Inqubo ingenye yezivikelo eziyisisekelo kunoma isiphi isimiso somthetho esiphathelene nokubusa komthetho. Iqinisekisa ukuthi uhulumeni ngeke athathe ngokuthanda abantu ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla ngaphandle kokuqala anikeze izinqubo zomthetho nobugebengu. Kukho kokubili ukuqulwa komthetho nobugebengu, inqubo efanelekile iqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu uyaqaphela, ithuba lokuzwa, nomenzi wesinqumo ongathathi hlangothi. Lezi zisivikelo aziyona nje imicabango engekho ngqiqweni; zingamalungelo asebenzayo, aqiniswa alawula indlela izinkantolo, izinhlangano, nezikhulu ezisebenzelana ngayo nezakhamuzi. Kubafundi abafunda umthetho noma izakhamuzi, inqubo efanelekile ibalulekile ngoba ihlanganisa ukufaneleka kwemiphumela yokwahlulela nokuthemba umphakathi esimisweni sobulungisa.

Iyini Inqubo Efanele?

Inqubo efanelekile inqubo yomthetho-sisekelo ukuthi uhulumeni kumelwe alandele izinqubo zomthetho ezilungile nezimisiwe ngaphambi kokuba kuthathe noma yisiphi isinyathelo esithinta amalungelo omuntu. E-United States, lomqondo ufakwe eSichibiyelweni sesihlanu, esisebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni wezwe, neSichibiyelo seshumi nane, esidlulisela imfuneko ezindaweni. Zombili izinguquko zimemezela ukuthi akekho umuntu “ozohlulwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho.” Le nkulumo ebonakala iveza amakhulu eminyaka ahlukene, iveza izigaba ezimbili: inqubo efanelekile nengadingekile.

Inqubo efanelekile engokwesiprofetho igxila ezindleleni nasekuthatheni izinyathelo uhulumeni okumelwe alandele. Iyabuza: Hlobo luni lwesaziso esidingekayo? Hlobo luni lokuzwa okumelwe lunikezwe? Hlobo luni lokuzwa. Umenzi wesinqumo akumelwe akhethe? INkantolo Ephakeme iye yasekela ukuthi izimfuneko eziqondile ziyahlukahluka kuye ngomongo womongo, kodwa izakhi eziyinhloko zihlala zikhona: isaziso, ithuba lokuzwiwa, nenkantolo engathathi hlangothi.

Inqubo efanele , ngokungafani, ivikela amalungelo athile ayisisekelo ekuphazanyisweni nguhulumeni, kungakhathaliseki izinqubo ezisetshenziswayo. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaqaphela ukuthi ilungelo lokushada, ilungelo lokuphakamisa abantwana, nelungelo lokuzibusa ngomzimba libaluleke kakhulu kangangokuba uhulumeni ngeke amelane nawo ngaphandle kokuba unesizathu esiqinile. Nakuba inqubo efanelekile eyisisekelo iyinqubo ephikisayo nengaguquguquki, inqubo efanelekile ehlala ilokhu iyinqaba yezenzo zenkantolo zansuku zonke zezenzwe zezenzwe zezomthetho nezokuphatha.

Isizinda Esingokomlando

Imisuka yenqubo efanele ifinyelela emuva eNgilandi ephakathi. IMagna Carta ka-1215 ivame ukucashunwa njengendlela yokuqala ebhaliwe yesimiso. Isahluko sayo esidumile sika-39 samemezela ukuthi akukho muntu okhululekile ongakwazi ukubanjwa, ukuboshwa, noma ukuphucwa amalungelo akhe ngaphandle “kokwahlulelwa okungokomthetho kontanga yakhe noma umthetho wezwe." Le nkulumo, “umthetho wezwe,” ekugcineni walinganiswa ‘ nenqubo engaphambili yomthetho.” Kamuva izimiso zesiNgisi, njengeSimemezelo se-1628) neSiphaka sakwa-Chabes Corpus (1679), yaqinisa umqondo wokuthi umqhele wezwe ngeke ubeke phansi noma ujezise izikhonzi ngaphandle kokulandela izinqubo ezingokomthetho.

UMagna Carta Nefa Lawo

Abameli abaphoqelela iNkosi uJohn ukuba isayine iMagna Carta babekhathalela ngokuyinhloko ukuvimbela ukuphambana kwenkosi. Bafuna ukuba izimpikiswano zixazululwe ezinkantolo ezimisiwe, hhayi ngenhloso yenkosi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isivikelo somthetho - sisekelo sanwetshwa kusuka kubantu abakhululekile, futhi ekugcineni kunoma ubani ohlala endaweni. Amakoloni amaNgisi ayisa lamasiko eMelika, lapho afakwa khona emithethweni yombuso yakudala futhi ekugcineni e-U.S. Umthetho-Constitution. Njengoba uMahluleli uFelix Frankfurder wake waphawula, “ukuwiswa kwenkululeko yaseMelika akunalutho, umlando wenqubo yaseMelika.”

Intuthuko E - United States

Lapho iSigqibo samaLungelo sagunyazwa ngo-1791, iSichibiyelo sesihlanu sanikezwa ukuba kungabikho muntu “ophucwa ukuphila, inkululeko, noma impahla, ngaphandle kwenqubo efanelekile yomthetho.” Ekuqaleni, lesi sigqebhezana sasebenza kuhulumeni kahulumeni kuphela. Ngemva kweMpi Yomphakathi, iSichibiyelo seshumi nane seSichibiyelo seSine seSijinga seMitheliso sanwebela imingcele efanayo. (118] [18] nesiqalo se-20] iNkanto ephakeme yenqubo efaneleyo kokubili yezakhamuzi neyamacala obugebengu. [190] Amacala afana [[FLT] ayekhona kanye nenqubo yesihle yenkululeko ye-Expt] elungiselelwe i-Estuast.[4] Inqulution yanamuhla idinga i-ElFoctreans.[5]

Izimiso Zenqubo Efanele

Nakuba inqubo efanele ingahlukahluka, izimiso ezithile eziyisisekelo zisebenza kokubili ezicini zomthetho nasemithethweni yobugebengu.

  • Nothice: uhulumeni kumelwe wazise umuntu nganoma isiphi isenzo somthetho esithinta amalungelo abo. Qaphela kufanele kucatshangelwe kahle ukuba kufinyelelwe kumalungu athakazelayo, kunikezwe izimo. Ezimweni zomphakathi, lokhu kuvame ukusho inkonzo yomuntu siqu yokubiza nokukhononda. Ezimweni zobugebengu, kuhlanganisa ukufakwa kwecala kanye nokufakwa kwesiqinisekiso sokuboshwa noma ukubizwa.
  • I-Opportation to Omew: Umuntu kumelwe abe nethuba elibalulekile lokunikeza ubufakazi, ukuphikisa ukuma kwabo, nokusabela ekuphikisani kwabo. Empendulweni yomphakathi, lokhu kuhlanganisa ilungelo lokuthatha amafayela, ukuthatha izinto, ukunikeza ubufakazi, futhi unikeze ubufakazi lapho kuqulwa icala. Ekwenzeni ubugebengu, kuhlanganisa ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, ukubiza ofakazi bokuvikela, nokuphakamisa isivikelo.
  • I-Tribunal engakhethi: Umenzi wesinqumo] ("noma umahluleli, amajaji, noma isikhulu sokuphatha"kumelwe athathe uhlangothi futhi angabi nacala. Ukubonakala kobandlululo, njengesithakazelo sezimali emphumeleni noma ekuhilelekeni komuntu siqu ecaleni, kuphula inqubo efanele. Izakhamuzi zinelungelo lokuzwa udaba lwazo umahluleli ongayicabanga indaba.
  • Ilungelo lokweluleka: Ezindabeni zobugebengu, iSichibiyelo sesithupha siqinisekisa ilungelo kummeli, futhi iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yathi lelilungelo libaluleke kakhulu kangangokuba izikhulu zinikeze iseluleko kubamangalelwa abangakwazi ukulithenga. Ezindabeni zomphakathi, ngokuvamile akukho gunya lomthetho-mthetho ongokomthetho lokweluleka, nakuba ezinye izinqubo (njengelungelo lokuwinwa kwabantwana noma isibopho sokuzithandela) zingadinga iseluleko esimisiwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ngokulunga.
  • Izehlakalo zobuphetho nemithetho yobufakazi: Kokubili ukuqulwa kwezindaba zomphakathi nobugebengu kumelwe kulandele imithetho emisiwe elawula indlela obunikezwa ngayo ubufakazi, ukuthi bubuphi ubufakazi obungaphikiswa, nokuthi kwenziwa kanjani izinqumo. Lemithetho ivimbela ubufakazi obungathembekile noma obucatshangelwe bungawungcolisi umphumela futhi iqinisekise ukuthi izinqumo zisekelwe ngokwesisekelo esinengqondo.

Inqubo Efanele Ekuqhubekeni Kwangaphakathi

Inqubo efanelekile engokwesizwe isebenza noma nini kuhulumeni (noma iqembu elisebenza ngegunya likahulumeni) elifuna ukuthatha impahla yomuntu noma inkululeko. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukumangalelwa ngezivumelwano, izingxabano zomkhaya, ukuqulwa kwecala lokulawula ngezinzuzo, ngisho nezenzo zokuqondisa izikole. Umbuzo oyinhloko uwukuthi: iyiphi inqubo edingekayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ngokulunga? Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme [ku-] Maws v. Eldridge yamisa ukuhlola okuthathu kokuphendula lowombuzo. Izinkantolo zicabangela (1) isithakazelo sangasese esizothinteka, (2) ingozi yokuswela okungalungile ngaphansi kwemiyalo ekhona kanye nenani elilinganayo lezokuvikela, kanye nenzalo kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nemithwalo yeze yeze yeze yeze.

Izici Eziyinhloko Zenqubo Yangaphakathi

  • Ukuqulwa kweNkathi: Icala alikwazi ukuqhubekeka ngaphandle kokuba ummangalelwa waziswa kahle. Imithetho ye-Federal ye-Civil Procediture ne-ovemente idinga ukuthunyelwa komuntu siqu, inkonzo ngeposi ngokuvuma, noma, ngaphansi kwezimo ezilinganiselwe, umbiko. Inkonzo engathandeki ingaqeda isahlulelo.
  • Incazelo: Bobabili abachaphazelekayo kumelwe bafumane ukwaziswa okuhlobene. Imithetho yokuthola imvume yokucela amabhukwana, ukuthatha, nokunikeza izicelo. Ngaphandle kokuthola, umkhandlu ungase ungakwazi ukuqoqa ubufakazi obudingekayo ukuze ufakazele icala lawo, unciphise ithuba lokuzwa.
  • Amalungelo omphakathi: izikhulu zomphakathi ngokuvamile zinelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala enkantolo engokomthetho (ngokuphambene nokulunga) kanye nofakazi abakhona nobufakazi. Abahluleli kumelwe bangakhethi, futhi imicimbi kumelwe iqhutshwe enkantolo evulekile ngaphandle kokuba izimo ezikhethekile zidinga ukuvalwa.
  • Appals:[ Nakuba kungekho gunya lomthetho-sisekelo lokudlulisa isikhalo ezicabeni zomphakathi, ama-gundane amaningi anikeza isici esisodwa. Izingcingo zisebenza njengendlela yokuvikela ekulungiseni amaphutha okungenzeka aye aphazamisa inqubo efanele lapho kuqulwa.

Enye indawo ebalulekile lapho inqubo efanelekile yokwahlulela ithole ukunakekelwa okukhulu khona enkantolo yokuphatha. Izenzwe ezinquma ukuthi kufanelekile ukuqeda izinzuzo zokukhubazeka kwezenhlalakahle, isinxephezelo sokungasebenzi, noma amalayisensi ochwepheshe kumelwe anikeze ukuzwa phambi kwesikhulu esingathathi hlangothi. Goldberg v. Kelly[ [1970] [1970], iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi ngaphambi kokuqeda izinzuzo zenhlalakahle, uhulumeni kumelwe unikeze isaziso sangaphambi kokuphela kwesikhathi, ithuba lokunikeza ubufakazi nesinqumo esibhaliwe, nesinqumo esilotshiwe. [[FLT:] [[FLT]] Maws [FLT]] [FLT]] [FLT:]] [70] ukuhlola kamuva [imfuneko, kodwa isimiso esiyinhloko: abantu asesekwenziwa.

Inqubo Efanele Ekuqhubekeni Kwesigebengu

Ezindabeni zobugebengu, izigxobo ziphakeme kakhulu: ukulahlekelwa yinkululeko, noma ukuphila. Ngakho, inqubo efanele ivikeleka kakhulu futhi ibekwe eSivumelwaneni Samalungelo Abantu kanye nasezinqumweni zokwahlulela. ISichibiyelweni sesihlanu neseSisithupha siqinisekisa ngokucacile amalungelo okuchaza inqubo efanelekile yobugebengu njengeqembu: ukumangalelwa yijaji elikhulu, ukuvikelwa kwecala eliphindwe kabili, ilungelo lokuthula, ilungelo lokuqulwa ngokushelwa icala kwasobala yijaji, ilungelo lokubhekana nofakazi, ilungelo lokuthola inqubo ephoqelelwe yokuthola ofakazi, nelungelo lokunikezwa iseluleko.

Izici Eziyinhloko Zenqubo Yesigebengu Esazolandela

  • Esandleni sokuqulwa kwecala okusheshayo: ISichibiyelo seSixth siqinisekisa ukuqulwa kwecala “ngaphandle kokulibala okungadingekile.” Lokhu kuvimbela ukuvalelwa kwangaphambi komthetho okungalindelekile, kuqinisekisa ukuthi ubufakazi buhlala busha, futhi kunciphisa ukukhathazeka komangalelwe. INkanto Ephakeme yasungula uvivinyo lwezengxenye ezine Barker v. Wingo [ [7][7] [72] ukuthola ukuthi ilungelo liye laphulwa: ubude besikhathi, isizathu sokubambezela, ukubekwa kwecala, ukubekwa kommangalelwa kwesokudla, nobandlululo kunommangalelwa.
  • Ukufakwa kweNqanda: Wonke ummangalelwa wesigebengu ubhekwa njengongenacala kuze kube yilapho etholakele enecala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo. Lesi simiso, esifakwe [Kuyi-rewinship[ [1970], sidinga ukuqulwa ukuze kuthwalwe wonke umthwalo wobufakazi. Juries kumelwe ayalwe ukuthi ukubekwa kwecala kuyisici esiyisisekelo sokuqulwa kobulungisa.
  • Kwesokudla Ukuthula: Isichibiyeli sesihlanu sivikela abamangalelwa ukuba bangaphoqelelwa ukuba bafakazele. Isinqumo sengqopha - mlando imanda v. Arizona[ [196] ifuna amaphoyisa azise ukusolwa ngalelilungelo, kanye nelungelo lokunikeza iseluleko, ngaphambi kokuphenywa kwemvume. Iziphakamiso ezitholakele ekwaphulweni [iMaranda ngokuvamile ziwuphawule u-a ungakholeki.
  • Ifanele Iseluleko: Isichibiyeli seSithandathu siqinisekisa ilungelo kummeli. Gideon v. Wainwright[ [1963], iNkantolo Ephakeme yasekela ukuthi kumelwe imise iseluleko kunoma ubani ummangalelwa obhekene nesimangalo esingesona esingumthetho. Kamuva izenzakalo zandisa lelilungelo kunoma iliphi icala lapho ukuboshwa kuyisijeziso, kuhlanganise nephutha.
  • Eqeleni le Jury Icala: Ngezomthetho ezingathi sína (lezo ezijeziswa ngezinyanga ezingaphezu kweziyisithupha ziboshiwe), iSichibiyelo sesithupha siqinisekisa ukuqulwa icala yijaji elingakhethi elithathwe eqenjini elibonisa isiphambano somphakathi. Ummangalelwa angaliphuca lelilungelo, kodwa ummangalelwa kumelwe azi futhi azenze ngokuzithandela.
  • Isiqinisekiso sobufakazi bembubhiso:[[FTLT:1] Ngaphansi [[FT:2] Brady v. Maryland (1963), abashushisi kumelwe baveze ubufakazi obuhle kummangalelwa kanye nezinto ezihambisana necala noma isijeziso. Ukuhluleka ukwenza kanjalo kuphula inqubo efanele, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ummangalelwa wenza ngokholo oluhle.

Ngaphezu kwalezi siqinisekiso esiqondile, abamangalelwa banelungelo elifanele lokuqulwa kwecala elifanele. Lokho kusho ukuthi ijaji kumelwe lingacaluli, iziyalezo zejaji akumelwe ziwumise kabi umthetho, futhi umoya wasenkantolo akumelwe uvumelane. Izenzakalo zenkantolo, njengokuqulwa kwecala, ukuzwa kwemali, nokucindezelwa, nakho kumelwe kuvumelane nenqubo efanelekile. Ngokwesibonelo, ibheyili akumelwe ibekwe ngesilinganiso esiphezulu kangangokuba ijeze ijeze ijeze ijezise ummangaleli ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, futhi ayinakwenqatshelwa ngaphandle kokuzwa ngaphandle kokucabanga ngengozi yokundiza nengozi emphakathini.

Imiphumela Yokuwohloka Kwenqubo Ebekiwe

Uma inqubo efanele yenziwa, imiphumela ingaba mikhulu. Ezindabeni zobugebengu, ukwephulwa komthetho kungaholela ekucinini ubufakazi, ekuqedweni kwamacala, noma ekuncishisweni kwecala ekudlulisweni kwecala. Ezindabeni zomphakathi, izahlulelo zingalahlwa, futhi amaqembu angaphoqelelwa ukuba aphinde athathe isigwebo. Kodwa umphumela udlula ngalé kwecala ngalinye. Ukuphindwa kokuphula umthetho kungaqeda ukwethenjwa komphakathi futhi kubangele ukungathembeki komthetho nokungalingani ngaphansi komthetho.

Imiphumela Yokuphula Imithetho

  • Appeleals and Reversals: Abalweli abangabonisa ukuthi amalungelo abo afanele enqubo ophulwe afanelwe ukubukeza. Uma inkantolo ye-appellate ithola ukuthi iphutha alilungile, ngoba lalingathinta umphumela, ukuqiniseka noma ukwahlulela kuzakubuyiselwa. Kwezinye izimo, icala lingathunyelwa emuva ukuze kuqulwe ikhambi elisha ngezinqubo ezifanelekile.
  • Umthetho wobuphekula: Ezicaleni zobugebengu, ubufakazi obutholakala ngokwephulwa kwenqubo efanele (ngokwesibonelo, ngokufuna okungekho emthethweni noma ngokuvuma izono okuphoqelelwe) bungakhishwa lapho kuqulwa ngaphansi komthetho wokukhipha impikiswano. Lomthetho, nakuba uphikiswa, usebenza njengesithiyo ekumelaneni nokuziphatha okubi kwamaphoyisa futhi usekela ubuqotho bejaji.
  • [ Iziboshwa zingabekela inselele ukuvalelwa kwazo ejele ngokuqamba u-habeas corpus, zisho ukuthi ukuphulwa kwenqubo okufaneleyo kwabangela ukuqulwa kwazo ngokungalungi okukhulu. Ukuhlola kwe-frederal habeas kunikeza ukuhlola kokugcina emaphutha enkantolo.
  • Public Ocry and Reformation: profile ephezulu enqubeni edingayo yokwehluleka kwenqubo − njengokungaqiniseki okungalungile kamuva okususwe ngobufakazi be-DNA] obuye baholela ezinhlanganweni zokuguqula izigebengu zokwahlulela kofakazi bokuzibonela. Ushintsho ezinqunyelwayo, imisebenzi yokuphenya, nemithetho yokuthola konke kuye kwashukunyiswa ukuphulwa kwenqubo efanele okubhalwe phansi.

Uma kubhekwana nomphakathi, inqubo efanele ivame ukubangela ukuncishiswa kwezenzo zokuphatha, njengokuqedwa kwezinzuzo ngaphandle kokuzwa kahle. Izinhlangano zikahulumeni zingayalelwa ukuba zinikeze izinzuzo ezizolile noma ukukhokha umonakalo. Ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, izinkantolo zingakhipha iziqondiso ezifuna ukuba inxusa liqede izinqubo zalo.

Isiphetho

Izimiso zenqubo efanele azizona izinsalela zomlando; ziphila iziqinisekiso ezizivumelanisa nezimo ezintsha lapho zigcina izindinganiso ezisemqoka zokulunga nenhlonipho ngesithunzi somuntu. Kusukela kuMagna Carta kuya ku- Mathews v. futhi [[FLT]] [ imanda] [[[], umthetho uye wandisa kancane kancane kancane isivikelo esitholakalayo kubo bonke abantu ababhekene nezenzo zikahulumeni. Abafundisi nabafundi abafunda inqubo efanelekile yenqubo ebangela ukuba izinqubo zezobuchwepheshe zingabi khona, kodwa njengezindlela ezihlukanisa umthetho emandleni omthetho. Ngokuqonda nangavumelani nakukhuthaza lezimiso, singaqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izigwebo nezenzo zobugebengu ezifinye.