Ukuqonda Ingozi Ekabili: Isisekelo Esingokomthetho Nesifuzo

Isimiso sengozi ephindwe kabili singenye yesivikelo esihlala njalo emthetho wobugebengu, sivimbela isimo ekuqungeni noma ekujeziseni umuntu kaningi ngenxa yecala elifanayo. Nakuba izimpande zaso zihlehlela emuva emasikweni asendulo angokomthetho namaRoma, saqiniswa e-Anglo-American jurisprudence ngomthetho ovamile [i-debet bixari [Lo nyuko kufanele lucatshazelwe kabili ngenxa yesizathu esifanayo. [eUnited States], iSiphendulo sesihlanu sinikeza isisekelo esicacile somthetho: [[FLT:]] kuzoba yisihloko esifanayo esifakwa kabili esiwohlukweni sokuphila noma isigaba se-palm] [FFOLT] [3] [FFFOLT]] [3] [3]

Izingozi eziphindwe kabili zihlanganiswa ngesikhathi ijaji lifungela icala uma liqulwa, noma lapho ufakazi wokuqala efunwe ngokusemthethweni. Uma izingozi zixhunyiwe futhi ukuqhubekeka ziphele ngokulahlwa noma ngokuqiniseka, umbuso awunakuletha ukumangalelwa kokwesibili ngecala elifanayo , ngaphandle kwecala elimngcingo elicacile liyasebenza. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuqulwa okungafanelekile (njengejaji elilengiwe), ukunxusa kommangalelwa okuphumela ekunqandelweni kwecala, futhi ubukhosi obubodwa busebenza, obuvumela ukuqulwa okuhlukene ngezikhulu (umzekelo, umbuso) ukuze kubonakale ukuziphatha okufanayo. Umbuso ohlukene uye wanxusa ummangalelwa owe-kakhulu, futhi ugunyaza imfundiso ephakeme yezomthetho.

Isizathu esibangela ingozi ephindwe kabili sinezici eziningi. Ivimbela uhulumeni ekuzameni ngokuphindaphindiwe ukubeka isigwebo umuntu, esiyobangela umthwalo omkhulu ongokomzwelo nongokwezimali. Igcina futhi ubuqotho besinqumo sabahluleli futhi iqinisekisa ukuthi ukulahlwa kuhlala kungasekho. Emacaleni aphakeme, lapho umuzwa womphakathi ngokuvamile ufuna ukuvunyelwa, ukugwetshwa okuphindwe kabili kusebenza njengendlela ebalulekile yokuhlola amandla abashushisi, iphoqelela umbuso ukuba ukwenze kube njalo okokuqala.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando

Umqondo wokwehlelwa kabili unohlu lozalo lwasendulo. Isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki uDemosthenes sachaza isimiso sokuthi umuntu akufanele abekwe icala elifanayo. Umthetho wamaRoma ngokufanayo uvikelwe ekumangalelweni ngokuphindaphindiwe. Nokho, ukuhlelwa kwanamuhla kubangelwa yimithetho yesiNgisi evamile, lapho ngekhulu le-17, izicelo autrefois Confict [svolution [ [ukuthi ukukhululwa kwangaphambili] kanye neziboshwa zecala] [[FLT] (okubekwa icala]) ezingeni eliphelele lokubulala. Imithetho yomthetho yafaka lesisivikelo kuBill, ithonya eliphendukuhlulwayo elitholwe yizikhulu.

Izinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme yakuqala, njenge United States v. Ball (1996], yathola ukuthi ummangalelwa okhululiwe akanakuphinde abekwe indiva, ngisho noma ukulahlwa kusekelwe esinqumweni esisobala esinephutha. Lesisimiso siye saqinisekiswa futhi kaningi, sidala isiqobo esiseduze se-absalute engxube ngemva kokukhulula, futhi isivimbelelo esiba abashushisi ezicabeni eziphakeme kumelwe sihloniphe uma beqamba icala labo lokuqala.

ISichibiyelo Sesihlanu Nencazelo Yokwahlulela

IsiHlanzi sesiHlanzo seNkantolo Ephakeme sitolike kaningi iSiphakamiso sezingozi zesihlanu. Isinqumo esiyinhloko sicacisa ukuthi ingozi ihlangene necala lejaji lapho ijaji lifungela, futhi ebhentshini lapho ufakazi wokuqala efukwa. Icala lisebenza kokubili ukuqulwa komthetho nombuso ngeSichibiyelo seGajithe se 1450th Claus, njengoba sibekwe ku [FLT:] Benton. Maryland[ v] v [[FLT]] [199]] [1] [1] [1] [1] [1] [inkantolo ichaze futhi ukuthi isiphi isiciso secala esingelele ngenxa yokunye ukumangalelwa okungamangalelwa. [1] .[FLT] .[FLT] .[FF:] .[FF:]

Lemfundiso ivele yaxoxa ngezimo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngokwesibonelo, Hudson v. United States (1997), iNkantolo yathi izijeziso zomphakathi azivinjelwe ngezingozi eziphindwe kabili ngisho noma zivela ekuziphatheni okufanayo nomthetho osuzigebengu, uma nje zingakhuphiswa emvelweni kangangokuba zibonakale ziwubugebengu. Lokhu kuhlukanisa izindaba ezisezimweni eziphakeme lapho abashushisi bengase baphishekele khona ukulahlwa kwezehlulele noma ezinye izindlela zomphakathi ngaphandle kokumangalelwa. Ukuqonda lezi zimfaniswa kubalulekile ekusunguleni abashushisi besuba icebo elibanzi.

Izigaba: Izimpikiswano Ezingalungile, Ukukhanga, Nobukhosi Obuboshelwe Ezindaweni Ezihlukene

Nakuba izingozi eziphindwe kabili ziyisivikelo esinamandla, ayisona esiphelele. Izinkantolo zamangalelwa ngokubonakala kwesidingo − njengejaji elingafinyeleli isahlulelo − ungasitholi isigwebo sokuqulwa kwecala. Isibonelo esivamile yijaji elilengisweyo, lapho ummangalelwa angase aphinde ahlolwe. Ngokufanayo, ummangalelwa ocela ukuvunyelwa futhi athole ukubuyiselwa, ngoba ingozi yokuqala ayixazululwanga ngokulunga kwabo ekugcineni. Ingxenye enkulu kakhulu yecala le-profile, nakuba kunjalo, iyimfundiso yobukhosi obuphakeme kakhulu .

Ngaphansi kobukhosi obubili, izikhundla ezihlukene (umz., uhulumeni nohulumeni) zingamangalela umuntu ngamunye ngenxa yokuziphatha okufanayo uma lokho kuziphatha kuphula imithetho yazo zombili izifundazwe. Lokhu kuthathelwa phansi kuye kwasetshenziswa ngokuphindaphindiwe ukunqoba ukuvala amacala. Icala lenkosi iRodney ingumfanekiso ovamile: ngemva kokuba abaphathi bezwe bekhululiwe enkantolo kahulumeni yaseCalifornia, abashushisi bahulumeni baletha amacala enkantolo kahulumeni futhi bathola izinkolelo. INkanto ephakeme iye yasekela lomkhuba, muva nje ezindaweni ezisemthethweni. [[FLT:]] Gregggggg v. United States[FLT:] (2010]) (20). Ngoba abashushici becala eliphakeme-profectoriant, lapho uhulumeni ungenza ukuhlasela kokwesibili enkantolo yama-apulmese. Kodwa omunye ufaka izingozi zezombangazwe.

Isu Lokuqulwa Kwecala Ngaphansi Kosongo Olukabili

Iqiniso lokuthi ukuhluleka okukodwa kungaqeda ukuqulwa kwecala kuphoqelela abameli besifunda nabashushisi bamazwe ukuba basondele emacaleni aphezulu angaphezulu ngenkuthalo. Zonke izinqumo, kusukela ekukhethweni kwecala ukuze kufakazelwe ukulungiselela, zenziwa ngokwazi ukuthi ukuthethelelwa kungokokugcina futhi akunambulwa. Lokhu kuveza icebo lomshushisi ngezindlela eziningi ezihlukene.

Ukulungiselela Nokuphenya Kwangaphambili

Uma kucatshangelwa ukuphela kokulahlwa kwecala, ukuphenyiswa okucophelelayo ngaphambi kokuba kuqashelwe. Abashushisi kumelwe baqiniseke ukuthi bonke ubufakazi obukhona buqoqwe, buhlaziywe, futhi bugcinwe ngaphambi kokuba icala liqale. Ezimweni eziphezulu, lokhu ngokuvamile kusho ukusebenzisa imithombo ebanzi: i-ontensic jogics, abahlaziyi bezezimali, nezinhlangano eziningi zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho. Ukuthembeka kobufakazi kuhlolwa ngaphansi kokuhlolwa okukhulu komphakathi, futhi noma yibuphi ubuthakathaka bungasetshenziswa kabi ngesivikelo esinzima. Ingxenye yeJaji yeMacacy’s Manual [ igcizelela ukubaluleka kwe-"eving short kuphela lapho ubufakazi buthola ubufakazi obanele ukuba buzekayo" futhi kuxwayiswe ukuviswa ngaphambi kokuba umuntu athole.

Abamangaleli basebenzisa futhi uphenyo lwabahluleli abaphezulu njengethuluzi le-conomon. Ijaji elikhulu linganikeza ubufakazi obungaphansi futhi liphoqelele ubufakazi, lisize ukwakha umbhalo oqinile ngaphambi kokuba kubekwe amacala. Nokho, ukufihla amajaji amakhulu kungaba inkemba ehlulwe kabili ezindabeni eziphezulu, njengoba iseluleko sokuvikela kamuva singase siphikisa ukuthi ukuqulwa kwecala kuncike engxenyeni engenakuphikwa. Ukuphatha ngokucophelela kwesigaba se-APRICRC kubaluleke kakhulu ukugwema iphutha elingaphumela ekuphenduleni isigwebo esiphinde sigwenywe.

Ukuzibamba Nge - placebing Njengethuluzi Eliyingozi Lokuvimbela Umzimba

I-Plea processings ikhona yonke i-Pibigint esimisweni somthetho womthetho waseMelika, ixazulula amaphesenti angaphezu kwangu-90 awo wonke amacala. Ekumangalelweni okuphezulu, ukucindezela kokuthola ukuqiniseka ngokuvamile kubangela abashushisi ukuba bafake izikhalo esikhundleni sokufaka izingozi zokuqulwa kwecala elingabangela ukulahlwa. Isikhalazo esinecala, ngisho nakwesokumangalelwa esincane, siqinisekisa ukuthi ummangalelwa ngeke kamuva asho izingozi eziphindwe kabili ngokuziphatha okufanayo, njengoba isicelo ngokwaso sisho isiqinisekiso. Nokho, ukuncengwa emacaleni aphezulu-profile kugcwele izimpikiswano zomphakathi ezithiwayo zokwenza utalagu. /-empervel, kanti ukuqulwa kwecala okungaphumeleli kungabonakala njengokungagunyazwa.

Ngokufanelekile, abashushisi bahlola amandla obufakazi babo ngokumelene nethuba lokuba ijaji livumelwe. Ezimweni lapho ubufakazi bungenamibandela noma ummangalelwa ejabulela uzwela lomphakathi, isicelo singaba indlela ephephile yokulandisa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma ubufakazi buqand ’ ikhanda kodwa ubugebengu buyinqaba, abashushisi bangase benqabe isicelo sokubonisa ubukhulu obugcwele bomthetho. Ingozi ephindwe kabili yenza ukuba lokhu kubala kube ngcono kakhulu: akukho thuba lesibili.

Indima Yokukhetha Ukudla Uju

Ezimweni eziphakeme, ukukhethwa kwejaji kuba yinkundla yempi. Abameleli bamacala kumelwe baqaphele futhi bakhiphe abamele ukumiswa kwejaji abangase bacwaswe ngenxa yokusakazwa kwangaphambi kwejaji, ukuxhumana komuntu siqu, noma ukuphikisa kwemibono emelene nohulumeni. Isimiso esiphindiwe esimbaxa-mbili sisho ukuthi ijaji elilodwa elibophele ijaji elinecala lingaholela ekutheni i-jaji /na, nakuba ummeli olengisiwe evumela ukuqulwa kabusha, futhi linikeza isikhathi sokuvikela ukuphinde liqashe futhi livulule ubufakazi obusha noma ukuzuza ukusekela komphakathi. Ngakho abashushicishi becala elinobandlululo lungaholela ekusebenziseni izimemezelo zejaji eziyingozi , ngokusebenzisa izazi zemibuzo ebanzi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukwahlulela nokhetho oluhle.

izinkantolo ezivamile ze-voir ezivamile zinikeza izinqubo eziyingozi kodwa abahluleli ngabanye banokuhlakanipha okukhulu. Abashushisi kumelwe bakulungele ukubekela inselele abahluleli ngembangela nokusebenzisa isigwebo esisemthethweni. Ezimweni lapho ukusakazwa kwangaphambi kwecala kukhungathekisa, ngisho nokushintshwa kwendawo kungaba okudingekile, kodwa isinqumo okumelwe abashushisi babhekane nezindleko zokususa icala kanye nokulahlekelwa okungase kwenzeke komzwelo wendawo.

Ukucindezela Okuyingqayizivele Kwamacala Amakhulu

Icala lobugebengu eliyindawana eliphakeme − lezo ezihilela osaziwayo, abantu bezombangazwe, noma ikakhulukazi ubugebengu obushaqisayo − manje izinselele ezidlulela ngalé kwezindaba ezingokomthetho. Izingozi eziphindwe kabili zihlangene nalezi zingcindezi zokwakha indawo ehlukile yabashushisi.

Ukuhlola Okusakazwa Ezindabeni Nokulindela Umphakathi

Ithonya lemijikelezo yamahora angu-24 yezindaba nezokuxhumana lisho ukuthi zonke izinyathelo zokumangalelwa okuphezulu zihlukaniswa esikhathini sangempela. Abashushisi akumelwe balawule ubufakazi kuphela kodwa futhi nokulandisa. Ukulahlwa kwecala elingangokunjalo kungabangela ukuthukuthela komphakathi futhi kufune ushintsho, njengoba kubonakala ngemva kokulahlwa kukaGeorge Zimmerman ekudubulisweni kwe-Traitev Martin. ] Ithemba lokukholeliswa [[[FLTLT:1] lingaholela abashushisi ukuba bakhulule noma bahlulwe, kwandise ingozi yokulahlwa kwecala elingenakulungiswa okungenakususwa. Ingozi ephinda kabili iveza umphumela wamacala anjalo angokomthetho.

Izindaba zithinta futhi iquadi labasizi bejaji. Ukusakazwa okukhulu kwamacala kungakwenza kube nzima ukuthola abahluleli abangakhethi, futhi abashushisi bangase babhekane nethemba lejaji eliququzelelweyo. Kwezinye izifundazwe, izinkantolo ziye zazama ukulinganisela ukufinyelela kwemithombo yezindaba phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala ukuze kunciphe ingcosana, kodwa iSichibiyelo sokuqala siqinisekisa ukufinyelelwa. Abashushisi kumelwe basebenzelane nezikhulu zolwazi zomphakathi ukuze baxhumane namaqiniso aleli cala. [[FLT: 0] Inhlangano yeMelika Balten Bar Association ephepha imithombo yezindaba nasezinkantolo inikeza imingcele esemthethweni yezinkulumo zomshushiciso zomshuwayo phakathi nokuqulwa.

Izicelo Zezombangazwe Nezomsebenzi Ezihilela Abashushisi

Abameli besigodi ngokuvamile bakhethwa njengezikhulu, futhi abashushisi bakahulumeni bangase babe nezifiso zezombangazwe. Ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwe-profile kungaba igalelo eliqeda umsebenzi, kuyilapho ukuqiniseka kungaba yibhodi elikhudlwana lesikhundla esiphakeme. Lesi sigxobo singathonya izinqumo ezihlelekile, ngezinye izikhathi siholele abashushisi ukuba baphishekele amacala abuthakathaka ngenxa yezizathu ezifanelekile, ngoba nje imfuno yomphakathi iphakeme. Ingozi ephindwe kabili iqinisekisa ukuthi umphumela wokugembula okunjalo awulungiseki − ummangalelwa uhamba ngesihle phakade.

Ngokuphambene, abashushisi bangakhetha ukwenqaba ukuquliswa icala ezimweni lapho ubufakazi bunganele, naphezu kokucindezela komphakathi. Ukubiza lowo mcimbi kudinga isibindi sezombangazwe. Isinqumo sokungamangalelwa singaba njengecala elingaphumeleli kodwa sivikela ubuqotho behhovisi futhi sigweme ibhande elihlala njalo lokugwenywa. Eminyakeni yamuva, izibonelo eziphakeme njengesinqumo sokungamangaleli amaphoyisa ekusebenziseni izigwebo ezithile ezingokomthetho ziye zavusa impikiswano ngendima efanele yekhono lomshushisi.

Ukuphatha Ubufakazi Nengxenye Yelungelo Lokugcina

Ezimweni eziphezulu, ubufakazi buvame ukuba nobufakazi obuningi futhi buhlolwe kakhulu. Abashushisi kumelwe baqiniseke ukuthi wonke ubufakazi buqoqwe kahle, bubhalwe futhi bugcinwe bubhekene nezinselele. Ukushendeza eqenjini lokugcina umntwana kungaholela ekutholeni ubufakazi obungaphumela ekuxoshweni. Ingozi ephindwe kabili isho ukuthi ukulahlwa okunjalo kuhlala ekugcineni, kungakhathaliseki amandla ecala elibekiwe. Ngenxa yalokho, abashushisi bafaka kakhulu emicimbini yokuphatha ubufakazi, ngokuvamile ehilela izikhungo eziningi ezizimele nezincwadi eziningi ezinemininingwane.

Ubufakazi bezezinombolo buveza izinselele ezengeziwe. Ngokudlanga kwamakhalekhukhwini, imithombo yezokuxhumana, nevidiyo yokuhlola, umthamo wokwaziswa umkhulu. Abashushisi kumele basebenze ngochwepheshe be-fonsis ukuze bakhiphe futhi baqinisekise ubufakazi bezezinombolo, beqinisekisa ukuthi ikhona imithetho eyingozi njenge FEDAL Lesment of Evidence[ Umthetho 803 [amarekhodi ezamabhizinisi) kanye noMthetho 902 (ukuzifaka ngokwawo ngokwawo). Noma ikuphi ukwehluleka kulendawo kungaba nokubulala, futhi amaphutha amabili akhona awenziwayo.

Ukuhlola Izifo Ngengozi Ephindwe Kabili

Izibonelo zezwe langempela zibonisa indlela isimiso esiyingozi kabili esiye sathonya ngayo imiphumela yamacala aphakeme namasu okushushisa athonya ngayo.

Inkosi YaseRodney Isinqumo Nezembulo Zezempi

Ngo-1992, izikhulu ezine zamaphoyisa aseLos Angeles zakhululwa enkantolo yesifundazwe saseCalifornia yokuhlasela nokusebenzisa amandla engeziwe kuRodney King. Isinqumo sabangela izibhelu ezisasazekile. Ngenxa yokuthi ukuziphatha kwala maphoyisa nakho kwephula imithetho ehlangene yamalungelo abantu, ukunqatshelwa kokubusa okubili kwavumela abashushisi bakahulumeni ukuba balethe amacala ngaphansi kwe-18.C. . . . . . . . . . ecaleni lesi sikhulu samaphoyisa sabekwa icala futhi sagwetshwa futhi sagwetshwa ejele. Lokhu kubonisa inani elingokomthetho lobukhosi obumbanayo: ngisho nangemva kokuba uhulumeni ushiveze uhulumeni ungathatha isinyathelo. Nokho, kuqokomisa ukulinganiselwa okubalulekile okudinga ubufakazi bokuphulwa kwamalungelo ngamabomunyu, umthwalo omkhulu kunamacala abekwe umbuso. Abagwebi kumelwe bahlole ngokucophelela ukuthi ukuviswa kwezwe uhulumeni uhulumeni uhulumeni uncikelwe isisekelo esihlelweni esiwumbisweni esiwundleni ngaphambi kokuba useke.

I - O.J. Simpson Ukulahlwa Nokumangalelwa Kwabantu

Ukuqulwa kwecala lokubulala ngo-O.J.Simpson kwaphela ngokulahlwa ngo-1995, naphezu kobufakazi obuqinile. Icala eliphindwe kabili lokufa lavimbela ukuqulwa kwecala lokubulala. Nokho, imikhaya yezisulu yafaka icala lokubulala lomphakathi elingalungile, elalahlwa uSimpson, okwaphumela ekwahlulelweni okuyizigidi ezingu-3,5. Icala lomphakathi alizange ligwetshwe ngecala, ngakho alizange lisebenze. Lelicala libonisa umehluko phakathi kwezephulamthetho nezindlela zomphakathi. Kusho ukuthi ngisho nangemva komthetho owephula umthetho owephula umthetho, bangakwazi ukusiza izisulu ekuphiseni isigwebo somphakathi. [FOLD:] izimali eziphindwe kabili azizange zisetshenziswe. [FLD:]

Ukulahlwa Kwekakhulu Lanamuhla

Muva nje, ukulahlwa kuka Kyle Rittenhouse ngo-2021 ekubulaweni kwabangela ukusabela okukhulu komphakathi. Inkantolo yezwe iWisconsin inkantolo yokungamangalelwa, yafinyelelwa ngemva kwecala elisekelwe ekufuneni izikhalo zokuzijezisa, lavimbela ukuquliswa kombuso okuqhubekayo kokubulala okufanayo. Nokho, ukuphenya kwamalungelo omphakathi kwaqhubeka ngaphansi kobukhosi obumbaxambili. Isinqumo se-DOJ sanqaba ukuletha amacala kahulumeni, sikhomba ubufakazi obunganele. Lendaba iqokomisa ukucushwa kwezombangazwe kanye nomthetho okubhekene nabamangalelwa: ngisho noma ukumangalelwa okumba uhulumeni okumba uhulumeni okumbaxanduva okukabili kungaba ngokomthetho, kungaba ubuwula noma ukuthatha inselo. Isinqumo sokungaphisheki ukuqulwa kwecala okwesibili singaba njengesinqumo sokuzama icala endaweni yokuqala.

Imibono Eqhathaniswayo Ngemisebe Embaxambili

Nakuba ukwakheka kwezingozi ezimbili e - United States kuqinile ekuvikeleni abanecala, amanye amagunya omthetho ovamile aye amukela izindlela ezivumelana kakhudlwana, ikakhulukazi ezokona izono ezingathi sína.

I - United Kingdom Nenguquko Ka - 2005

ENgilandi naseWales, iPhalamende lamisa uMthetho woBuhluleli wamacala 2003 , owawuhlanganisa amalungiselelo okuvumela ukuqulwa kabusha kwamacala athile angathi sína , njengokubulala, ukudlwengula, kanye ne-arson(uma ubufakazi obusha nobuqandlisayo buvela ngemva kokulahlwa. Lenguquko yalandela ukubulawa okuphezulu kukaStephen Lawrence, lapho abamangalelwa bokuqala bekhululiwe naphezu kobufakazi obuqinile. Lenkonzo yokuqulwa kwecala ingasebenza eNkabeni yokudlulisa i-Applice, ukubulala, ukudlwengula, nokuyala ukuba ubufakazi bungatholakali futhi bungatholakali ngemva kokuqulwa kokuqala futhi bungatholakali kakhulu. Njengokukho okungu 20222, abamangalelwa abambalwa baye baphinde balahlwa futhi balahlwa ngaphansi kwalomthetho. Lokhu kusebenza ngokulingana kobulungisa obusha lapho kutholwa khona ubufakazi obusha. US K, kodwa abashicishicileli bezelele inguquko abanjalo, kodwa abafana nabo.

ECanada: I - Charter Nezinhlafuno Ezihlukile

I- ye-Canada i-Charter of Rights and Freedoms ihlanganisa isivikelo esiphindwe kabili esinjengengozi ngaphansi kwesigaba 11(h), esithi umuntu akanakuphinde avivinjelwe icala aye wakhululwa ngalo ekugcineni. Nokho, iNkantolo Ephakeme yaseCanada iye yaqaphela ukukhipha ugwayi oluncane ekudluliseni izicelo ze-Hulumeni ngemibuzo yomthetho kuphela, okungaholela ekuqulweni okusha. Ngokungafani ne-U.S., i-Canada ayinaso isimiso esihlukene esivumela ukumangalelwa ngamazinga ohulumeni ahlukene. Lokhu kusho ukuthi igebeko eyodwa engekho imingcele elandelayo, kungakhathaliseki izinga likahulumeni. Ngakho, umshushishisi wase-Canada kumelwe ngisho nakwethule kakhulu enkantolo yabo yokuqala.

Izigebengu Zezizwe Zonke

Isimiso sokwehlelwa kabili siqashelwa futhi emthetho wezizwe zonke. Imithetho yeRome yeNkantolo ye-International Criminal (ICC) inikeza esiphakamisweni 20 ukuthi akukho muntu ozolingwa nge-ICC yokuziphatha okuye kwaba isisekelo sokwenqena noma ukulahlwa yi-ICC. Nokho, ilungiselelo elifanayo livumela i-ICCC ukuba izame uma inkantolo yesizwe ihloselwe ukuvikela umuntu emacaleni obugebengu noma ukungalawulwa ngokuzimele. Lesi simiso "Simo" sivumela ubulungisa bomhlaba wonke ukuba buqediswe izigwebo ezinkantolo ze-Sham. Nokho, uma abashushishi besebenzelana nokuqothulwa kohlanga noma ubugebengu, lokhu kunikeza isango elengeziwe kuphela uma imvume yesizwe.

Ukucatshangelwa Okungokwezimiso

Inombolo esho izingozi ezimbili iphakamisa imibuzo ejulile ngokulinganisela okufanele phakathi kokugcina nokunemba. Kwesinye isandla, isilinganiso sivikela abantu ekuhlukunyezweni kokumangalelwa ngokuphindaphindiwe futhi sisekela isithunzi sokulahlwa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma kuvela ubufakazi obusha obuthi iDNA noma ukuvuma izono ngokuphandle kuphikisa ukuthi lo mshwana uphazamisa ubulungisa. Inkulumo ikhulu kakhulu emacaleni angaphezulu kanye nezicelo zomphakathi zokulandisa.

Abashushisi kumelwe bawasebenzise ngokucophelela la manzi angokokuziphatha. I-ABA Model Miles of Professional Avement ifuna abashushisi ukuba bafune ubulungisa, hhayi izinkolelo nje. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngisho noma izingozi ezimbili ziphinde zibulawe, abashushisi kufanele bacabangele ezinye izindlela zokuvala nokubuyisela izisulu. Kumelwe futhi bagweme ukwenza nje imvume yokufaka isicelo, bazi ukuthi uma icala liqhubeka futhi lingaphumeleli, ummangalelwa ukhululekile phakade.

Ezinye izazi ezingokomthetho zisekela izinguquko ezilinganiselwe, njengokuvumela ukuqulwa kwecala elingathi sína lapho kuvela ubufakazi obusha obungaqondakali kuvela − ngokufana nesibonelo se-UK. Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi isivikelo sengozi ephindwe kabili sase-U.S. sibalulekile ukuze kulondolozwe ukubusa ngentando yeningi nokuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kabi kukahulumeni. Njengendaba esebenzayo, noma iluphi ushintsho lwengozi ephindaphindiwe kuhulumeni lungadinga ukulungiswa komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, okunzima kakhulu. Nokho, amaphuzu angalungisa imithetho yawo siqu noma izimiso, ngokwesibonelo, futhi abambalwa baye benza kanjalo, ukuze bavumele ukuqulwa kabusha lapho ukulahlwa kutholakala ngenkohliso. Abagwebo abaqondisi-prose kufanele baqaphele ukushintsha okungoko ngokomthetho.

Isiphetho

Imfundiso eyingozi ephindwe kabili ilokhu iyisisekelo senqubo yobugebengu, ithonya kakhulu abashushisi emacaleni onke, kodwa ikakhulukazi kulawo aqondisa ukunaka kwesizwe. Iphoqelela abashushisi ukuba balungiselele izingozi ngokucophelela, balinganise izingozi, futhi bamelane nezilingo zokucindezela komphakathi. Nakuba ukukhishwa kombuso okumbaxambili kunikeza ukuchayeka okuncane kokuchayeka okuncane kwezinye izindaba eziphakeme, akusona isitha sokwenza icala lokuqala. Ukugcina kwe-arevre kugcizelela amandla esinqumo ngasinye esenziwe phakathi nokumangalelwa, ukukhokhwakhwazwa ngesinqumo. Ababulali abaqonda ngokugcwele izingozi eziphindwe kabili bayakwazi kangcono ukudlula emanzini ayingozi ephezulu, beqinisekisa ukuthi ukwahlulela kusebenza kahle futhi kusebenza kuphela.

Ukuze ifunde ngokuqhubekayo, [[QULT: 0] iQuery Legin Information i-cornell quality yengozi ephindwe kabili inikeza ukucubungula okubanzi okungokomthetho, kuyilapho DOJ Justice Manual [ inikeza isiqondiso esisebenzayo kubashushisi bombuso. [[FLT:] BBC] ukuhlanganisa inguquko ephindwe kabili