Ukuqonda izimiso zomthetho kubalulekile ukuze izakhamuzi zansuku zonke zilawule amalungelo azo, imithwalo yemfanelo, nohlelo lobulungisa olulawula ukuphila kwansuku zonke.

Siyini Isimiso Esingokomthetho?

Isimiso somthetho esihlelwe kahle siyindikimba yemithetho, izinhlangano, nezinqubo ezilawula ukuziphatha emphakathini noma ezweni. Sinikeza indlela yokuxazulula izingxabano, yokuvikela amalungelo abantu nokugcina ukuhleleka komphakathi. Izimiso zomthetho azifananga; zihlukahluka kakhulu ngokusekelwe emathonyeni angokomlando, amasiko, nangokwezombangazwe. Enhliziyweni yabo, zonke izimiso ezingokomthetho zizimisele ukufinyelela ubulungisa ngokusebenzisa imithetho enqunyiweyo nangendlela engakhethi.

Inkulumo ethi “isimiso semithetho” ihlanganisa okungaphezu kwemithetho ebhaliwe. Ihlanganisa izinkantolo, izinhlangano zokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho, izindikimba zomthetho, izinhlangano zokulawula, kanye nomsebenzi (ahluleli, abameli, omabhalane) abachaza futhi basebenzise umthetho. Amandla esimiso somthetho ngokuvamile axhomeke ekushintsheni [ , , kanye nekhono lokuzivumelanisa nokushintsha izidingo ze-social.

Umtapo womtholalwazi wesimiso esingokomthetho

  • [[I-FLT:0] Isivumelwano:[ simisa izindinganiso zokuziphatha (isib., imithetho yomgwaqo, izivumelwano, izinqabela zobugebengu).
  • Isinqumo: Inikeza i-cuums (izikhombi, ukuhlanganisa) ukuxazulula izingxabano ngokuthula.
  • Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo:[ kuvikela inkululeko eyisisekelo njengenkulumo, umhlangano, nenqubo efanele.
  • [ Ukubekwa kwendlela: nokujezisa ukuziphatha okulimaza umphakathi.
  • Ukushintsha kobugqila: Ivumela imithetho ivuselelwe ukuze ibonise izinto ezintsha (umzk., imithetho yemfihlo yolwembu).

Izinhlobo Ezinkulu Zezimiso Zezomthetho

Ukuqonda lezi zigaba kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba ziqonde ukuthi kungani imithetho ihlukahluka emingceleni nokuthi isimiso sazo siqu savela kanjani.

Izimiso Zomthetho Ezivamile

Izimiso zomthetho ezivamile, ezitholakala eUnited Kingdom, United States, eCanada, e-Australia, kanye namanye amakoloni amaningi angaphambili aseBrithani, zithembele kakhulu kumajaji aqanjwe ngawo. Kulezi zimiso, izinkantolo ziboshelwa ngemithetho engaphambili ([stare decis]) ezimweni ezifanayo. Lokhu kuvumela umthetho ukuba uvele kancane kancane ngencazelo yokwahlulela kunokuba ulindele isenzo somthetho somthetho. Isihluthulelo sihlanganisa inqubo ye-adversarial (izimpikiswano ezimbili eziphikisanayo) nendima ephakathi yemali ezimweni eziningi. Ukuntshontsha, bheka i [FFLD:4]

Izimiso Zomthetho Wangaphakathi

Izimiso zomthetho wangaphakathi, ezidlange ezwekazini leYurophu, iLatin America, nezingxenye ze-Asia (umz., iFrance, iJalimane, iJapane), zisekelwe emibhalweni eminingi ebhaliwe. Indima eyinhloko yomahluleli iwukusebenzisa le mithetho emaqinisweni, kunokuba asungule isiqalo. Lesimiso siwubukhankastiwe, okusho ukuthi umahluleli uthatha indima esebenzayo ekuphenyeni icala. Amazwe amaningi anesakhiwo senkantolo esimbaxa-mbili: esinye sezindaba zomphakathi nezezenzo zobugebengu, nesimiso esihlukene sokuphikisana komthetho. [FLT] ISiqu seSiqu solwazi somthetho sichaza umthetho womthetho ngomninithi ]

Izimiso Zemithetho Engokwenkolo Nengokwesiko

Amanye amazwe ahlanganisa umthetho wezenkolo (njengo- SARIA ezingxenyeni zaseMpumalanga Ephakathi, noma HALAkha[ kweminye imiphakathi yamaJuda]] engokomthetho. Umthetho wesiko, osekelwe emasikweni abomdabu, ubusa imiphakathi eminingi, ikakhulukazi e-Afrika nase-Pacific Islands. Lezi zimiso zigcizelela ukuvumelana nokulungisa ukwahlulela ngezindlela zokujezisa. Izimiso zanamuhla zingaba nesimiso senhlanganisela esiqaphela kokubili imithetho engokomthetho nemikhuba engokwesiko. Ngokwesibonelo, emazweni amaningana ase-Afrika, izinkantolo ezivamile, zisingatha izindaba zomkhaya nefa lapho izinkantolo zezemthetho zisingatha izindaba zobugebengu zobugebengu.

Izimiso Ezixubile Noma Ezixubile

Amazwe amaningi axuba izici ezisuka emasikweni amaningi. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Afrika yaseNingizimu ihlanganisa umthetho ovamile, umthetho wesizwe, nomthetho wesiko. Scotland[ inesimiso esixubile somthetho wesizwe (esisekelwe kumthetho wamaRoma) nomthetho ovamile. LISIana[ [UM] ne[FLT]Quec[FL:][FLT] [FLT] [i] (I-Cada]]) isebenzisa umthetho wesizwe ezindabeni zangasese kodwa ulandela umthetho womthetho wasobala.

Izingxenye Eziyinhloko Zezimiso Ezingokomthetho

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iziphi izinhlobo, zonke izimiso zomthetho zincike ezingxenyeni eziningana ezihlangene ezisebenza ndawonye ekukhipheni ubulungisa.

Imithetho Nomthetho

Imithetho iyimithetho eyisisekelo. Yakhiwa ngomthetho (ngephalamende noma ngengqungquthela), iziyalezo zokuqondisa, izimiso zokuphatha, nezinqumo zokwahlulela. Umthetho oyinhloko udluliswa yindikimba yemithetho; umthetho wesibili ugcwele imininingwane. Isigaba semithetho sibeka umthetho-sisekelo phezulu, ulandelwe yimithetho, bese kubekwa imithetho, bese kubekwa imithetho nemithetho. Ukuqonda umsuka wemithetho nesigaba semithetho kusiza izakhamuzi ukuba zazi ukuthi yimiphi imithetho ethatha indawo yokuqala empikiswaneni. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho wezwe awukwazi ukuphikisana nomthetho-Constitution ye-U.S.

Izinkantolo Nezingoma

Izinkantolo ziyizindawo lapho imithetho ichazwa khona futhi isetshenziswa khona. Basingatha zombili amacala obugebengu (lapho umbuso umangalela khona umuntu ngokophula umthetho wobugebengu) kanye necala lomphakathi (icala phakathi kwamaqembu azimele ezivumelwaneni, impahla, ukulimala, njll.). Ijaji liyizindawo lapho imithetho ichazwa khona. Inkantolo kufanele ibe engalawuleki ne [FLT]] ingekho sisekelo ukuqinisekisa imiphumela elungile. Izimiso eziningi zinesakhiwo senkantolo ezintathu: inkantolo ethatha icala, nenkantolo ephakeme kakhulu (ngokuvamile inkantolo yokudlulisa icala). Inkantolo isetshenziswa kwamanye amazwe amacala angathi sína emthetho engokomthetho engathi sína nakwekweminye imithetho yomthetho engokomthetho; izimiso ezingokomthetho ezivamile.

Ukuphoqelelwa Komthetho

Amaphoyisa, amaphoyisa, izikhungo zikahulumeni (njenge-FBI noma DEA), kanye nezindikimba eziqondisayo zimisa umthetho. Zihlola ukuthi uphulwa komthetho, ziqoqa ubufakazi, futhi zibopha. Amandla azo alinganiselwe ngomthetho ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuxhashazwa; ngokwesibonelo, ukufuna izimpawu ezidinga isizathu. Ubuhlobo phakathi kokugcinwa komthetho nezakhamuzi buyisilinganiso esiyinhloko sempilo engokomthetho. Ama-akhawunti, anjengezibhodi zokuhlola, usizo lokulondoloza ukuthembana.

Umsebenzi Ongokomthetho

Abameli (amaphoyisa namabhariste kwezinye izimiso) baluleka amakhasimende, amabhukwana okulungisa, futhi bamelele amaqembu enkantolo. Abahluleli baqondisa izinqubo, baqinisekisa inqubo elungile, futhi bakhipha imithetho. Ochwepheshe basemthethweni baboshwe ngemithetho yezimiso zezimiso zokuziphatha, futhi ikhono labo lithinta ukufinyelela ngokuqondile ekwahluleleni. Izimiso eziningi zivumela ukuziveza ngokwakho ([ ipropro), kodwa akuvamile ukuba kube lula ezindabeni eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Ukulungiswa Nokubuyiselwa Endleleni

Ngemva kokuvunyelwa, isimiso sokulungisa (amajele, ukugcinwa kwecala, ukukhishwa kwesigwebo) izinhlelo zomthetho zanamuhla zigcizelela kakhulu ukuvuselelwa kwesijeziso esimsulwa, zihlose ukunciphisa ukuvinjelwa kwemithetho yendlu. Ukuboshwa kwendlu, ukugadwa kwemishini, inkonzo yomphakathi, nokubuyiselwa kwezinhlelo zobulungisa kungasetshenziswa esikhundleni sokuboshwa.

Amalungelo Nemithwalo Yemfanelo Yezakhamuzi

Ukuqonda lezi zimfuneko kubalulekile ukuze umuntu abe yizakhamuzi ezikhuthele.

Amalungelo Ayisisekelo

Izimiso eziningi zomthetho ziqinisekisa amalungelo ayisisekelo, ngokuvamile ahlanganiswe kumthetho-sisekelo noma kumthetho-mvume wamalungelo.

  • [ Inkululeko yokukhuluma, yokunyathelisa, nokuhlangana [ - Ilungelo lokuveza imibono nokubuthana ngokuthula.
  • [ ekuqulweni kwecala elilungile - - Ihlanganisa nokucabanga ukuthi umsulwa, ilungelo lokululeka, futhi inelungelo lokubhekana nofakazi.
  • Ukuvikelwa ekufuneni nokuthatheka okungakholeki - Amaphoyisa ngokuvamile adinga isiqinisekiso noma imbangela okungenzeka.
  • Isivikelo esiphezulu ngaphansi komthetho - Akukho ukucwasa okubangelwa uhulumeni osekelwe ngokohlanga, ubulili, inkolo, njll.
  • ngakwesokudla sokuvota [ -Ebusweni bentando yeningi, izakhamuzi zingakhetha abameleli.

Lamalungelo awaphelele; angagcinelwa ukuvikela ukulondeka komphakathi noma amalungelo abanye.

Imithwalo Yemfanelo Elinganayo

Izakhamuzi futhi zinemisebenzi yokusekela isimiso somthetho. Lezi zihlanganisa:

  • [ Ukufaka umthetho [ – Ukungazi umthetho akuvamile ukuba yisivikelo.
  • ukukhokha izintela[ – iNgxowa-mali yezinkonzo zomphakathi nezimiso zobulungisa.
  • Inkonzo ye- jury - Ezweni elivamile lomthetho, izakhamuzi kumelwe zisebenze lapho zibizwa.
  • Ukuvota[ – Kumbuso wentando yeningi, ukuhlanganyela kuqinisekisa isimiso sibonakalisa intando yabantu.
  • Ukubheka amalungelo abanye [ – ukusebenzisa amalungelo akho akunakuza ngokulahlekelwa ngamalungelo omunye.
  • ukubika ubugebengu - Izakhamuzi zinesibopho sokuziphatha futhi ngokuvamile esingokomthetho sokubika amacala amakhulu.

Ukuchazwa Kwamagama Avamile Angokomthetho

Amagama angokomthetho angadida. Nawa amagama ayinhloko izakhamuzi zonke okufanele zazi, njengoba kuhambisana nomongo.

  • Platotiff:[ Umuntu oqala icala. Ezimweni zomphakathi, ummangalelwa ufuna ukulimala futhi afune ikhambi (ngokuvamile imali noma umthetho).
  • [[QUE:0] I-Defantint: Umuntu noma inhlangano emangalelwa noma emangalelwa ngobugebengu. Emacalani obugebengu, ummangalelwa ubhekwa engenacala kuze kube yilapho kuqinisekiswe ngokunengqondo.
  • Juristition: Igunya lenkantolo lokulalela icala. Lingase lisekelwe ezweni (inkantolo yangaphandle) yenkantolo yesifundazwe, izindaba (inkantolo yomkhaya, inkantolo ewile), noma isilinganiso sempikiswano. Izinkantolo kumelwe zibe nakho kokubili ukubuswa komuntu siqu (phezu kwamaqembu) kanye negunya lokulawula izindaba.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Imithetho edluliswa yindikimba yemithetho. Le nqubo ihlanganisa ukusikisela, ukubukeza amakomiti, impikiswano, nokuvota.
  • Izehlakalo: Isinqumo sangaphambili senkantolo esiqondisa amacala esikhathini esizayo. Emthethoni ovamile, izandulela zenkantolo eziphakeme zibopha izinkantolo eziphansi.
  • Appal:[ Isicelo enkantolo ephakeme sokubukeza isinqumo senkantolo ephansi. Ukudlulisa amacala ngokuvamile kuphikisa iphutha elingokomthetho, hhayi izimpikiswano eziyiqiniso.
  • Ukulawula ukulinganiselwa: Isilinganiso sesikhathi okumelwe icala lidluliswe kuso. Kuyahluka ngokwendlela yecala (umz., iminyaka emibili yokulimala komuntu siqu, isikhathi eside kakhulu ezimpikiswaneni zesivumelwano).
  • Tort: Iphutha lomphakathi (enye indawo yokuphulwa kwesivumelwano) elibangela ukulimala, njengokunganaki noma ukuhlanjalazwa. Ikhambi ngokuvamile liyimali elimazayo.
  • Icala: Icala elingokomthetho elikhishwa amajaji amakhulu ukuthi umuntu wenze ubugebengu.
  • Plea procence: Isivumelwano phakathi komshushisi nokuzivikela lapho ummangalelwa enxusa icala elingaphansi kwecala ukuze athole isigwebo esilula. Iningi lamacala obugebengu e-U.S. lixazululwa ngalendlela.
  • [[I-ART:0] I-habeas corpus: Inkantolo efuna ukuba umuntu ovalelwe alethwe phambi komahluleli ukuze anqume ukuthi ukuboshwa kuvunyelwe ngokomthetho yini. Ivikela ekuboshweni ngokungenamthetho.

Indlela Izakhamuzi Ezihlanganyela Ngayo Nesimiso Esingokomthetho

Abantu abaningi babhekana nesimiso somthetho ngezikhathi ezibalulekile ekuphileni: ukuthenga indlu, ukusayina isivumelwano, ukushada, ukusingatha ithikithi lomgwaqo, noma ukubizelwa emsebenzini wejaji.

Izimo Ezingokomthetho Zansuku Zonke

  • Izivumelwano:[ Noma isiphi isivumelwano, kusukela ekuthatheni kuya kuhlelwa kocingo, kuyisivumelwano. Ukwazi amagama aso ngaphambi kokusayina. Izivumelwano ze-Verbal zingabopha, kodwa izivumelwano ezibhaliwe kulula ukuphoqelela.
  • [ Amacala amancane: Ukuthola ithikithi kungahilela ukukhokha imali noma ukuncintisana nalo enkantolo. Ukungalinaki ithikithi kungaholela ekugunyazeni ukuthuthwa noma ukuboshwa.
  • Izimpikiswano zezwe eziqinile: ama-Amen anamalungelo okuhlala, ukufihla imfihlo, kanye nesivikelo ekuxoshweni ngokungemthetho. Abaholi kumelwe balandele izinqubo ezingokomthetho eziqondile zokwenyuka nokuxoshwa.
  • Izindaba eziphazamisayo: ukwebiwa kwemali, ubandlululo, noma ukunqanyulwa okungalungile kusingathwa amabhodi ezisebenzi noma izinkantolo. Izisebenzi eziningi zikhokhwa ngemithetho elinganiselwe neyokuphepha.
  • Izindaba zomkhaya: isehlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwabantwana, nefa kuwela ngaphansi komthetho womkhaya. Izinqubo zenkantolo ziyahluka, kodwa ukudluliswa kwezindaba kuvame ukukhuthazwa.

Isinyathelo Ngesinyathelo: Ongakwenza Uma Kudingeka Uye Enkantolo

  1. ibeka inkantolo elungile: Inkantolo encinci efuna izilinganiso ngaphansi komnyango (umzk., R150); inkantolo yomphakathi ezimpikiswaneni ezinkulu; inkantolo yobugebengu. inkantolo yezenkantolo yecala ehlanganisa umthetho kahulumeni noma amaqembu avela ezizweni ezihlukene.
  2. [[Ubufakazi obungakhonjwa: amabhukwana, izithombe, izivumelwano, imiyalezo yokuthumela imiyalezo, kanye nezitatisi zofakazi ezisekela icala lakho.
  3. Ngaphansi kwenqubo: Izinkantolo eziningi zinezikhungo ezizisizayo noma amawebhusayithi aneziqondisi ezilula ezilandelayo.
  4. Cwangcisa ukumelelwa okungokomthetho: ezindabeni ezingathi sína, ummeli utuswa kakhulu. Usizo olungokomthetho lungatholakala kubantu abathola imali ephansi.
  5. Ithathe konke ukuzwa: Ukungalutholi usuku lwenkantolo kungaphumela ekwahluleleni okungahleliwe (civil) noma isiqinisekiso sebhentshi (isigebengu).
  6. Lungela ukuzwana: Izindaba eziningi zihlala ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala. Yiba ngovulekele ekunikezeni okunengqondo.

Ukubaluleka Komthetho

Ukubusa komthetho kuyisimiso esiyisisekelo okungekho muntu, kuhlanganise nezikhulu zikahulumeni, ongaphezulu komthetho.

  • Umthetho osemthethweni:[ ubusa wonke umuntu, ababusi futhi babusa ngokufanayo.
  • Izikhulu zingaphendula umthetho.
  • Izinqubo ze-Fair: Inqubo elindelekile, ukuba sobala, kanye nezinkantolo ezifinyelelekayo.
  • Imithetho iqinisekisiwe. ingumthetho obala, ocacile, nolindeleke (awuvuseleli).

Uma umthetho untengantenga, umphakathi ungabhekana namandla angenangqondo, ukonakala, nokungabi nabulungisa. Izakhamuzi zingaqinisa umthetho ngokuvotela abaholi abathembekile, ngokuhlonipha izinqumo zenkantolo, futhi zibeke izinhlangano ukuba zibone icala. iWorld Justice Project Rulage of Law Index [[FLL: 1] minyaka yonke zilandela indlela amazwe enza ngayo lezi zinyathelo.

Ukuthola Usizo Olungokomthetho

Izindleko ezingokomthetho zingaba isithiyo, kodwa ngenhlanhla kunemithombo eminingi ewusizo ekuqondeni nasekuqondiseni le nqubo.

Izinketho ezikhululekile neziphansi

Isikhathi Sokufihla Umthetho

Ezinye izimo zidinga kakhulu usizo lochwepheshe olungokomthetho: ukumangalelwa okungathi sína kobugebengu, ukuqulwa kwecala eliyinkimbinkimbi, ukuhlelwa kwebhizinisi, izintengo ezinkulu zezimali, noma izimpikiswano ezihilela izingane.

Indlela Imithetho Eshintsha Ngayo Ngokuhamba Kwesikhathi

Izimiso zomthetho azikho ngaphandle kokuxhumana, zisabela entuthukweni yezobuchwepheshe, ezinhlanganweni zezenhlalo, nasezinsongweni ezintsha. Ngokwesibonelo, imithetho yezindaba zomuntu siqu yavela nge-inthanethi; imithetho yamalungelo abantu yanda ngemva kokubhikisha; imithetho yendawo ezungezile yavela ngenxa yokungcola. Inqubo yokushintsha kwemithetho ingahlanganisa:

  • Isenzo sokuthatha isinyathelo sokuthatha i-'FLT': Izincwadi ezidluliswa yingqungquthela noma iphalamende.
  • incazelo e-Judicial:[ Izinkantolo ezichaza kabusha imithetho emidala uma kucatshangelwa izimo ezintsha.
  • Izinguquko ze-information: ushintsho olungokohlobo ebhukwini lesisekelo, ngokuvamile oludinga ama-supermachority.
  • Izindlela zokuthatha i-VT:[ Kwezinye izifundazwe, izakhamuzi zingamisa imithetho ngokuqondile ngesilinganiso se-bollet.

Ukuhlala wazi ngezinguquko ezihlongozwayo — ngezindaba, imihlangano yomphakathi, namaqembu okukhohlisa — kuvumela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele ekulolongeni imithetho ezibusayo.

Isiphetho: Ukuzinika Amandla Ngokufunda Okufunda Okusemthethweni

Izimiso zomthetho zingabonakala ziyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa isisekelo singafinyelelwa yisakhamuzi ngasinye. Ngokuqonda izinhlobo zezimiso, izakhi eziyinhloko, amalungelo nemithwalo yemfanelo, kanye namagama avamile, abantu bangahlanganyela ngokuqiniseka kakhulu emthethweni. Ukwazi ukuthi bangalufunaphi usizo olungokomthetho (nokuba lungatholakala kuphi) noma kungengosizo olungokomthetho, nge-ingosi ye-intanethi, noma nge-athone (accoun) yenza umehluko omkhulu lapho kuphakama udaba olungokomthetho.

Ekugcineni, isimiso somthetho sisebenza kangcono lapho izakhamuzi zitshelwa futhi zithembiswe ukuthembisa. Ukubusa komthetho kuvikela wonke umuntu, kodwa kuphela uma abantu beyiqonda futhi beyisekela. Zinike isikhathi sokufunda imithetho esebenza ekuphileni kwakho kwansuku zonke, usebenzise amalungelo akho, futhi ufeze imithwalo yakho yemfanelo. Ngokwenza kanjalo, uqinisa yona kanye isimiso esivikela ubulungisa kubo bonke.

[[[QUT:0] ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, hlola [ i-pane yezinkantolo zikahulumeni e-United States noma [ iNkantolo ye-Eupane yesiqondiso samalungelo abantu [[.