Isingeniso: Indima Ebucayi Yezisebenzi Ezisebenza Ngemisebenzi Yasebugqilini

Imisebenzi eqinile nokuhlola komshoshaphansi kungamathuluzi anamandla asetshenziswa izinhlangano eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho ukuze zingene ezinhlanganweni zobugebengu, ziqoqe ukuhlakanipha okungathathelwa isinyathelo, futhi zakhe amacala anokubulawa. Kusukela ekushushumbiseni izidakamizwa kuya emahlelweni e-intanethi, lemisebenzi ivame ukubeka izikhulu ezimweni ezibucayi lapho kumelwe zihileleke khona ekuziphatheni okulingisa umsebenzi ongekho emthethweni ongokomthetho. Nokho, umngcele phakathi kokugcinwa komthetho osebenzayo kanye noweqikeleziwe womthetho womthetho uncane. Ingxenye enkulu idinga lomngcele yimfuneko yemithetho efanelekile.

Ngaphandle kwemvume efunyenwe ngokomthetho, ubufakazi obuqoqwe phakathi nodosi noma ukusebenza komshoshaphansi bungavinjelwa ngaphansi komthetho wokukhishwa kwecala, kungaphazamisa ukushushiswa ngokuphelele. Ukuqonda izibopho eziqondile zezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokusebenza − kanye nokungalingani okukhona okubalulekile ngabashushisi, abameli, izisebenzi zomthetho osemthethweni, nanoma ubani ohlola inqubo yobugebengu. Lesi sihloko sinikeza isiqondiso esibanzi ezidingwayo eziqondisweni ezilawula ukuntinyela nokuphenya okufihlekile, ukudweba ngezimiso zomthetho-mthetho-mthetho, umthetho we-mthetho we-ganothi, nangamacala aphambili.

Izimiso Zomthetho - sisekelo: ISichibiyelo Sesine Nembangela Efanelekile

IsiHluzi sesine soMthetho-sisekelo we-United States siqinisekisa ilungelo labantu lokuvikelwa ekuphenyeni okungacabangeki nasekuqulekeni. I-arhente yayo isho ukuthi akukho mfuneko evele ivele kodwa ngenxa engenzeka, isekelwe ngesifungo noma isiqinisekiso, futhi ichaza ikakhulukazi indawo okumelwe iphenywe futhi abantu noma izinto ezimelwe zithathwe. Lemfuneko eyisisekelo isebenza ekuhlinzeni nasekuthuleni abantu noma imisebenzi yangasese noma nini lapho behilela ukuseshwa, ukuthatheka, noma ukugxambukela endaweni evikelekile engokomthetho.

Imbangela efanelekile akuyona ibhakede eliphezulu elidinga ukufakwa amathuba okuthi ukuthumba, ubufakazi, noma umuntu ohaqwe yisithuthwane kungatholakala endaweni ethile noma emoyeni ochazwe edilini. I-affidavits esekela izicelo eziqinisekisayo, hhayi isiphetho esiqondile. Isikhulu asikho ukumane sigomele ukuthi umcabango ugcina izimpahla ezibiwe egalajini; kumelwe sinikeze inzuzo ethembekile, ukuqaphela isixwayiso, noma obunye ubufakazi obusekela isisekelo esiholela kumajijijini ukuba avume ukuthi isisekelo esiqinile sikhona.

Imfuneko ekhethekile ibaluleke ngokufanayo. Imvume yokuhlinza kodosi kumelwe ichaze ngokunembe indawo okumelwe iphenywe (isibonelo, indlu e 123 Main Street), izinto okumelwe zithathwe (umzk., amarekhodi entengiselwano ezidakamizwa), kanye nezindlela zokuqapha noma zokuphamba imvume. Izimpawu zokugunyaza ukunqanda ukunqanda ukuqulwa kwezindawo (isimo esivamile) ngoba zinikeza izikhulu igunya elivulekile lokuzilawula ngempahla yomuntu noma ngokuvimbela ukuxhumana okuyimfihlo.

Kudingeka Izinhlobo Zabantu Abafuna Ukulwa Ekuhlinzeni Nokucasha

Imisebenzi eqinile nokuhlola komshoshaphansi kungahlanganisa izinhlobo eziningana ezihlukene zemithetho, ngayinye elawulwa yikho kanye okusemthethweni. Okuvame kakhulu kuhlanganisa:

  • Imvume zokuhlola [ – isetshenziselwa ukungena nokufuna indawo ethile yobufakazi bobugebengu (umz. indlu yokufihla noma isiphakeli secomputer).
  • Arrest juct juct – esetshenziselwa ukuthatha umsolwayo ejele ngemva kokuphela kodosi.
  • [[NTL:0] Izimpawu ze-'FURVEILAN' [ - ezisetshenziselwa ukugada isigxobo noma umshini we-electronic' (umz., GPS ukulandelela noma ukuhlola ividiyo yendawo yangasese).
  • Ititle III iziyalo zentambo yentambo – ezidingekayo ekunqandeni okuqukethwe ucingo, umlomo, noma imishini yokuxhumana (izingcingo zocingo, ama-imeyili, imibhalo) ngaphansi kwezinqubo eziqinile zomthetho.
  • bhalisa ne-trace-race-race iziyalo - ezisetshenziselwa ukuthatha izinombolo ezizinombolo noma imetameter kumacingo, ngokuvamile okudinga izinga eliphansi kakhulu lokusebenza kunokuba kube yimbangela engenzeka.

Izindlela Zokufuna Imisebenzi Yokukhangisa

Ukuhlinza okuvamile kuvame ukuphetha ngokuphoqelela ukuphoqelelwa komthetho ukuba kwenziwe isiqinisekiso sokufuna imvume endaweni esetshenziselwa ukugcina ubufakazi noma ukuthumba. Ngokwesibonelo, ekuthengeni izidakamizwa ezingekho mfihlo, izikhulu zingahlela ukuthenga izidakamizwa kumthengisi endlini emisiwe. Ngemva kokuthengisela, zithola isiqinisekiso sokufuna ezinye izidakamizwa, imali, kanye namarekhodi. Imvume kumelwe isekelwe yi-affidavit ehlanganisa ukuqashelwa kwesikhulu esingaphansi kwe-opera, ukuthembeka kwanoma yimuphi umthengisi, kanye nochungechunge lwezehlakalo oluveza imbangela efanelekile.

Umehluko owodwa obucayi: uma uhlikihlo ngokwalo luhilela izingeniso eziphindaphindiwe empahlani yangasese (umz., isikhulu somshoshaphansi esizishaya umthengi wezidakamizwa simenywa ekhaya), lezozingeniso zingaba ezingekho futhi zingadinge imvume. Nokho, noma ikuphi ukuphenywa okungaphezu kwemvume (njengokuvula izitsha zokuphatha ezivaliwe noma ukungena emagunjini avaliwe) kudinga imvume engekho.

Imishini Nesiqu Sezinkampani Ezinkulu

Uphenyo lwasemfihlekweni oluhilela ukuthungatha ucingo, ukuphanga, noma ukuvimbela imishini yezokuxhumana yehlela ngaphansi koMthetho ka-Puntain We-Ginetap (Umthetho III we-Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act ka-1968) nemithetho efanayo kahulumeni. Lemithetho ibeka izimfuneko eziqinile ezingenakulinganiswa nesizathu esivamile:

  • I - affidavit kumelwe ibonise ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ubugebengu obuthile bebukhona, bukhona, noma busezokwenziwa.
  • Uhlelo kumele lubonise ukuthi izinqubo ezivamile zophenya ziye zazanywa futhi zehluleka, noma kunengqondo ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuba ziphumelele noma zibe yingozi kakhulu (lena kungu- imfuneko enciphileyo[].
  • Uhlelo kumelwe lucacise uhlobo lokuxhumana oluzonqanyulwa, iphutha elizophenywa, ubuni besigcibisholo (uma saziwa), nesikhathi sokunqamuka (ngokuvamile esilinganiselwe kumashumi amathathu ezinsuku ngokunwetshwa okungase kwenzeke).
  • Ukuqiniswa komthetho kumelwe kunciphise ukunqandwa kwemiyalezo engaqhubeki (isib. yima ukulalela uma izingxoxo zingahlobene ngokusobala nobugebengu).

Ukwehluleka ukuhambisana nalezizimfuneko kungaphumela ekucindezelweni kobufakazi obuvinjelwe kanye ngisho nokubekwa icala komphakathi kwabaphathi abahilelekile. Ngokwesibonelo, Beger v. New York (1967), iNkantolo Ephakeme yabulala umthetho kagesi ongenakho ukuqondisa okukhethekile, imisa ukuthi ukuhlola kwezemishini “kuwuphenya” ngaphansi kweSiphendu sesine.

Ukuthungatha Izisetshenziswa Nezimfijoli Ze - GPS

Ukuqapha ngokoqobo ukunyakazisa kwe-GPS ngokulandelela noma okunye ubuchwepheshe obubonisa indawo kudinga futhi isiqinisekiso ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesine. United States v. Jones (202]), iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi ukunamathela kukahulumeni kwesisetshenziswa seGPS emotweni nokusetshenziswa kwayo ukuhlola izimoto kwenza ukuphenywa okungaphakathi kwencazelo yeSichibiyelo sesine. Ngakho, umthetho kumelwe uthole isiqinisekiso esisekelwa yisizathu esizwakalayo (noma i-GPS) ekwamukeleni okungaqondakaliyo ("empela) ngaphambi kokuba ukwenze umshini wokuthumela i-GPS umzila wemoto noma ukusebenza kwayo ngaphansi kokusebenza kwayo.

Izinhlangano zendawo nezindawo kumelwe zazi ukuthi imfuneko yemvume yokulandelela iGPS iyasebenza ngisho nalapho imoto isemigwaqweni yomphakathi. Jones [ isinqumo saphenduka ekufakeni ngokoqobo umshini, kodwa kamuva izenzakalo (njenge United States v. Carplater [, 2018]) zathola futhi ukuthi ingqamuzana-lengiselwano-yomhlala-kade (CSI) idinga isiqinisekiso ngoba yembula isithombe esifingqiwe mayelana nokuphila komuntu.

Ukucwaninga Okuyimfihlo Ngaphandle Kwezimpi: Indima Yokuvumelana Nombono Oyiphutha

Akuzona zonke izici zokuhlola komshoshaphansi ezidinga imvume. Ezimweni eziningi, ukugcinwa komthetho kuncike kumthetho ovunyelwe ukuqhuba ukuphenya noma ukuqapha. Uma isikhulu esingaphansi komthetho simenywa endlini esolwayo, ehhovisi, noma emotweni, noma iziphi izingqapheli ezenziwayo phakathi kwesilinganiso salesosimemo zivunyelwe ngaphandle kwemvume. Lolu hlelo lwaqokonyiswa ngokudume kakhulu ku-Haffa v. United States [196], lapho iNkantolo Ephakeme ibilokhu ukuthi lapho uhulumeni ephethe ukuthi uma umbiko ukhona, ummangalelwa “ufaka ingozi” umuntu oyayayayawubika emthethweni.

Ngokufanayo, imbono eyimfihlo yemfundiso [ ivumela izikhulu ukuba zithathe ubufakazi noma i-octrand etholakala ngengozi endaweni esemthethweni. Uma inxusa elingaphansi komthetho libona isibhamu etafuleni phakathi nokuthengiselwa kwezidakamizwa okungekho emthethweni, lokho kuhlola akudingi isiqinisekiso esihlukile, futhi isibhamu singaba silula.

Nokho, umehluko phakathi kokuhlola okungagunyaziwe nokuseshwa ngaphandle kogunyaziwe ungafiphaza. Uma isikhulu somshoshaphansi sithatha inyathelo elidlula imvume − njengokuvula isikhwama esikhiyiwe noma ukubeka umshini wokuqopha ofihliwe wesine. ISichibiyelo sesine singaba sihilelekile. Izinkantolo zihlola ingqikithi yezimo ukuze zinqume ukuthi umuntu onengqondo wayekholelwa ukuthi ziyahlolwa.

Abahlukile Endinganisweni Eqaphile

Nakuba imibandela iwumthetho ovamile, ngezinye izikhathi inqubo yodosi iyaqhubeka ngaphansi kokungaqashelwa.

Izimo Ezibi

Lapho ukugcinwa komthetho kubhekene nesimo esiphuthumayo esisongela ukuphila, ukubhujiswa okuseduze kobufakazi, noma ukujahwa okukhulu komsoleki obalekelayo, bangase bafune noma baphathwe ngaphandle kwemvume. Ngokwesibonelo, uma phakathi nokusebenza kobisi olungaphansi komthetho ezwa imisindo ebonisa ukuthi othile uyahlaselwa, bangase bangene endaweni yokuhlala ngaphandle kwemvume yokunikeza usizo noma ukuvimbela ukulimala. Ubandlululo kumelwe lube lweqiniso futhi lungadalwa uhulumeni ngokwakhe. Izinkantolo zihlola isikhathi nesimo sokwenza okungahlolwanga kahle ukuze zivimbele ukuxhashazwa.

Ukholo Oluhle Luyahlukaniswa

Ngisho noma imvume kamuva itholakala ingasebenzi kahle (umz., engenasizathu esilindelekile), ubufakazi bungabe bungabethuleki uma izikhulu zincike ngokunengqondo emyalezweni okhishwe imantshi ongathathi hlangothi. INkantolo Ephakeme yamisa lenketho United States v. Leon [19984]. Ukucela ukholo oluhle, umthetho kumelwe ukuba ulandele izinqubo ezivamile futhi isikhulu sesikhulu kumelwe ukuba sazi kahle ebusweni (hh) futhi singazi ukuthi isikhulu sesikhulu sasingenakwazi ukuthi imvume ayisebenzi.

Usizo

Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngaphambili, imvume yokuzithandela yomuntu onegunya ezindlini noma empahla inciphisa isidingo sokugunyazwa. Lapho kwenziwa imvume ngasese, ngokuvamile imvume itholakala ngokuphelele lapho umuntu osolwayo emema isikhulu somshoshaphansi endaweni yangasese. Nokho, izinkantolo zifuna ukuba imvume yazi futhi ingabi yimpoqo. Abaphathi bebutho abanakusebenzisa ukukhohlisa ukuze bakhwabanisa umuntu osolwayo ukuba avume ukuthi ngenye indlela ngeke avumele u-$(*) inkohliso eyingxenye yenkonzo yangasese ngokuvamile iyamukeleka uma nje umsoli ehlala ekhululekile ukuba alahle ukuxhumana.

Imibono Esobala Nokutholakala Kwayo Okungenakugwenywa

Imfundiso ecacile ivumela ukuquleka okungenasizathu kobufakazi obubonakala ngokushesha njengokuyiphutha futhi butholakale ephuzwini lokuhlola elingokomthetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthetho ongenakugwenywa uvumela ubufakazi obutholakala ekucwaningeni okungekho emthethweni ukuba buvunywe uma ukushushisa kungafakazela ngokucabangisisa kobufakazi bokuthi ubufakazi babungatholakala ngokomthetho noma kunjalo (umz., ngesiqinisekiso esiqinile ebebebebebe sikhishwe kungakhathaliseki).

Ukucatshangelwa Okukhethekile Kwemisebenzi Yokushayisa Amaza Okuvikela Inkulumo Noma Abangane

Eminye imisebenzi yodonga ihlanganisa imisebenzi yeSichibiyelo Sokuqala − njengokunyenyeza izinhlangano zezombangazwe, amaqembu enkolo, noma i-internet compons − lapho umngcele phakathi kokuhlola okungokomthetho nokungagunyazi ukuphatha inkulumo. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yathi uhulumeni angase angahileli ekuqashelweni kobuswa kweqembu ngenxa nje yemibono yayo yezombangazwe noma engokwenkolo ngaphandle kokusola okunengqondo kobugebengu. NACP v. Alaba Patterson (1988), iNkantolo iqaphele ukuthi ukuvezwa kwezinhlu zamalungu kungavimbela ukuhlangana. Nakuba leyo mpikiswano yayingahileli udobo olunothi olunengqondo.

Uma udosi luhlasela abantu abasebenzisa inkulumo evikelweyo (ngokwesibonelo), ukuhlola izinsongo ezingekho emthethweni ezenziwa ezingosini zengevu zengevu ze-webhusayithi ye-nethi, i-application kumele iqinisekise ukuthi amanxusa abo awangenisi ukuziphatha okungekho emthethweni okungangenzeki. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuzivikela kogibe, okuxoxwe ngezansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma lokhu kuhlanganisa nokugada izingxoxo zezokuxhumana zamaelectronic, imvume kumelwe ihlolwe ukugwema ukukhuluma okuhloniphekile noma okungadingenelanga.

Ukuthakazela Nobuhlobo Bakho Nezimfuneko Ezinhle

Nakuba ugibe luyisivikelo esincane kunokuba lube yindaba egunyaziwe, lezi ezimbili zihlangene eduze ekulobeni. Umthetho ubangela ukuba umuntu enze ubugebengu abengeke bathambekele ekubuyenzeni. Uma uhulumeni esebenzisa iqhinga elingafanele, ummangalelwa angakhululwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izivumelwano ezingokomthetho.

Nokho, ukuba khona kwemvume esemthethweni akumane kunqobe isikhala esiwujuqu. Imvume imane igunyaze ukuseshwa noma ukuqashwa; ayilawuli ukuziphatha kwezikhulu ezifihlakele. Ngokwesibonelo, uma udosi lusebenzisa isiqinisekiso sokubeka ikhamera efihliwe ekhaya losolwayo, kodwa isikhulu esingaphansi komthetho sicindezela umsolwa ukuba athengise izidakamizwa ngokunikeza amanani aphakeme futhi asebenzise kabi ukuphelelwa yimali komsoleki, inkantolo ingase ithole igwegwegwe.

Ukugcinwa komthetho kunganciphisa izingozi ngokugxila emathubani kunokuba kubhebhethekise osolwayo ngethuba lokwenza ubugebengu athambekele kakade ekububangeleni, njengasezimweni lapho umsolwa eqala ukwenza umsebenzi ongekho emthethweni noma ebhala umlando wamacala afanayo ngaphambili.

Izimfuneko Ezingokwesayensi: Ukuphatha Nokwahlulela

I-affidavit esekela isiqinisekiso sokuhlinza kodosi kumelwe ichazwe kabanzi futhi ibonakale mayelana luhlobo lokuhlinza. Kufanele ichaze:

  • Ubugebengu obuqondile obuphenywayo nokuthi kungani kudingeka udosi noma indlela yokubuthulula.
  • Indawo noma isisulu okumelwe siseshe noma sigcwale kuyo, ngokukhethekile.
  • Amaqiniso aveza imbangela okungenzeka ibangelwe yilokho, kuhlanganise namazwi avela kubanikeli, ukuphawula kwezikhulu, nanoma yibuphi obunye ubufakazi.
  • Ifulema yesikhathi sokusebenza nanoma ikuphi ukulinganiselwa kwesilinganiso somsebenzi ogunyaziwe (isib. “imvume igunyaza ukufakwa nokuqashwa kwesisetshenziswa se-GPS izinsuku ezingu-60”.
  • Ulwazi ngendima ye-athom, uma ludingeka ngenxa yesizathu okungenzeka (umz., “umthumeli wamenywa ukuba ahlale khona ngemva kokuhlela ukuthengwa kwezidakamizwa”).

I-magstate kumelwe ihlole i-affidavit ngokuzimele futhi ingadinga ushintsho noma ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngaphambi kokusayina isiqinisekiso. Banomsebenzi futhi wokuqinisekisa ukuthi isiqinisekiso asibanzi kakhulu. Ekuhloleni okuyinkimbinkimbi, njengokushushumbisa izidakamizwa isikhathi eside noma ukuhlasela kobugebengu okuhleliwe, ukugcinwa komthetho kungadinga ukufuna iziqinisekiso eziningi njengoba ubufakazi buqhubeka, isakhiwo ngasinye ezinyathelweni ezingaphambili.

Ukwehlukahluka Kukahulumeni EMthethweni Oyinqaba

Nakuba izindinganiso zomthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni zinikeza iphansi, imithetho-mthetho-mthetho yezwe nezimiso zinganikeza isivikelo esengeziwe. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izifundazwe zidinga isiqinisekiso sokuqapha okungaphezu kwesihloko se-electronic III, njengokufuna isiqinisekiso sekhamera yethelevishini evalekile ezindaweni zomphakathi. Ezinye zingaba nemithetho eqinile yokusebenzisa izimemezelo noma ukuphenya isenzakalo ukuze ziboshwe phakathi nokusebenza kodonsi.

Izinhlangano eziqapha umthetho kumelwe ziqaphele umthetho wezwe osebenzayo lapho ziqhuba imisebenzi yesizwe elawulwayo. Ubufakazi obutholakala ngokuphula umthetho kazwelonke busenganqandwa ngisho noma bungabe bungasetshenziswa ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesine, uma umthetho kahulumeni wokuzihlukanisa ubanzi. Ngokuhlukile, eminye imibuso ingase ibe nomthetho olinganiselwe owehlukanisayo noma isebenzise ukholo oluhle ngaphandle kokwengeziwe.

Abaqondisi kufanele bahlole imithetho eqondile nomthetho wecala wezwe elifanele. Kunoma iziphi izinti ezilawulwa izinhlangano ze-FBI noma i-DEA, umthetho kahulumeni ungasebenza uma umsebenzi uyenzeka ezweni likahulumeni noma uhilela amacala kahulumeni. Imisebenzi eminingi yesifundazwe idinga ukubambisana okucophelelayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izinqubo ezigunyazayo ezisetshenziswayo zanelisa amandla asebenzayo okugwema ukucindezelwa kunoma yikuphi ukushushiswa okulandelayo.

Izinselele Nezici Eziyinkimbinkimbi Emisebenzini Eminingi Yokubhekana Nezimo

Imisebenzi eqinile enqamule isifundazwe noma imigqa kahulumeni iveza ezinye izinkimbinkimbi. Uma umsoli exhumana nesikhulu esibophayo emigqeni yombuso, iziyalo ze-watentap zingadinga ukuvumelana nemithetho yawo womabili amazwe, kanye nomthetho kahulumeni. Okufanayo ku-GPS yokuhlola noma ukuhlola amafu. United States v. Verdu-Urquidez[ [1990], iNkantolo Ephakeme yalinganisela inqubo yeSine sokuhlola iSinyuko seSine sokuhlola okungesona U.S. Izakhamuzi zahamba kwamanye amazwe, kodwa izitho ezihlanganisa ukusolwa kwezizwe zonke. .[FLT] ngokufana nemisebenzi yokukhwazwa ngezenziwa ngezomthetho womthetho wokweqikela.[Ft]

Ukuze kuxazululwe lezi zinselele, izinhlangano eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho zivame ukuhileleka ezindaweni ezihlangene lapho izicelo ezigunyazwayo zibukezwa khona abameli abaqondisayo abaningi.

Amacebiso Awusizo Emithetho Nezazi Zezomthetho

Ngabashushisi nabameli abahlaziya ukuba ngokomthetho kokuhlinza okuntinyelayo, lamaphuzu alandelayo abalulekile:

  • Bukeza i-affidavit enikeza ukuphelela nokunemba. Ukukhipha noma ukuchaza okungalungile, qha qha qha, kungaholela ekucindezelweni ngaphansi Franks v. Delaware.
  • Qiniseka ukuthi noma ikuphi ukuqapha kogesi kugunyaza ukuhlanganiswa nezimfuneko zesihloko III. Lalela amarekhodi ukuze uhlole ukuthi zingavinjelwa kakhulu izingcingo ezingaqhubeki.
  • Uma umuntu osolwayo ekuqaleni evuma ukungena komhloli oyimfihlo, kodwa kamuva imvume esusiwe, noma ikuphi ukugada okuqhubekayo kumelwe kumiswe ngaphandle kokuba imvume noma ukuvumelana nayo kugunyazwe.
  • Yazi imfundiso [[FLT: 0] eyinxenye yesithathu : izihloko zingaba nokulindela okunciphileyo kobuso besikhathi esiyimfihlo ngolwazi eziluhlanganyela ngokuzithandela nabanye (umz., amarekhodi amabhange ngaphansi United States v. Miller, 1976]). Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme ibeke imingcele yaleyo mfundiso enkathini yezibalo (umz. [FLT: 4,] Carpatent v. United States[FLT:], 2018, yengqamuzana-ithane).
  • Cabangela ukuthi lolu lwimi ngokwalo ludala izimpikiswano zomthetho-sisekelo ngaphandle komthetho-mthetho, njengokwephulwa kwe-Site Claus Clause uma ukuziphatha kukahulumeni “kunzima.” Lokhu kuvikela akuvamile ukuphumelela kodwa kuye kwaqashelwa esimangalweni.

Isiphetho: Ukulinganisela Ukuphumelela Nobuqotho Bomthetho - sisekelo

Ukusebenza okuqinile nokuhlola komshoshaphansi kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqikelweni komthetho kwanamuhla, kodwa kumelwe kwenziwe phakathi kwemingcele yeSichibiyelo sesine nomthetho ogunyaza ukumiswa. Izivumelwano ezifanele zokuseshwa, ukuqashwa, nokuthathwa kwemishini kungavikela amalungelo abasolwayo kuphela kodwa futhi kuqinisekise ukuthi ubufakazi obuqoqiwe buyomelana nokuhlola kokwahlulela. Ngokunamathela ezimisweni zembangela elindelekile, ngokukhethekile, nokwengamele, umthetho ungaqeda izikhundla zobugebengu ngaphandle kokwephula izindinganiso zomthetho ezichaza isimiso sethu sokwahlulela.

Abameli bezempi kanye nezazi zomthetho kufanele baqhubeke behlola isimo esishintshayo somthetho we-octal j", ikakhulukazi njengoba ubuchwepheshe budala izilinganiso ezintsha zomuntu siqu. Izinkantolo cishe ziyoqhubeka zicwengisisa imingcele yokusebenza kobuso, zifune izimvume eziqinile nokwengamela okuqinile lapho kusetshenziswa khona izindlela eziphazamisayo. Umgomo oyinhloko yisimiso lapho ukulwa nobugebengu kungafinyelelwa khona ngenkokhelo yenkululeko ehloselwe ukuvikela.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka [[[FLT: 0] Isikhungo solwazi lweze-mthetho – sesine isiHluzi sokuHlaziya , Isebelo soMahlulelo ku-Electronic Surveillance[, kanye [[FLT:][FLT]]] [[FLT]] United States v. Jones Umbono (2020:2]).