Isingeniso: Ukungqubuzana Komthetho Womshado Nomthetho Wezenhlalo

Ushintsho emthetho womshado alwenzeki ngokungenamibandela ephelele. Kusukela ekutholeni usizo lomphakathi kuya ekutholeni izibopho zokusekela izingane, ukuchazwa komshado ngokuqondile okufanela ukusekelwa, indlela izimali ezibekwa ngayo, nokuthi amanetha okuphepha ahlala ekhona yini. Kuleminyaka engamashumi amabili edlule, imithetho yezentengiselwano kanye nokushintsha kwemithetho yezenhlalakahle (ukuqashelwa kwendlela efanayo yomshado wesizwe, ukulungisa izimfuneko zomshado zenkathi yomshado, kanye nezincazelo ezichaza imibandela yenkonzo yezenhlalakahle yezenhlalakahle yezenhlalo eziphoqelelwe ukuthuthukisa izimiso zazo, ukuthuthukisa izimiso zokudla, nokubheka kabusha izimiso zomkhaya, nokubheka imingcele emide. Ukuqonda lokhu kusiza abakhi bezelulekisi, abafundisi, abafundisi, izakhamuzi.

Lesi sihloko sihlola izinguquko eziyinhloko zomthetho womshado eminyakeni yamuva, silandelela imiphumela yazo eqondile yokuthola inhlalakahle nokusekela imali, futhi siveza izinselele zokuphatha nokulingana eziphakamayo lapho izincazelo ezingokomthetho zishintsha. Ngokuhlola izibonelo eziqinile zezinhlelo ezinjenge-Active for Nery Families (TTANF), i-Someral Nutrition Information Program (SNAP), i-Medicaid, ne-Social Security, sembula izindlela ezifihlekile zokuvikela kwemiphakathi.

Umthetho Oyinhloko Womshado Nezinguquko Zezenhlalo Zawo

Ukuqashelwa Komshado Ofanayo

Ushintsho olubaluleke kakhulu lomthetho womshado emlandweni wamuva we-U.S. luyisinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme ngo 2015 [[FLT][1] Obergefell v. Hoddell [, esiqinisekisa imibhangqwana ehlangene nelungelo elifanayo lokushada ezweni lonke. Phambi kwalesi sinqumo, imibhangqwana efanayo yasuswa ezinzuzo zikahulumeni ezihlangene ezihlangene nezindawo zomshado, kuhlanganise nezinzuzo ze-so Nhlangano wezenhlalakahle yezenhlalakahle yezenhlalo, inzuzo ehlangene nenzuzo yezinhlelo ze-algiomssss ezihlolweni ezihlolwayo, nokuhlangana kweminyango yomkhaya ngaphansi kwezinhlelo ze-ponporationspeorns. Izinhlelo ze-sounicial Ad Ad Administrations zidinga ukulungisa ngokushesha izinhlelo zemisha-minde, kuhlanganise nezinhlelo ze-Micicssionerviesting ezingcono kanye nezikancane ze-evid.

Izinguquko Enkathini Ephansi Yomshado Nemithetho Engavunyelwe

Eminyakeni yamuva, amazwe amaningana aye aphakamisa isilinganiso esincane seminyaka yomshado ukuya ku-18 noma amisa izimfuneko eziqinile zokuvunyelwa kokwahlulela kwabantwana abancane. Lezi zinguquko zihloselwe ukunciphisa umshado wabantwana, umkhuba ohlotshaniswe ngokwesiko nokwenyuka kwesilinganiso sobudlova basekhaya, nemali eholwa phansi. Ezenhlalweni, ithonya liphindwe kabili. Okokuqala, ukukhushuliswa kwenkathi yomshado kunciphisa isikhathi lapho umntwana engabhekwa khona “umlingabalingaba umngane womshado ozimele” ngenxa ye-TANF noma ngosizo lwezindlu, kwenze abantu abasha abaningi bazuze ngokwezinga elivamile. Okwesibili, kunciphisa inani lemisha eholela ekukhulelweni kwasekuqaleni futhi kubangele ukuba isidingo sokukhulelwa sezinhlelo ezihlobene nenhlalakahle phakathi kwentsha. Intsha kumelwe ilandele le nkathi yesimo senkathi yokuzimo yenhlalakahle futhi ilungise ilungele ukufaneleka kwayo.

Ukuqashelwa Komshado Ovamile Nokuguquguquka Kwawo

Umshado ovamile .alapho umbhangqwana ubhekwa njengoshadile ngokomthetho ngaphandle komkhosi noma ilayisense esemthethweni, okusaqashelwayo ezindaweni ezimbalwa kodwa eziphawulekayo, kuhlanganise neTexas, iColorado, ne-Iowa. Izinguquko zezindawo zikahulumeni ezihlukene zidala ubunkimbinkimbi bezinhlelo zikahulumeni ezithatha iyunithi yomthetho kazwelonke. Ngokwesibonelo, umbhangqwana ohlala ezweni elilodwa ungabhekwa njengoshadelwa i-SNAP ngisho noma ungenaso isitifiketi somshado, kanti umbhangqwana ofanayo obekwe emfunweni ongaqaphelekiyo ungaba ngowodwa. Lokhu kuphoqeqelela ukuba izinhlangano zenkonzo yezenhlalakahle yezenhlalo ukuba zenze ihluleke ngesinqumo somthetho, ukuphatha umthwalo okhulayo kanye nezingakhelwa amaphutha. Abanye abamele ukubizwa ukuba baqede le mithetho engokokwahlulekayo, kodwa awenziwa amacala ahlukene.

Imiphumela Eqondile Ekuthonyeni Izinhlelo Eziyinhloko Zenkonzo Yomphakathi

Usizo Lwesikhashana Emikhayeni Eswele (TANF)

U-TANF unikeza usizo lwemali futhi umsebenzi usekela imikhaya ethola imali encane enabantwana. Ukungalingani kuthonywa kakhulu isimo somshado ngoba iziqondiso zidinga ukucatshangelwa kweholo nempahla yabo bobabili abashadile lapho benquma ukuthi bangaba namathuba afanayo. Uma imithetho yomshado yanda, uma ikhokhelwa imali efanayo, inzuzo yomngane womshado osanda kutholwa, ingenza eminye imikhaya ibe ngcono kakhulu, uma i-triatmong ikhulela inkathi yomshado, futhi labo abahlala befanelekela phambili njengemicimbi yomntwana kuphela (ngezinzuzo ezikhokhwaneni ezikhokhwasweni ezikhokhwanywayo) kunokuba kuzuze imikhaya ethandekayo. [FOLD:][FF:[1][FF][1][2]

Isimiso Sosizo Lokudla Esinezakhi (SNAP)

UKUHLOLA i-SPAP kunqunywa ngokuqamba kwasekhaya, futhi umshado wakha iqoqo lemikhaya elihlanganisa inzuzo nemithombo yabo bobabili abashadile. Ukuqashelwa okungokomthetho kwemishado ye-SNAP kuhlanganisa ukuthi imikhaya eminingi ehlukene ngaphambili i-SNAP ihlangana, inciphisa inzuzo yombhangqwana ngisho noma iholo lawo lilinganiselwe. Ithonya emalini enikezwayo e-SNAP ingaba eliqinile: umbhangqwana oshadile onabantwana ababili ungathola inzuzo ephansi nyanga zonke kunabazali ababili abangashadile abahlala ndawonye, ngoba iholo lombhangqwana oshadile lilinganiswa nobubanzi bomnyango ophakeme. Ngakho ushintsho lwemali emishadwetshwe [[FLT:][FL:] [FLP] [12]

IMedicaid Nesimiso Sezingane Se - Health Mushuwalense (CHIP)

I-Medicaid eliid Services (CMS) inqunywa ngokwengxenye yizimo zomshado: iholo lomngane womshado ngokuvamile libalwa lapho kunqunywa ukuthi uyafaneleka yini. Ukubusa okufanayo komshado oxubile kwaholela ezinguqulweni ezisheshayo endleleni iziNkampane zeMedicara & uMicaid Services (CMS) eziyaliwe ukuba zihlele izinhlelo zokusebenza. Ezizweni ukuthi ngaphambili iholo lomshado linqatshelwa ukuba libe i-Medicaid kubangane ababili abaphakathi, izinkulungwane zabantu zaba abasanda kufaneleka [1]noma abasanda kungenayo phela cishe ngokusekelwe eholweni yabo. Ngoba i-CIP, okuhlanganisa izingane ezisemikhayeni ephansi, ushintsho lwezemisha, umehluko wezempilo.

Ukulondeka Okunezelwe (SSI) Nokulondeka Komphakathi

Izinzuzo ze-SSI kubantu asebegugile, abayizimpumputhe, noma abakhubazekile zincishiswa ngo-1-35 uma uma umamukeliswa eshadile futhi ehlala nomngane womshado ongamukeli SSI. Ngakho - ke izinguquko zomshado zithinta ngokuqondile inzuzo yenkokhelo. Ngemva kokuba u-Obergefell, i-Social Security Administration kwadingeka ukuba iphinde ibalule izinzuzo zezinkulungwane zemibhangqwana efanayo efuna izinzuzo ezingokobudala. [[FLT:][FLD1][F:] [FFF] [3]

Ukuwasebenzisa Ngezimali Ama - evolution

Ukushintsha Izibalo Nezimiso Zokusetshenziswa Kwemali

Uma imithetho yomshado ishintsha, isimo senani labantu abashadile siyashintshana. Ngokwesibonelo, ukumiswa ngokomthetho komshado ongowobulili kwandisa inani lemikhaya eshadile cishe nge-2% ngokwesizwe phakathi neminyaka embalwa yokuqala, ngokwe-[FLT].S. .Uquare Bureau[[FLD]][[FLT]][[3]. Imibhangqwana eshadile isho ukuvuleka kakhulu kwezinzuzo zomshado ezisekelwe ezindaweni ezimbalwa kodwa futhi imikhaya eminingi ehlanganisa inzuzo, engase isunduze eminye imikhaya ngaphezu kwezinhlelo zobumpofu ukuze ithuthukise izinhlelo ezihlolwa izinhlelo zohlolo. Ngokuphambene, uma isimo sikhulisa iminyaka yomshado, ingabanga ukumiswa kwemikhaya emisha, igcine abantu abadala abaningi abambalwa ezisezingeni elingcono kakhulu kuleyo ezinzuzo kakhulu kulezi zinzuzo ezinhlanganweni zemisebenzi yomphakathi.

Ukujeziswa Komshado Nebhonasi Ezindaweni Zokukhokhela Intela

Izinhlelo zezenhlalakahle yomphakathi zivame ukuhlotshaniswa nesimiso sentela. I-Inhooted Tax Creasure (EITC) nethi Child Tax Crell (CTC) zine- “Izijeziso zomshado” noma“amabhonasi omshado” kuye ngokwezinga lemali eholayo. Uma izinguquko zomshado zandisa isamba semibhangqwana eshadile eqaliwe, lemiphumela yezimali iyasakazeka. Izezimali ezifanayo zabekwa i-ETC futhi zamukelwa i-ETC (C) zingathola lemiphumela emikhulu, ngemva komshado, ukuthola inzuzo yabo ehlangene inciphisa isigwebo sabo somshado. Abenzi bemithetho yezemishado [[FLT:][FLD][1] [5].U.U.U.U.Umnyango wezentengoza-Endalkt:[FLT] [3] ucwaninge, futhi baye basusa izinhlelo ezithile zokuvimbela izivumelwano zomshado.ijeculo, kodwa izigwebo ezithi zemithetho ezithi ezithi ezithi ezithiyo.

Izinselele Zokuphatha Nokungakhethi

Ukuqinisekiswa Kwesimo Somshado Ngaphandle Kwezinsolo

Enye yezinselele ezisebenzayo kakhulu izinhlangano zezenhlalo ezibhekene nayo ukuqinisekisa isimo somshado lapho imithetho ihlukahluka ezifundazweni. Ngokwesibonelo, umbhangqwana oshadile osemthethweni esimweni esivamile ungaya esimweni esingaqapheli imishado efanayo. Izinhlelo ze-Frederal njenge-SNAP ne-TANF ngokuvamile zibheka esimweni sokuhlala ukuze zichaze isimo somshado, ukwenza umsebenzi wezinqumo eziqinile. Abashadishi kumelwe bacele izitifiketi zomshado, affidavits, noma ezinye iziqinisekiso, futhi ukuntula ukubhalisa umshado okuvamile kuveza ukuthi ukukhohlisa noma amaphutha angakho engeziwe kungenzeka. [[FLT:][FLD][FOLD] [F:1] [FFF] [FF]

Ubudlova Basekhaya Nokunakekela Ukuphepha

Ukushintsha kwemithetho yomshado kuthinta futhi isivikelo kwabasinda ebudloveni basekhaya. Ezinye izinhlelo zezenhlalakahle, njengendlela ka-TTANF yodlame Lwasekhaya, zivumela abasindile ukuba bacele ukudedelwa ezimfunweni zomsebenzi noma ukuhlala nomngane womshado ukuze balondoloze ukulingana. Uma imithetho yomshado yandisa ukuqashelwa, abasinda emishadweni efanayo exhaphazayo bazuza isivikelo esifanayo, kodwa uma izinhlangano zezenhlalakahle zithuthukisa izimiso zabo zihlanganisa ngokuqondile lezo zimiso. Ngokuphambene, ukukhuliswa kwenkathi yomshado kunciphisa inani lezingane eziphoqelelwe imisha, okuyisici esiziwayo esiyimbangela yobudlova basekhaya. Izisebenzi zenkonzo yomphakathi kumelwe ziqeqeshelwe ukusingatha lezimo ezihlukene, ziqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko ezingokomthetho azenzeli ngokunganaki imingcele yomphakathi.

Imikhaya Efudukayo Nemikhaya Exutshwe Nesimo

Umthetho womshado ushintsha uzwana nomthetho wokufuduka, uthinta ukufaneleka komngane womshado ongakholeki ezinzuzoni zomphakathi. Ngokwesibonelo, umngane oyedwa ongowesilisayo ongokomthetho ohlala khona angase axhase izimali zomuntu wangaphandle ozothola ikhadi eliluhlaza, njengoba nje abashadile abangatholanayo. Uma nje umshado usuqashelwe, umngane womshado okhokhelwayo angafanelekela izinzuzo ezinjenge-Mdicaid noma i-SNAP ngemva kwenkathi yokulinda, ashintshe izomnotho zasekhaya. Nokho, .[FLT] [U1].S.TH.[FFLT:2][FLT] [3] udinga ubufakazi obuqinile be-biartssion Servicencesssionsions [irvices][FLT][FLT][3][3]

Bheka Phambili: Ukutuswa Kwemithetho Nezinguquko Zesikhathi Esizayo

Ukuhlelwa Kwezincazelo Zomshado Zezinjongo Zenhlalakahle

Ukuhluka kwemithetho yomshado ebekwe ngokwesilinganiso sobukhulu beminyaka yemvume, ukuqashelwa kwemithetho efana ne-odoli, ngisho nencazelo ye- “spouse” yesithembu noma ukuhlangana okuhlukile ngokwesiko .Nxazonke yokulawula yezinhlelo zikahulumeni. Indinganiso kahulumeni ecacile, esetshenziswa ngokulinganayo kuzo zonke izinhlelo ezifuna izindlela, inganciphisa amaphutha futhi iqinisekise ukwelashwa okungalingani. Izinhlangano ezinjenge [FLT] i-admisticiation for Children and Families izinhlelo zokuhlola izinhlelo zobuchwepheshe zokuhlanganisa izinhlelo zemininingwane yemininingwane.

Ukunciphisa Isigwebo Somshado

Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izinguquko zomshado aziyijezisi ngokungaqondi imibhangqwana ethola imali ephansi, abenzi bemithetho bangahlela kabusha izikweleti zentela futhi bazuzise izindlela zokuqeda isijeziso semali eholayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuvumela ukuhlelwa kwezinhlelo ezizimele noma ukulungisa izinhlu zesigaba ukuze kuqinisekiswe izindleko eziphakeme zomkhaya ophethe womabili ozokhuthaza ukungathathi hlangothi komshado. Amazwe amaningana aye ahlongoza ushintsho olunjalo, futhi [FLT] Inhlangano ye-URBAN ] inyathelise izinhlelo ezibonisa ukuthi ukungathathiwe komshado nemithetho ephakathi kwezinkulungwane zemikhaya empofu kakhulu.

Ukuthola Ukuqeqeshwa Kwabantu Abasebenza Ngezimo Nezokuhwebelana Kwesimiso

Njengoba imithetho yomshado iqhubeka iguquka − nokuba kuvela ngemithetho yenkantolo entsha noma umthetho wezwe wezenhlalakahle − izinhlangano zenkonzo zomphakathi kumelwe zifake imali ekuqeqesheni izisebenzi ezikwaziyo ukuqhubeka. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuqeqeshwa ngezincazelo ezintsha ezingokomthetho, ukuzwela izakhiwo zomkhaya ezihlukahlukene, namakhono obuchwepheshe emisebenzi yokuguqula amagumbi okuhlola izinhlelo. Izimiso ezingakhubazeka ezikwazi ukukhipha isimo somshado ngokuzenzekelayo ezingosini ezigciniwe ezibalulekile zinganciphisa umthwalo wokulawula futhi zithuthukise ukunemba. Izifunda eziningi ziphishekela ukuthuthukisa ukuhlelwa kwesimanje, kodwa intuthuko inciphe kancane ekulungiseni imibandela yemali kahulumeni.

Isiphetho

Ngamafuphi, izinguquko zemithetho yomshado zinemiphumela ebanzi ekwakheni izinkonzo zezenhlalakahle nezinhlelo zezenhlalakahle. Zibumba ofanele ukusekelwa, ukuthonya ukusekela imali eza kuqala, futhi zibonise izindinganiso zomphakathi. Kusuka kuphawu lwezinguquko ezingokombuso ezihlangeneyo ezingokonyaka womshado kanye nomthetho ofanayo, ukushintshwa okungokomthetho kudinga ukulungiswa okuhambelanayo kwenzuzo elungiselelweni, indlela imikhaya echazwa ngayo, nendlela imithombo enikezwa ngayo. Abaphathi bezomthetho, nabaphathi bezenhlalakahle bamelwe bahlale benolwazi ngentuthuko engokomthetho ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi izimiso zezenhlalo zisebenza ngokuphumelelayo emiphakathini ehlukene. Ngokuqaphela ukuhlobana okufihlekile phakathi komthetho nenethi yokuphepha kwezenhlalo, singakha izimiso ezichazwa ngokomthetho, futhi ngendlela eqotho.