Kunoma yisiphi isigaba sombuso wentando yeningi esisebenzayo, izisebenzi zomphakathi zinesikhundla esikhethekile sokuthembana. Zisebenzisa imithombo yomphakathi, ziphoqelela imithetho, futhi zenze izinqumo ezithinta izigidi. Nokho, lokhu kunakiwa kwegunya kudala ingozi engokwemvelo: ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla. Uma ukuziphatha kuwohloka, ukonakala kugxila, ukuthemba umphakathi kuyawohloka, futhi zona kanye isisekelo sokubusa silulaza. Ukuvikela ukuxhashazwa okunjalo akuwona nje umgomo wokuphatha kahle okumane nje ukuzimisela ukuphatha izigidi. Izikhulu, abenzi bezimiso zezenkambiso, futhi kusebenza ndawonye ekusekeleni izindinganiso ezihlala zikhona kuhulumeni.

Ukubaluleka Kwezimiso Zokuziphatha Enkonzweni Yomphakathi

Ukwethemba umphakathi kuyimali yokubusa. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ngisho nezimiso ezihloselwe kahle zihlangatshezwana nokungaqiniseki. Izimiso zenkonzo yomphakathi zithonya ngokuqondile lokhu kuthembana. Uma izikhulu zisebenza ngobuqotho, ukubonakala, nokulunga, zibonisa ukuthi uhulumeni usebenzela inzuzo eyodwa kunenzuzo yomuntu siqu. Ngokuphambene, ukuhluleka kwezimiso zokuziphatha (hhayi ingxabano encane yesithakazelo noma ukufumbathisa okukhulu) kubangelwa yimfantula yezentengiselwano (jekezo) ezinhlangano futhi kungabangela ukugxeka okusakazekile. Izibonelo zezenzakalo ezingokomlando ezifana nehlazo le Watergate e-United States noma iPetrobras eBrazil zibonisa indlela amaphutha angoko okungoko okungaphazamisa ngayo ohulumeni nomonakalo. Ngale sizathu, izimiso akuwona umqondo ongenakuqondwa kodwa imfuneko esebenzayo, kodwa iwusizo.

Ukuthemba Njengedwala Lezinhlangano Zomphakathi

Izakhamuzi ziphathisa izisebenzi zomphakathi amandla ngokulindele ukuba lawo mandla asetshenziswe ngokunakekela. Leli qembu lenza umsebenzi wokuzimela: izikhulu zomphakathi kumelwe zibeke isithakazelo somphakathi ngaphezu kwezithakazelo zazo siqu. Uma lowo msebenzi wephulwa, isivumelwano sezenhlalo siwohloka. Izifundo zezinhlangano ezinjenge [ELD] zibonisa njalo ukuthi amazinga aphezulu okuthenjelwa komphakathi asebenza kangcono ngokwezomnotho, ukuthobela imithetho engcono, nokubambisana kwezenhlalo okuningi. Ngakho, ukuziphatha okuhle akuwona nje ukugwema amanyala [[FLT] [FLT] uwenza uhulumeni usebenze kahle.

Ukuchaza Izimiso Zokuziphatha Enkonzweni Yomphakathi

Izimiso zokuziphatha ezisemkhakheni wenkonzo yomphakathi zibhekisela ezimisweni zokuziphatha eziqondisa ukuziphatha kwabantu abanezikhundla zomphakathi. Lezi zimiso zihlanganiswe emithethweni, ezimisweni, nasezimisweni zokuziphatha, kodwa ekugcineni zincike kunembeza womuntu siqu nasesikweni sokuhlela. Izimiso eziyisisekelo zihlanganisa:

  • [ Ubumsulwa – ithatha isinyathelo ngokungaguquguquki ngezindinganiso zokuziphatha nezobuchwepheshe, ngisho noma kungekho obukele.
  • [ ukuboleka [--ekwamukeleni umthwalo wemfanelo ngezenzo nezinqumo zomuntu, futhi uzimisele ukuzichaza.
  • I-transparency - Ukwenza izinqumo nezinqubo kuvuleka ekuhlolweni umphakathi, ngaphandle uma kuyimfuneko ngokomthetho ukufihla imfihlo.
  • Ukucwasana [ - - Ukuphatha bonke abantu namaqembu ngokulinganayo, ngaphandle kokukhetha noma ukucwasa.
  • Iqaphela umthetho [ - - Ukunamathela ezimisweni zomthetho nezinqubo, futhi ungasebenzisi amandla ukudlula kuzo.

Lezi zimiso ziyancika. Ngokwesibonelo, ukubonakala kwale ndaba kusekela ukulandisa, futhi ubulungisa buqinisa ukwethembana. Uma kungekho sici esisodwa, zonke izimiso zokuziphatha ziba sengozini.

Izinselele Ezivamile Enkonzweni Yomphakathi

Izisebenzi zomphakathi zibhekene nezinkinga eziningi ezibonisa ukuthi zizimisele kangakanani izimiso ezingenhla. Ezinye izinselele zikhona emhlabeni wonke, kanti ezinye ziqonde izindima ezithile noma umongo. Ukuqaphela lezi zinselele kuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuzisingatha ngokuzijwayeza.

Ukungezwani Kwesithakazelo

Impi yesithakazelo iphakama lapho izithakazelo zomphakathi zangasese zesikhulu. /finanicial, i-familial, noma i-familial(ayyohlohla ngokungafanele ukusebenza kwemisebenzi yaso engokomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, umhleli wedolobha onempahla endaweni ebekelwe ukuthuthuka kufanele azibeke esinqumweni. Ngisho nokubonakala kwempi kungalimaza ukwethenjwa umphakathi. Amazwe amaningi afuna izikhulu ukuba zithulule izinto futhi ziphinde zizenze ngokwazo ezinqunyweni ezifanelekile. Ihhovisi likahulumeni (GOGO[FLT]]) linikeza isiqondiso esiningi sokubona nokuqondisa izingxabano ezinjalo. Ngaphandle kokuveza imithetho eqinileyo, izingxabano zingalulaza ngokuthula izikhulu ukuba zikhiphe izimali zemithetho ehlangene.

Ukonakala Nokufumbathisa

Ukonakala kuhilela ukusetshenziswa kabi kwesikhundla somphakathi ukuze kuzuze inzuzo yangasese. Ukufumbathisa kungenye yezindlela eziqondile: ukuphana imali, izipho, noma ukusekelana ngesinqumo esihle. Ukonakala akuchithi nje kuphela izimali zomphakathi kodwa futhi kujikijela nezimiso. Ngokwesibonelo, isikhulu esithatha izijeziso zokukhokha izivumelwano zenkampani ethile ukuze sikhokhele izivumelwano zokukhokha izimali ezingaphuki kuphela izimiso zezimiso zenkolo. Zingathola futhi izinto ezingekhonakele noma izinkonzo eziphezulu ezithengwayo ezintengondlekweni. I-Transparency International (transpastssssss.[FFLT:1]) imibiko eveza intengo yokonakala efinyelela ku-10% ukwenza intengo yezentengo egcwele yonke indawo futhi iphazamisa kakhulu intuthuko emazweni ampofu. Izinhlangano ezimelene nezokukhokhwazwano ezimele ukulwa kwemithetho, izinhlangano ezilwanisayo ezilwayo.

Ukusetshenziswa Kabi Kwemithombo Yengcebo Yomphakathi

Imithombo yomphakathi (eziphuma ezimpawini zasehhovisi nasezimalini) kumele isetshenziswe ngokusemthethweni ukuze kuzuze umuntu. Ukuzilahlekisela, njengokusebenzisa imoto kahulumeni ukuze kuthathe iholide lomkhaya noma ukuqasha isihlobo emsebenzini ongaboniswanga, kuwuhlobo lokweba emphakathini. Ukusebenzisa kabi okunjalo akuqashelwa kuze kube yilapho abafuyi bemali noma abaphikisi beyidalula. Ukuvimbela lokhu, ohulumeni basebenzisa izimiso zokulandisa eziqinile, kuhlanganise nokuhlola imali njalo kanye nemithetho ecacile ekusebenziseni i-accounting Office (GAO) eU.

Ukubandlulula Nobu - bias

Izisebenzi zomphakathi zinomthwalo wokuphatha zonke izakhamuzi ngokulinganayo. Nokho, ubandlululo olungekho mthethweni olusekelwe eqenjini elithile, ebuntwaneni, enkolweni, noma kwezinye izici − lungangena phambili ekwenzeni izinqumo, luholele ekukhipheni isijeziso somthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, izikhulu zomthetho ezingase zifune imiphakathi emincane ngokungenakulinganiswa, noma izinhlangano ezilungisayo zingaphika ngokungafanele imvume emaqenjini athile. Inkonzo yomphakathi idinga izinyathelo ezisebenzayo zokulwa nobandlululo, njengokuqeqeshwa kokuqasha, izinqubo zokuqasha, nokugcinwa kwemithetho engekho nkunzi nezokuphatha. Amanxusa amalungelo abantu kanye namahhovisi e-ambustman angasiza ukuba izinhlangano ezilahlwe ngezenzo zobucala.

Ukuntuleka Kokubona Kahle Ekwenzeni Isinqumo

Uma kwenziwa izinqumo ngemva kweminyango evalekile, ingozi yokuziphatha okungafanele iyakhula. Ukufihla imfihlo kungafihla ukukhetha, ukonakala, noma ukwahlulela okungalungile. Izakhamuzi zinelungelo lokuqonda ukuthi zihlelwa kanjani nokuthi kungani zithathwa kanjani. Inkululeko yolwazi, izimfuneko zokuhlangana ezivulekile, nezimpendulo zomphakathi zingamathuluzi akhuthaza ukubonakala. Nokho, lezi zinqubo ziphumelela kuphela uma izinhlangano ziveza ulwazi futhi zisabela ekubuzeni obala. Emazweni amaningi, ukumiswa kwemithetho yokubonakala ngaphandle kwemvume kuhlala kuyinselele.

Imishini Yokuthuthukisa Ukuziphatha Okunobuhlanya

Ukuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla kudinga okungaphezu nje kokuthi umuntu ufisa ukukhonzwa, kudinga izimiso eziyisisekelo ezikhuthaza ukuziphatha okuhle nokujezisa.

Izimiso Zokuziphatha

Izimiso ezihleleke kahle zezimiso zokuziphatha zihlela amathemba acacile okuziphatha. Ihlela izenzo ezinqatshelwe, njengokwamukela izipho ezivela kumakhampani, futhi inikeza isiqondiso ngendlela yokusingatha izindawo ezimpunga. Imithetho ihlanganisa futhi izimiso zenkonzo yomphakathi, njengokungakhethi nobuphathi. Nokho, umthetho unamandla kuphela ngokusebenza kwawo. Ukuqeqesha njalo, amathuluzi okuzihlobisa, nesikhulu esimisiwe somthetho ungasiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi i-code ayisiyona nje incwadi eqoqayo. Imithetho eminingi isakaza i-odaywords arential arensitive, i-rivertive.

Ukuqeqesha Nemfundo

Ukwenza izinqumo akuyona into elindelekile ngaso sonke isikhathi. Izisebenzi zomphakathi ziyazuza emfundweni eqhubekayo ehlanganisa kokubili imithetho kanye nokucabanga okungemva kwayo. Amashabhu empatlisayo, ukuhlola, nezimo ezisebenzayo ezifundisayo zingasiza izikhulu ukuba ziqaphele izingqinamba futhi zisebenzise izimiso zezimiso zezimiso zezimiso. Ngokwesibonelo, uhulumeni kahulumeni udinga ukuqeqeshelwa izisebenzi ezithile izimiso zokuziphatha zaminyaka yonke. Ngokufanayo, iHhovisi leZizwe Ezihlangene leMishovuzo neCrime linikeza imithombo kohulumeni efuna ukwakha ubuqotho. Ukufunda okuqhubekayo kuqinisekisa ukuthi izimiso zokuziphatha zihlala zingumkhuba ophilayo, hhayi indlela yokuqondisa inqubo eyodwa.

Isivikelo Somculi Wesivunguvungu

Abacuphi bavame ukuba yindlela yokuqala yokuvikela ekukhohlakaleni nasekuziphatheni okubi. Nokho, bazifaka engozini yokuziphindiselela (ukuveza umsebenzi wabo, ukuhlukunyezwa, noma okubi kakhulu). Imithetho yesivikelo esiqinile ivikela abantu ababika ukuphulwa kokholo oluhle futhi inikeze iziteshi zokubika okungaziwa. Impumelelo yemithetho enjalo ixhomeke esikweni elinokubaluleka kokukhuluma kunokuba lijeze lijezise. Ngokwesibonelo, i-U.S. Whislettleer Protection Device Act ne-Unity's Direction ewrivene i-Whispeding iyazise iqinisa isivikelo. Uma izisebenzi zomphakathi zisazi ukuthi zingabika ukuxhasha okuphephile, ukugwenywa kokuzingela ukuziphatha okubi kuyakhula.

Ukugada Nokulandisa

Izinhlangano ezizimele zigxeka ukugada ukuthobela imithetho. Lezi zindikimba zihlanganisa amakhomishane ezimiso zokuziphatha, amahhovisi e-ombusts, abahloli jikelele, nezinhlangano ezimelene nokungakhohlisi. Zihlola izikhalo, ukuhlolwa, ukuhlolwa, nokutusa. Ngokwesibonelo, i-U.K.'s Committee on Standards in Public Life (] CSPS]) ihlola izindinganiso zokuziphatha ezisekelwe kuwo wonke uhulumeni. Lezi zimele ukuba zibe nemali eyanele, ukuzimela ethonyeni kwezombangazwe, negunya lokuqinisekisa lokho ezikutholile. Ngaphandle kokuqondisa okuqinile, ngisho nemithetho engcono kakhulu nokuqeqeshwa kunemiphumela elinganiselwe.

Ukuhlanganyela Komphakathi Nokudla

Izakhamuzi ngokwazo ziyizindawo ezinamandla zokuqapha. Uma ohulumeni bemema umphakathi ukuba ungene emahholo edolobha, emahholo e-inthanethi, noma ezakhamuzini ziveza amabhodi okuhlola nokubambisana. Izakhamuzi ziveza amathuba okuhlola nokusizana. Ukuvuma komphakathi kungaveza ukushiyeka kwezimiso ezingase zilahlekelwe yimishini yangaphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlelwa kwemali nokuthola izinqubo zomphakathi kunciphisa indawo yokusebenzelana kwabantu. Ukuhlanganyela umphakathi kwakha nokwethemba, njengoba izakhamuzi zibona ukuthi amazwi azo adinga ukubhekana nezindaba. Ohulumeni kufanele bakhuthaze izakhamuzi ukuba zimelane futhi bavikele ekuphindiseleni izikhala zezindawo zokulungisa izinkinga.

Ukubonana Ngokulungisa Nokulungisa

Ukuthengwa komphakathi kusengozini kakhulu yokusetshenziswa kabi kwemali enkulu ehilelekile. Izimiso zokuthola okusobala zokwenza izinto zokwenza izinto, ukuhlola okucacile, nokuvunywa komphakathi kwesivumelwano ngokuwakhipha ngezabelo, qhaza ekuvimbeleni ukukhetha nokungakhohlakali. Ohulumeni abaningi manje basebenzisa amapulatifomu aqopha zonke izinyathelo zenqubo, adala indlela ekwazi ukuphethwa. I-Open Contractive Stanicateshing asekela ukunyathelisa izivumelwano ezisemkhakheni ovulekile, ivumela umphakathi wabe nomhleli ukuba bahlaziye izindleko. Izindlela ezinjalo zinciphisa ingozi yokukhampanisela nokuqinisekisa ukuthi imali yomphakathi zisetshenziswa ngokunenzuzo.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Ekwehlulekeni Kobuhlanya Nokushintsha

Ukufunda ezimweni ezingokoqobo zezwe kubalulekile ukuze siqonde indlela izivikelo ezingokokuziphatha ezisebenza ngayo − noma zingasebenzi. Nazi izibonelo ezimbili eziphawulekayo:

Ukubusa Okunethonya Nezimiso Zokuziphatha Kumthetho Kahulumeni

Ihlazo lama-Watergate ladalula ukuhluleka okukhulu kwezimiso zokuziphatha kuhulumeni wase-U.S., kuhlanganise nokusetshenziswa kabi kwegunya, ukuvinjelwa kobulungisa, nokusetshenziswa kabi kwezimali zomkhankaso. Ekuphenduleni, iSishaya-mthetho sadlulisa i-Ethics kuMthetho kaHulumeni ka-1978, eyamisa iHhovisi Lemithetho Kahulumeni, yadinga ukudalulwa kwezezimali kuziphathimandla eziphethe, futhi yasungula izimiso zezeluleko ezizimele. Le nguquko ibonisa indlela inkinga enkulu yezimiso zokuziphatha engaholela ngayo ezinguqukweni ezihlala njalo. I-OGE iyaqhubeka inikeza ukuqeqeshwa nokwengamele, i-tegoversestionstionstions program yezimiso zezimiso zezimiso zezimiso zezimiso zomphakathi.

Ukonakala EBrazil Nokuphakama Kwe - Lava Jato

I-Brazil’s Operation Car Wash (Lava Jato) yavumbulula icebo elikhulu lokufumbathisa elihlanganisa inkampani kawoyela kaPetrobras, izazi zezombangazwe, kanye namafemu okwakha. Ihlazo laholela ekuboshweni kwamanani aphezulu e-profile, kuhlanganise nowayenguMongameli uLuiz Inácio da Silva. Icala laqokomisa ukubaluleka komthetho ozimele nabashushisi, kanye namandla okufaka isicelo ekudambiseni inkohlakalo. Nokho, labangela futhi ukukhathazeka ngenqubo efanele nangemithetho elawula imibandela engokomthetho. Imiphumela iye yabangela izinguquko emkhankambisweni wezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano nezokulawula izinhlangano, nakuba inselele. Lesi sibonelo sibonisa ukuthi izinguquko ezingoko ngokomthetho kumelwe zilinganiswe ngokucophelela nezivikelo zokugwema ukukhokhwazwa.

Indima Yokuhola Ekuhlakuleleni Izimiso Ezifanele

Akukho mithetho engathatha indawo yobuholi bezimiso. Izikhulu ezinkulu zingamisa indlela yokuqondisa izinhlangano zazo. Uma abaholi bezibeka icala ngokubeka ubuqotho ezimpikiswaneni. () ngokuzibeka icala ezimpikiswaneni, ngokwenqaba izipho, nangokuvuma amaphutha.) Babonisa ukuthi izindaba zokuziphatha. Ngokuphambene, abaholi ababeka imithetho noma babheke enye indlela badala isimo esiyekelelayo sokuxhashazwa. Ngakho, ukuqeqeshwa kwezimiso zokuziphatha kufanele kubopheke kubo bonke abaphathi, futhi ukuhlaziya umsebenzi kufanele kuhlanganise ukuziphatha okuhle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abaholi kufanele baqaphele obala futhi bavume ukuphulwa okufanelekile. Impucuko engokokuziphatha iqala phezulu futhi igcwele wonke amazinga enkonzo yomphakathi.

Ukwenziwa kwesakhelo sokwakha ifreyimu

Izisebenzi zomphakathi ngokuvamile zibhekana nezimo lapho ukukhetha okulungile kungacaci. Ukunikeza uhlelo oluhleliwe kuyazisiza zihlaziye izinkinga. Izici ezivamile zihlanganisa ukubuza: Ubani othintekayo? Siyini izibopho ezingokomthetho? Ingabe isinqumo sihambisana nezimiso zokuziphatha? Ingabe ngiyokhululeka uma lesisinqumo sivezwa obala? Imibuzo enjalo iqondisa izikhulu ngemiphumela engokokuziphatha, ikakhulukazi lapho kuvela izingcindezi zokuzikhuthaza ukuxoxisa noma ukwethembeka komuntu siqu. Ukuhlanganisa lezizibopho ezingokomthetho kunikeza amathuluzi awusizo okusebenza nsuku zonke.

Isiphetho

Izimiso zokuziphatha ezisemsebenzini womphakathi akusona isisekelo sokubusa okusemthethweni. Kodwa kusukela ezimpini ezithakazelayo kuya ekukhohlakaleni okuqondile, izinselele ziningi, kodwa namathuluzi okuzichaza. Izimiso zokuziphatha, ukuqeqesha, izikhungo zokufukula impepho, izindikimba zobumboni, ukubonakala, nokubopha kwasobala konke kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuvimbeleni ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla. Nokho, lezizimo zidinga ukuqiniswa nokuzivumelanisa nezingozi ezintsha. Izisebenzi zomphakathi kumelwe zifake izimiso zokuziphatha njengengxenye yazo zobuchwepheshe, futhi izakhamuzi zihlale ziphapheme futhi zibophele. Ngokusekela izindinganiso eziphakeme zobuqotho, ukulandisa, ukulandisa, nokulunga, ohulumeni bangazuza ukuthemba okudingeka ukuba kuholwe ngokuphumelelayo. Umthwalo uhlela wonke umuntu enkonzweni yomphakathi.