Isingeniso

Imisebenzi yobudoda nokuqapha kungamathuluzi abalulekile izinhlangano eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho ancike ekuhloleni nasekuchitheni amabhizinisi obugebengu, ukuvimbela ukuhlasela kwamaphekula, nokuvikela ukuvikela umphakathi. Kusukela ekungeneleni kwezindlela zokushushumbisa izidakamizwa isikhathi eside kuya ekuhloleni kobuchwepheshe bezinhloli, lezi zinqubo zivumela iziphathimandla ukuba ziqoqe ubufakazi obungafihlakali. Nokho, amandla okugcina, ukuqopha, nokusebenzelana nezakhamuzi ziphethe izingozi zokuxhashazwa nokuphazanyiswa kwamalungelo omphakathi ayisisekelo. Ukushaya ukulinganisa phakathi kokugcinwa kwemithetho ephumelelayo nesivikelo somthetho, inqubo engokomthetho idinga ukuba izindlela eziningi zokuqapha noma umsebenzi wobuso zigunyazwe ngemvume yomthetho. Ukuqonda izimfuneko zalemisebenzi kudingekile kuba ochwepheshe, abakhiqinisi bezimiso, nanoma ubani okhathalela amalungelo omphakathi.

Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlolisiswa okuningi kwenqubo yogunyazo njengoba isebenza ekusebenzeni kobusoso kanye nasekuhloleni. Sihlola isisekelo somthetho-sisekelo, izinhlobo eziqondile zeziqondiso ezisetshenziswayo, ukugcinwa komthetho okuqinile okumelwe kwaneliswe ukuze kutholakale, kanye nezimiso zobubonisi eziqinisekisa ukulalela. Ekugcineni, abafundi bayoba nolwazi oluphelele lwendlela imvume esebenza ngayo njengesivikelo somuntu ngamunye nesihluthulelo esivula isinyathelo esingokomthetho sokuhlola.

I - Constitution Foundation: ISichibiyelo Sesine

Imfuneko yokugunyazwa kwemisebenzi yokusebenza ngomshoshaphansi nokuqapha ngokuyinhloko isuka esiGcini sesine kuya eMthethweni - sisekelo waseU.S.

" Ilungelo labantu lokuphepha kubantu babo, izindlu, amaphepha, nemiphumela, ngokuphenya okungenangqondo nokuquleka, ngeke kuphazanyiswe, futhi akukho maWarrant azakuphuma, kodwa ngokunokwenzeka, asekelwe u-Oath noma isiqinisekiso, futhi ikakhulukazi ukuchaza indawo okungaseshwa kuyo, nabantu noma izinto ezithinjwayo."

Lolulimi lumisa isisekelo: noma ikuphi ukuphenya noma ukuphambana okuphazamisa ukuma komuntu okunengqondo kokungafihliwe akunangqondo ngokunengqondo ngaphandle kokuba kubekwe imvume esekelwe yisizathu okungenzeka futhi ichazwe ngendlela ekhethekile. Ukusebenza kokufihla nokuqapha, lokhu kusho ukuthi imisebenzi enjengokuhlaba i-apping, ukufaka izinqola ze-GPS, ukungena ekhaya ngaphansi kokuzikhohlisa, noma ukusebenzisa amakhamera afihliwe ezithubeni ngokuvamile kudinga isiqinisekiso. INkanto ePhakathi liphinde laqinisekiswa ukuthi ukuqapha okungena ngokomthetho kuyi-opera, hhayi umthetho.

Isilinganiso Esinengqondo Sembangela

Isisekelo sanoma isiphi isiqinisekiso esizwakalayo kungenzeka siyimbangela. Imbangela engenzeka ikhona uma ingqikithi yezimo ingaholela umuntu onengqondo ukuba akholelwe ukuthi ubugebengu bebukhona, bukhona, noma buzokwenziwa, nokuthi ubufakazi bokuthi ubugebengu buyotholakala endaweni noma ngezindlela ezicaciswe. Lendinganiso ayiqinisekile kodwa ngaphezu kokungaqiniseki nje kokungaqiniseki. Emkhakheni wemisebenzi efihliwe, kungenzeka ukuba kumiswe imbangela ngaphambi kokuba umahluleli anikeze umthetho ogunyaza ukusebenza. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuthola isiqinisekiso socingo, ukugcinwa komthetho kumelwe kubonise ukuthi kunesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi ukuxhumana okuqondile ngobugebengu kuyonqandwa.

Imfuneko Yokuzihlukanisa

ISichibiyelo sesine sibuye sigunyaze ukuba kufunyaniswe indawo ikakhulukazi efuna ukuphenywa futhi kuthathwe abantu noma izinto okufanele zithathwe. Ukuze kuqashelwe, lokhu kusho ukuthi imvume kumelwe ichaze indawo noma umuntu ahloselwe kuyo, uhlobo lokuqapha olugunyaziwe (umz., ukugada amavidiyo, ukunqandwa kwemisindo), kanye nesikhathi sokusebenza. Imithetho kajenene enikeza ukuqapha umthetho ukuba ulwe ngemithetho yenzeke kakhulu. Lokhu kuvimbela ukudoba futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukungenela kwezinhlanzi kucushwa kancane kancane ukuze kuphenyiswe.

Umsebenzi Ongokomthetho Wabasebenzi Bomshoshaphansi Nabahlali

Izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zemisebenzi yobusoso nokuqapha zibuswa ngemithetho ehlukene nezisekelo zomthetho. Nakuba bonke kumelwe bavumelane neSichibiyelo sesine, izishaya-mthetho zombuso nezishaya - mthetho zikahulumeni ziye zamisa imithetho eqondile emisa izinqubo eziningiliziwe zokuthola izivumelwano ezithile ezingokomongo. Ukuqonda lezizisekelo kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi ubufakazi obuqoqiwe abunakwenziwa enkantolo futhi ukuthi izikhulu azichaziwe ekubekelweni icala lomphakathi.

Ukufuna Izindlela Zokufuna

Kufunwa imvume yomthetho osetshenziswa ekusebenzeni komshoshaphansi. Bagunyaza ukugcinwa komthetho ukuba kungene ezindaweni ezithile noma emotweni futhi bafune izinto eziwubufakazi bobugebengu. Ezimweni ezifihlwayo, kungasetshenziswa imvume yokuhlola ukuthatha uphambo, amabhukwana, noma imishini yobuchwepheshe ngemva kokusebenza komthungo owenziwe ngokulawula noma umsebenzi ongekho emthethweni. Imvume kumele ichaze indawo ukuze ihlolwe ngokufuna izinto ezithile futhi idwebe uhlu lwezinto ezizothathwa. I-ectut wind wind ivame ukuhlanganisa ukungena okuhlangene neqembu lamaqhinga, okungase kuhlangane nokusebenza okuqhubekayo okungalawulekiyo. [[FLT:] I-Corgnoll Information Institute [FFF:]

Abathungatha Ucingo (Isihloko III)

Ukunqandwa kocingo, umlomo, noma umshini wokuxhumana nomshini, kuyindlela yokuhlola kakhulu futhi kulawulwa yisihloko III soLawulo lwe-Omnibus Crime noMthetho we-Desect ka-1968 (oqiniswe ngo-18 U.S.C. . . . . . . III i-alphanuctive digitance projects project. Ukuthola i-otap system, umthetho kumelwe ubonise:

  • [ Imbangela efanelekile [ umuntu ayenza, uyenze, noma esezothatha icala eliyisihloko esithile (umz., ukubulala, ukushushumbisa izidakamizwa, ubuphekula).
  • Imbangela efanelekile [ yokuthi ukuxhumana okukhethekile ngokuphathelene nalelocala kuyotholakala ngokunqandwa.
  • Izinqubo ezivamile zophenya ziye zazanywa zahluleka, noma kubonakala kungenakwenzeka ukuba ziphumelele uma zikhona, noma ziyingozi kakhulu.
  • [[IZInqubo zokuguqula] [ zikhona ukunciphisa ukunqandwa kwemiyalo engaqhubeki.

Izicelo ze-metap zikhishwa kuphela isikhathi esilinganiselwe (cishe izinsuku ezingu-30, ezinezinwebeko) futhi zidinga imibiko yentuthuko yezikhathi ezithile kumahluleli. [[FLT: 0] Indatshana yeJaji I-Criminal Resource Manual[[[FLT: 1]] imininingwane yemiyalo yabashushisi okumelwe ilande uma befaka isicelo se-Title III .

Abasekeli be - “Surveillance ” (Izincwadi Ezibhaliwe Nezamaza; Uxhaka noTrace, I - GPS, I - video)

Ngaphandle kokushaya ucingo, ezinye izindlela zokuqapha zidinga izimvume noma iziyalezo zenkantolo ngaphansi kwezimiso eziqondile:

  • I-Pen Register and Trap and Trace Disks: Lezizisetshenziswa ziqopha izinombolo zocingo eziphumayo nezingenayo (kodwa zingakhombi). I-Pen Register and Trace and Trace Sigmentte (18 U.S.C. . . . . . 311-31-327) idinga uhlelo lwenkantolo olusekelwe esitifiketini sokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukwaziswa kuyavumelana nopheniso oluqhubekayo lwezigebengu-gebenga-gebenga-> indinganiso ephansi kunendinganiso.
  • Ukulandelela i-PS: Ku- United States v. Jones (202]), iNkantolo Ephakeme yakholelwa ukuthi ukufaka i-GPS umthumeli emotweni kuhlanganisa ukuseshwa ngaphansi kweSigqizi-Mthethweni sesine futhi ngokuvamile kudinga isiqinisekiso esisekelwa ngesizathu okungenzeka. Izifunda eziningi manje zinemithetho elawula i-GPS ezikhomba izimpawu ze-GPS.
  • Ividiyo I-Surveillance: Isibonelo senkantolo siye sasungula ukuthi ukuqashelwa okuqhubekayo kwe-video yezindawo zangasese (njengengaphakathi lekhaya noma ihhovisi lomuntu) kudinga imvume. Ezindaweni zomphakathi, akukho mvume edingekayo, kodwa ukuqapha okuqhubekayo noma okuhlolweyo kungabangela iziphetho zeSine seSichibiyelo.

Izinhlobo zonke zalezi zincwadi kumelwe zihlangabezane nemfuneko ekhethekile − ukuhlukanisa indawo, isikhathi, nendlela yokuhlola. Amanye ama-oventili afuna ukuba abahluleli bacabangele ezinye izindlela eziphazamisayo ngaphambi kokuba bavumele ukuqapha amavidiyo amade.

Izimfuneko Zokuthola Umsizi

Nakuba izimfuneko eziqondile zihlukahluka ngohlobo lwemvume nokulawula, ezinye izici eziyisisekelo zisemhlabeni wonke.amandla okugcinwa komthetho kumelwe ahlangabezane nalezi zimiso ukuze athole imvume yokwahlulela ngokusebenza ngomshoshaphansi nokuqapha.

Imbangela Enengqondo

Njengoba kuphawuliwe, ngokunokwenzeka imbangela indinganiso eyisisekelo. Kumelwe isekelwe emaqinisweni nasezimweni ezikhona phakathi kolwazi lwesikhulu okungadinga umuntu oqaphile ukuba akholelwe ukuthi ubugebengu buye benzekile nokuthi ubufakazi buzotholakala. Amaqiniso kumelwe abekwe ku-affidavit efungelwe. Ukuzwa amazwi asekelwe ku-izazi ezithembekile kungacatshangelwa, kodwa izinkantolo zisebenzisa ukuhlolwa "ubuqotho bezimo" ukuze kuhlolwe ukuthembeka komphathi we-astlent nesisekelo solwazi.

I - affidavit Ne - oath

Uhlelo ngalunye lokugunyaza kumelwe luhlanganise i-affidavit efunwe nge-applita yabaphathi bomthetho. I-affidavit kumele ichaze uphenyo, amaqiniso asekela imbangela okungenzeka, indawo ethile noma isisulu, nohlobo lokuqapha noma umsebenzi owenziwe ngokufihla. Isikhulu sifunga ngaphansi kwesigwebo se-perjury ukuthi ulwazi luyiqiniso. Uma i-ffidavit iqukethe izinkulumo ezingamanga noma izimemezelo ezikhishwayo ezibekwe ngokunganaki, isiqinisekiso singalahlwa ngaphansi kwe- Flastsss v. Delirew[FLD]

Ukucaciswa Nesikhathi

Imvume kumele isho ngokuqondile ukuthi yini egunyaziwe. Ukuze kuhlolwe, lokhu kusho ukuhlelwa kwezinto ezifanele ukuthathwa. Ukuze kuchazwe umbiko wokuhlola, kusho ukuchaza isisulu, indlela (umzk., "ividiyo iqopha ingaphakathi lokwahlukana 3B ku-333 Main Street"), nenkathi yesikhathi. Imingcele yesikhathi inzima: izimvume ze-watentap zilinganiselwa ku-30, kanti ukusesha izimpawu kumelwe zibulawe phakathi nesikhathi esinengqondo (ngokuvamile izinsuku eziyishumi-14). Isibopho futhi kumelwe sisho ukuthi zingabulawa phakathi nobusuku kuphela ngaphandle kokuba umahluleli ugunyaze ukubulawa ebusuku ngenxa yesizathu esihle.

Ukubukezwa Kokwahlulela Nokukhangisa Ngokungathathi - hlangothi

Umahluleli noma umahluleli ongathathi hlangothi kuphela futhi ongaboshelwanga umbiko. Umahluleli angabukeza isikhulu futhi angabuza isikhulu ukuba sicacise amaqiniso. Umahluleli kumelwe enze isinqumo esizimele esingase sibe khona. Uma umahluleli ethola isicelo singanele, imvume izophikwa. Lendlela yokwahlulela iyisivikelo esibalulekile ekuphathweni yizisulu.

Imisebenzi Yasemshoshaphansi Ngaphandle Kweziphazamiso: Imisebenzi Ehlukile Nokulinganiselwa

Akuyona yonke imisebenzi edinga imvume, izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela okuhlukile emfunweni engokomthetho, ikakhulukazi lapho kungekho kulindela okunengqondo kokuba umuntu abe wedwa noma lapho izimo ezibangwayo zidinga ukuthatha isinyathelo ngokushesha.

Kuyavunyelwa

Uma umuntu onegunya phezu kwezakhiwo noma impahla evuma ngokuzithandela ukuseshwa noma ukuba khona komthumeli ofihlayo, akukho mvume edingekayo. Ngokwesibonelo, isikhulu sobuso bekhosethi singangena ekhaya uma izakhamuzi zimmema. Nokho, imvume kumelwe inikezwe ngokukhululekile, hhayi iphoqelelwe. Izinkantolo futhi zihlola ukuthi iqembu lemvume lalinegunya elingokoqobo noma elisobala. ACLU's imithombo yangaphansi kwe-popublic [ ixoxa ngezivumelwano namasuntswana okukhohlisa.

Umbono Ongamanga

Uma isikhulu sikhona ngokomthetho endaweni futhi sibona ubufakazi bobugebengu obusobala, bangabuthatha ngaphandle kogunyazo. Kubantu ababodwa, lokhu kusho ukuthi uma bemenywa ekhaya futhi bebona ibhande liboshiwe etafuleni, bangabika futhi bafune isiqinisekiso esilandelayo sokubuthatha. Imfundiso esobala ayigunyazi ukungena; imane ivumela ukuphambana kobufakazi okungahlosiwe okutholakala ngokusemthethweni ekhoneni elingokomthetho.

Izimo Ezibi

Uma kunokusongela kokuphila okusheshayo, ingozi yokubhujiswa kobufakazi, noma ukujaha okukhulu komsoleki obalekayo, izikhulu zingase zithathe uphenyo olungenasiqinisekiso noma ziqaphe. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umthumeli ofihlekile ethola ukuthi umsolwayo usezobhubhisa izidakamizwa, izikhulu zingangena endaweni ngaphandle kwemvume. Izimo eziphuthumayo zihlolwa ngesisekelo secala, futhi uhulumeni uthwele umthwalo wokuqinisekisa ukuthi iphuthuma.

Ukufuna Umphakathi (Awukulindele Ngokunengqondo Ukuba Wedwa)

Imisebenzi yangaphandle eyenziwa ezindaweni zomphakathi − njengamapaki, imigwaqwe, noma amasimu avulekile − ayidingi imvume ngoba abantu abanalo ukulindela okunengqondo kokuba bodwa kulokho abakudalula emphakathini. Inxusa elingaphansi komphakathi lingabona imisebenzi yokuqopha nokuqopha ekwakhekeni kwezingxoxo (ezinesivumelwano esisodwa se-metap). Nokho, ukulandelela i-GPS noma amangqamuzana emininingwaneni yezindawo kuye kwagcinwa kuvikelwa iziphetho zeSine, njengoba kuboniswa ku i-Cerbarter.

Ukugcinwa komthetho kumelwe kuqaphe: Ngisho nasemphakathini, izindlela ezithile zokuhlola, njengokusebenzisa i - snote ukuze ulunguze egcekeni noma i - telephoto lens ukuze ubambe isikhashana, kungase kuwele umugqa ungene ekuhloleni okudinga imvume.

Izinyathelo Zokwengamela Nokulandisa

Abaqaphi abakho ngaphandle; izimiso eziqinile zokwengamela ziqinisekisa ukuthi ukugcinwa komthetho kuvumelana nemithetho futhi akulisebenzisi kabi igunya elinikezwayo. Lezi zinyathelo zibalulekile ukuze kugcinwe ukwethenjwa umphakathi futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ubufakazi obutholakalayo abunakuguqulwa enkantolo.

Ukuphatha Kokwahlulela

Umahluleli okhiphayo unegunya lokuqaphela ukuqapha okuqhubekayo. Imvume yentambo yentambo, umahluleli angadinga imibiko ngezikhathi ezithile ngentuthuko nemizamo encishisiwe. Ekuphetheni konogada, umahluleli uthola iphindulo lokuthiwa. Uma uhulumeni ehluleka ukuvumelana nezimo zemvume, umahluleli angabucindezela ubufakazi noma abeke izikhulu indelelo. Eminye imikhandlu ifuna ukuba umahluleli abukeze i-affvidat kanye nesiqinisekiso ngemva kokubulawa ukuze aqinisekise ukulalela.

Ukubika Ngemithetho

Umthetho we-Federal ufuna iHhovisi lokuHlaziya leNkantolo yase-U.S. ukuba ithumele umbiko waminyaka yonke kuKhomishane ngenani lezicelo ze-wap, izigunyazo, nokuphika, kanye namacala ahilelekile. Lokhu kuvumela abenzi bomthetho nomphakathi ukuba baqaphele ukusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi amaningi okuhlola. Izishaya-mthetho zivame ukubeka izimfuneko ezifanayo zokubika ezigunyaziwe nguhulumeni.

Abahloli Abavamile Nokubukezwa Kwangaphakathi

Izinhlangano eziqapha umthetho zivame ukuhlukaniswa phakathi kwezindaba noma amahhovisi omsebenzi ochwepheshe ohlola ukukhishwa kwemithetho. UMnyango woMahluleli weHhovisi loMhloli wezomthetho uphenya nophengululo ezimangalweni zokuqapha okungafanele noma ukuphenya okungenamvumelwanga. Lokhu kuhlola kwangaphakathi kungaholela ezinguqulweni zenqubo, isenzo sokujezisa, futhi, ezimweni ezidlulele, ukumangalela kwezelele izikhulu eziphula umthetho ngamabomu.

Amakhambi Angaphakathi

Abantu abanamalungelo ophulwa ngokusebenza ngokungemthetho noma ngokuqapha bangase bamangalelwe izikhulu zomthetho eziphoqelelwe namalungu ngaphansi kuka-42 U.S.C. 1983 (kusendaweni yabadlali bakahulumeni) noma iziphathi - misebenzi zezenzo (zabadlali bamazwe). Bangafuna ukulimala nokukhululeka okungagunyazi. Ukumangalelwa okuphumelelayo hhayi nje kuphela ukuvala izisulu kodwa futhi futhi kuvimbela ukuziphatha okubi kwesikhathi esizayo. Izinkantolo zingabususa nobufakazi obutholakele ngokwephula umthetho weSiphetho Sesine ngaphansi komthetho owe-Cunitary, okungavimbela ukuboshwa nokugcinwa kwezimfuneko.

Isiphetho

Imfuneko i-licky yokusebenza ngokusemthethweni nokuhlola. Iqinisekisa ukuthi amandla amakhulu ombuso okuhlola ubugebengu asetshenziswa ngokuzibamba, ngokubonana, nangenhlonipho ngamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Ukusuka ekuqaleni kokuboniswa kwesizathu esincane sokuvumela isenzo esingenasiqinisekiso esiphuthumayo, ukubusa okungokomthetho kubonisa ukulinganisela okucophelelayo phakathi kokulondeka nenkululeko. Imithetho kumelwe ihambe ngokunembe, yazi ukuthi ukuhluleka ukuvikela isiqinisekiso esifanele kungafaka engozini yonke i-enquisito nokwehluleka ukuvimbela ubufakazi obugxekayo. Okwamanje, izimiso zokuqondisa okungagunyazi lutho okungagunyaziwe, ukuqondisa okubonisa ukulinganisela okunobulungisa phakathi kokulondeka nokungalawuleki.

Odokotela babalulekile ukuba bagcine iSichibiyelo sesine sihlelile futhi kunezimfuneko eziqondile zomthetho. Kubantu, ukuqonda lezi sivikelo kuyisihluthulelo sokunikeza iziphathimandla isibopho sokulandisa. Njengoba ubuchwepheshe bokuhlola buqhubeka, impikiswano yokuthi izicelo zidingeka nini ingenzeka. Kodwa isimiso esiyinhloko asishintshi: ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni ungenele ezakhamuzini zawo, kumelwe kuqala uqinisekise umahluleli ongathathi hlangothi ukuthi ukungenela kwayo kuyafaneleka, kulinganiselwe, futhi kudingekile.