i-moner’s, i-doctoral digrees. Umthetho uye wakhuthaza amantombazane nabesifazane ukuba baphishekele amasimu lapho babengaphansi kwesayensi, ikakhulukazi esayensini yobuchwepheshe, ubunjiniyela, nezibalo (STM). Imisebenzi enjenge-ADHPMFLFD yesizwe ye-AD [ — esekelwa yisihloko se-IXCM — isandise inani labesifazane abasebenza ngemisebenzi nangemisebenzi ye-STM.

Isihloko IX sivikela abafundi abakhulelwe noma abakhulisayo, okudinga izikole ukuba zinikeze izindawo zokulala ezifanele njengekhefu lokungabikho, izabelo ezingezinye, nokuthola indawo yokulalisa. Lokhu kuye kwasiza ekunciphiseni izinga lokuyeka ukuthatha ijubane phakathi kwabazali abafundayo.

Ukuphepha Kwamakamu Nokusabela Ngokuziphatha Okungafanele Ngokobulili

Umthetho uye waphoqelela izinhlangano ukuba zithathe ukuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili nokuhlaselwa ngokungathi sína. Ngaphambi kokuba isihloko se-IX sisebenzise ukusebenza kobudlova bobulili, abaphathi abaningi basemagcekeni kungaba abanganaki izikhalo noma abazisingatha ngokwethukela. Manje, izikole kumelwe ziqhube izikhangiso, ukuphenya ngokungakhethi, zinikeze izinyathelo ezisekelayo kubo bobabili abakhonondayo nabaphendulile, futhi zikhipha izinqumo ezisekelwe ebufakazini obuqanjiwe. Nakuba lenqubo iye yagxekwa nhlangothi zonke, ukwaziswa okuvela eBureauni of Justice Statistic Statisticsss kubonise ukuthi inani elibika amakholi ehhholo ezingane ezifundisa ngezocansi, futhi abaningi abasindayo bathola izinkonzo zokusekela.

Izinselele Nezindawo Ezizungeze I - IX

Naphezu kwemiphumela yayo eyingqopha - mlando, i - Isihloko IX asikaze sibe nempikiswano. izimpikiswano zokusetshenziswa kwaso zembula ukungezwani okujulile ngokuphathelene nencazelo yokulingana, indima kahulumeni emfundweni, namalungelo abantu ababanjwa ezinqubweni zokuzisebenzela.

Isihloko IX Ne - Athletics: Izindleko Zokuphakamisa Nemiphumela Engahlosiwe

Enye yezinsolo eziphikelela kakhulu ukuthi u-Title IX uye waholela ekususweni kwemidlalo yamadoda. Ukuze afinyelele ukulingana, amanye amayunivesithi aye anqamula amaqembu amadoda athandwa kakhulu — njengomjaho, ukubhukuda, noma ukuvivinya umzimba — nakuba kungeyonke imidlalo elinganayo yabesifazane. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kulimaza abadlali besilisa ngaphandle kokusiza abesifazane. Abaxhasi baveza ukuthi lokhu kubangelwa yimiphumela yemali yezikole, hhayi umthetho ngokwawo, futhi izinhlangano eziningi ziye zakwazi ukugcina izinhlelo zamadoda nabesifazane ngemithombo yangempela. Eqinisweni, [FLT:] imidlalo yabesifazane iphawula ukuthi izikole ezikoleni ezivame ukuzuza wonke amaqembu esungula izimali.

Isihloko IX Nenqubo Efanele Ekuhlaselweni Kwamacala Okuziphatha Okubi

Impikiswano eshubile kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva nje iye yagxile emakolishini ukuhlasela ngokobulili. Phakathi nokuqondisa kwe-Obama, uMnyango Wezemfundo wanikeza isiqondiso esinciphisa indinganiso yobufakazi futhi sikhuthaza izikole ukuba zisebenzise isampuli eyodwa. Abagxeki — kuhlanganise nezazi eziningi ezingokomthetho nabafundi abamangalelwe — baphikisa ngokuthi lezi zinqubo zenqaba amalungelo ayisisekelo ayisisekelo adingekayo. Ukuqondisa kweTrump kwasabela ngemithetho emisha ngo 202020 eyadinga ukuzwa okuphilayo, ukuqashelwa kwezindlebe, nendinganiso esobala kakhulu. Isimiso seBden sabe sacebisa ushintsho lwaso ngo 202222222020,20,20,20, ngenjongo yokubuyisela isivikelo sabasindiwe ngesikhathi lapho besaphila izinqubo ezilungile. Njengoba kungu 20205, iziqondiso zamuva kakhulu kwe-Biden zifuna ukuqondiswa kwe-LT nencazelo engokwenculo, kodwa abafundi ababhekene phambili.

Amalungelo Okudlulisa Imali Nesiqu

Imingcele esheshayo ehlukanisayo i-IX evimbela ukucwaswa kwenkanuko yobulili ihlanganisa ubulili. Ngo-2020, isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme Bostock v. Clayton County — ekholelwa ukuthi ubandlululo olusekelwe ekubulilini noma ubulili luwubandlululo lobulili ngaphansi kwesihloko se-Title VII — sanikeza amandla amakhulu empikiswaneni yokuthi iSihlomo IX kufanele sichazwe ngendlela efanayo. Izinkantolo eziningi zezwe zivumelane, futhi i-Biden Cord I - IX sigrands 2024 i-presected transder. Nokho, izimendo eziningi zidlulise imithetho evimbela abadlali abangaphandle kwezemidlalo yabesifazane noma ukudlulisa abafundi ezikhungweni ezingenisweni eziphikisanayo. Inkantolo yomthetho ephethe i-Suppola.

Intuthuko Yanamuhla Nekusasa Lesihloko IX

Isiqu esithi IX siyaqhubeka siguquka ngenxa yoshintsho lwezenhlalo, izinselele ezingokomthetho, nokushintsha kwezombangazwe.

Ukuvikela I - LGBTQ+ Abafundi

Ukufakwa kwegama lobulili kanye nokusetshenziswa kwendlela yobulili ngaphansi kwe-Title IX kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu kusukela kumalungiselelo okuqala omthetho. Izikole manje zidingeka ukuze ziphathe abafundi abathatha i-transgender ngokuvumelana nobuntubobufana, kuhlanganise nokungena ezindlini zangasese, emagumbini okugcina imoto, nasemaqenjini ezemidlalo (nakuba eyezamuva isancintisana). I-OCR inikeze isiqondiso esigcizelela ukuthi ukuhlukunyezwa kwe-LGBTQ kuyindlela yokucwasa ubulili. Lokhu kuhambisana nokuhlola ukusekela komphakathi isivikelo sobulili obungahlangane, kodwa ukukhiqizwa kuyahluka kakhulu ngombuso.

Izinselele Zobuchwepheshe Nokuhlukunyezwa Nge - Internet

Njengoba imfundo ikhula kakhulu, i-sihloko ifinyelela ezindaweni zokufunda ze-intanethi. Ukuhlukunyezwa kwe-Cyber, ukuxoxisana, nokuhlanganyela izithombe eziyimfihlo ngokunganaki konke kubhekiswa ngaphansi kwesimiso somthetho. Izikole manje kumelwe ziqinisekise ukuthi izimiso zazo zifihla ukuziphatha okungathandeki okudala isimo esimelene nemfundo. Lokhu kuphakamisa imibuzo emisha mayelana nemingcele yezwe nemithombo edingekayo ukuze kuphenduleke ngokuphumelelayo.

Izimpi Eziqhubekayo Zezomthetho

Izimpi ezilawulayo zesihloko IX azikapheli. Iziphathimandla zonke kusukela ngo-2010 ziye zachaza kabusha izimfuneko zomthetho ezilawula izinqubo zokuziphatha okubi ngokobulili. Lokhu kungahleleki kudala ukudideka ezikoleni nakubafundi. Ochwepheshe abaningi bezomthetho basekela ukuyekethisa okuhlanganisa inqubo efanele nesivikelo sabasindayo ewumthetho, ukususa lendaba esigxotsheni sokhetho. Uma uMkhandlu ungaphumelela ekuyekethiseni okunjalo akuqinisekile.

“Isihloko IX asisona isikhumbuzo esisendaweni efiphele; kuyisithembiso esiphilayo ukuthi isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe sivuselelwe.” — Judith Areen, owayengumphathi we-Georgetown University Law Center[

Ikusasa lesihloko IX lizoxhomeka futhi emaqenjini angenzanga lutho okuqeqesha, njengawe- i-ACLU kanye no-[FLT] Yazi IX Yakho[, eqhubeka inika abafundi amandla ngolwazi ngamalungelo abo. Okwamanje, izikole zibhekene nenselele eqhubekayo yezisebenzi zokuqeqesha, izinhlelo zokuthuthukisa, kanye nokuthuthukisa isimo sezulu esithuthukisa inhlonipho nokuphepha.

Isiphetho: Amandla Ahlala Njalo Engqondo Elula

Ifa lika-IX liyinguquko enkulu. Eminyakeni engaphezu nje kwengamashumi amahlanu, iye yasiza ekuphahlazekeni izibalo, iminyango evulekileyo yezigidi zabafundi, futhi yenza ukuba izinhlangano zithwale icala lobandlululo. Kodwa umsebenzi awupheleli. Ukungalingani kwezezimali ezixhasa imidlalo, izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo zokusingatha ukuziphatha okubi kobulili, nokuncintisana kwamalungelo angaphandle, kugcizelela ukuthi ukulingana nobulungisa kudinga ukuqapha okuqhubekayo. Kubafundisi, abafundi, nabenzi bemithetho, isiqu sokuqonda i-IX kusho okungaphezu kokuthatha ikhanda izinhlelo zakho — kusho ukuthatha isimiso sokuthi wonke umuntu, kungakhathaliseki ubulili noma ubulili, ukufaneleka, kufanele ukuba nethuba lokufunda, ukuncintisana, nokuchuma. Isimiso, njengoba sinjalo, njengoba sinjalo namuhla sibalulekile, njengoba sinjalo nanamuhla, njengoba sinjalo sinjalo ngonyaka ka-1971.