ISichibiyelo Sokuqala soMthetho-sisekelo weUnited States siyisisekelo sentando yeningi yaseMelika, sihlanganisa inkululeko eyisisekelo yenkulumo, inkolo, imithombo yezindaba, ingqungquthela, nesicelo. Lesi sihloko sihlola izilinganiso eziyinkimbinkimbi zenkululeko yenkulumo nenkolo, silandelela izisekelo zazo ezingokomlando, sihlola izinhlelo zazo zesimanje, futhi sihlaziya izimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ezilawula incazelo yazo. Ukuqonda lenkululeko kubalulekile kunoma isiphi isakhamuzi esifuna ukuqondisa ukuphila kwezakhamuzi futhi sivikele inkululeko echaza isizwe.

Umlando Wesichibiyelo Sokuqala

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sagunyazwa ngoDecember 15, 1791, njengengxenye yeBill of Rights. Umsuka waso usemthonjeni wamakoloni, lapho abantu abaningi babhekana khona noshushiso lwezinkolelo zabo nezinkulumo. Abakhiqizi bezincwadi, bebuswa iBrithani, ababephila ngaphansi kokubusa okucindezela ukuphikisa nenkolo kahulumeni emisiwe, bafuna uhulumeni ongenakukwazi ukuphinda ukuphathwa kabi okunjalo. Ulimi lwenguquko lubonisa umzamo wamabomu wokuvikela inkululeko edingekayo njengesisekelo sentando yeningi echumayo.

Ithonya Labacabanga Ngokukhanyiselwa

Izazi zefilosofi ezikhanyiselweyo njengoJohn Locke noVoltaire zathonya kakhulu abakhi bamaflamethi. I-Lock's’s I-Lette Contents Conving Tolting yaphikisana ngokuhlukaniswa kwesonto nezwe, kuyilapho imibono yakhe ngamalungelo angokwemvelo yanikeza incazelo yokukhuluma ngokukhululekile. Ukuzimisela kukaVoltaire inkululeko yokukhuluma, kwafingqwa ngokudunyiswa engcaphunweni yakhe, "Angikufunisi lokho okushoyo, kodwa ngizovikela ekufeni ilungelo lakho lokukusho," ihambisana nezisekelo. Lemiqondo, ihlangene nokuhlangenwe nakho kwezehlakalo lwenkululeko engokwenkolo, ilolonga ukuvikela okukodwa okudumile kweSichimbiso sokuqala kweze inkulumo nenkolo.

Ukuhunyushwa Kwamagalelo Nezincazelo Zokuqala

Lapho uMthetho-sisekelo ubuthwa ngo-1787, wawungenawo umthetho wamalungelo. Abalwayo nabaLawuli baka-Fedalist babefuna isivikelo esicacile senkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Isithembiso sokunezela ukuvuselelwa okulondekile. UJames Madison, ekuqaleni owayengabaza, wafaka iBhilig of Rights, kuhlanganise neSichibiyelo Sokuqala. Izincazelo zangaphambili zazimxinene; ngokwesibonelo, iSivumelo seSigqi somthetho sangowekhululo sango-1798 sakhipha isijeziso sokugxekwa kukahulumeni, sidalula ukungezwa kwenkululeko yokukhuluma nokulondeka kwesizwe. I-Act yaphela ngo-1801 futhi kamuva yaqashelwa njenge-oconstitugation, ibeka isibonelo sesivikelo esiqinile se-First Reconst Reconst Remplist Adment.

Inkululeko Yokukhuluma

Inkululeko yokukhuluma ivame ukubhekwa njengebaluleke kakhulu kuwo wonke amalungelo. Ivumela abantu ukuba baveze imicabango, imibono, nezinkolelo ngaphandle kokwesaba ukucusumbulwa kukahulumeni noma isijeziso. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yakholelwa ngokungaguquguquki ukuthi ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile kubalulekile edayisekeni lemibono, okwenza ukuba umuntu azimele ngokwentando yeningi futhi azimele. Lengxenye ihlola izinga, ukulinganiselwa, nezinselele zamanje zalenkululeko.

Izinga Lenkululeko Yokukhuluma

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela inkulumo ehlukahlukene, ehlanganisa nale:

  • [ Inkulumo eyisisho [ - uhlobo oluphakeme kakhulu lwenkulumo evikelwe, iziqubulo zomkhankaso, ukubhikisha, nokugxeka kwezikhulu zomphakathi.
  • Inkulumo yekhono – ihlanganisa umculo, amafilimu, izincwadi, nobuciko bokubona, ngisho nalapho kuphikiswana noma kucasulwa.
  • [[[NT.0] Inkulumo eyimfihlo[ - ukukhangisa nokuxhumana kwebhizinisi, okuthola isivikelo esithile kodwa okungaqondiswa ukuze kuvinjelwe ukusho okungamanga noma okudukisayo.
  • [[[NT:0] Inkulumo ye-Thumbli - ukuziphatha okungekho kwebhalbhali kuhloselwe ukudlulisela umyalezo, njengokushisa ifulege, ukubopha ingalo, noma ukuguqa phakathi neculo lesizwe.

Ukulinganiselwa Kwenkululeko Yokukhuluma

Naphezu kwesivikelo sawo esikhulu, inkululeko yokukhuluma ayiphelele. iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yaveza izigaba zenkulumo ezingahlangani nesivikelo seSichibiyelo Sokuqala ngoba zingelutho emphakathini futhi zibangela umonakalo obonakalayo.

  • Ukuhlolwa - njengoba kuchazwa Miller v. California [1773]), okudinga ukuba umsebenzi ukhange izithakazelo ezifiphele, kubonisa ukuziphatha kobulili ngendlela enengekayo, futhi ukuntula ulwazi olunzulu, ubuciko, inzuzo yezombangazwe, noma isayensi.
  • [ Ukudambisa [ - izinkulumo ezingamanga ezilimaza idumela lomuntu. Izibalo zomphakathi kumelwe zifakazele inzondo yangempela, kuyilapho abantu ngabanye bedinga ukubukelwa.
  • Ukuhlohlolelwa ebudloveni - inkulumo ebhekiswe ekuvuseleleni isenzo sokungabi namthetho esiseduze futhi ngokunokwenzeka iveza isenzo esinjalo, esisungulwe Brandenburg v. Ohio [1969]].
  • [ izinsongo zeqiniso[ - izinkulumo lapho isikhulumi sihlose ukudlulisela inhloso engathi sína yokwenza isenzo sobudlova obungekho emthethweni kumuntu othile noma iqembu.

Zonda Inkulumo Nesichibiyelo Sokuqala

Inkulumo yenzondo − ukugxeka okucasulayo, ukusongela, noma ukugcona okusekelwe ohlazweni, enkolweni, ebukweni, noma ebulilini (isho impikiswano ephikisanayo). E-United States, inkulumo yenzondo ngokuvamile ivikeleka ngaphandle kokuba ingene kwezinye zezigaba ezilinganiselwe ngenhla (umz., ukuhlasela noma ukusongela kweqiniso). INkantolo Ephakeme ihlale ihlasela imithetho ezonda inkulumo esekelwe ekuqukethe kwayo, icabanga ukuthi uhulumeni akanakuyithulisa inkulumo ngenxa nje yokuthi ilulaza noma iyazonda. Nokho, lokhu kushiya umbango phakathi kwemiphakathi ekhululekileyo namalungelo ahlukene ukuze iphile ngokukhululekile ekuhlushweni. Ukuqonda umehluko phakathi kwenzondo evikelekile nezenzo zokuhlukunyezwa kuwukweyisa izakhamuzi, abafundisi, abakhankathi, abakhi besimiso.

Ukuzama Imali Nenkulumo

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela futhi ukusetshenziswa kwemali njengendlela yokukhuluma kwezombangazwe. Icala eliyingqophamlando Liye labangela ukuncishiswa kwendima yemali kwe-United. FEC (2010) (2010) yanquma ukuthi izinhlangano nezinyunyana zinamalungelo afanayo okukhulumayo njengabantu ngabanye, lizivumela ukuba zisebenzise imali engenakulinganiswa emalini engosini ezizimele zezombangazwe. Lesi sinqumo siye sadala impikiswano engathi ilulaza ukulingana kwentando yeningi kwentando yeningi. Inkantolo Ehectiveal projectal isekela izimfuneko kodwa iyaqhubeka ibheka imikhankambiso njengesivikelo. Ukuhlaziya okubanzi komthetho wezezimali, [[FLT:] i-FOctive proctionation Commentation [FFF]]

Inkululeko Yenkolo

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala siqinisekisa inkululeko yokuqhuba noma iyiphi inkolo noma ingekho nhlobo. Siqukethe izigaba ezimbili ezihlukene ezisebenza ndawonye ukuze kuvikelwe inkululeko engokwenkolo: uKumiswa kukaClaus no - Free Expression Claus.

Ukumiswa KukaClaus

ISivumelwano u-Claus senqabela uhulumeni ekumiseni inkolo engokomthetho noma ekukhetheni inkolo eyodwa ngaphezu kwenye. Le nkulumo iqinisekisa ukuhlukaniswa kwesonto nombuso, okuye kwaba yisimiso esiyisisekelo ekubuseni kwaseMelika. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yachaza ukumiswa kuka-Claus ngokuhlolwa okuningana:

  • Uvavanyo lweLemon – kusukela ku Limon v. Kurtzman (1971]: umthetho akumelwe ube nenjongo yezwe, akumelwe uqhube noma uvimbele inkolo, futhi akumelwe ukhuthaze uhulumeni oweqisayo ophambaniswa nenkolo.
  • Uvavanyo lwe-endorsement - kuyaze kuthi ingqapheli enengqondo ingabheka uhulumeni njengogunyaza inkolo.
  • Uvivinyo lwekhorikhoni – ukuthi uhulumeni uphoqelela izakhamuzi ukuba zihlanganyele emisebenzini yenkolo.

Lokhu kuhlola kuye kwaholela ezinqumweni ezivimbela ukuthandaza kwesikole, imiboniso engokwenkolo ebonakala isekela ukholo, nokusekela ngokuqondile imfundo engokwenkolo. Nokho, iNkantolo iye yavumela nosizo olungaqondile, olufana nezikhombisi abazali abangazisebenzisa ezikoleni zenkolo, uma nje isimiso singathathi hlangothi enkolweni.

Ukuzivivinya Ngokukhululeka KukaClaus

I-Free Exenice Claus ivikela amalungelo abantu okuqhuba inkolo yabo ngokukhululekile. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ilungelo lokubambelela ezinkolelweni ezingokwenkolo nokuhlanganyela emikhubeni engokwenkolo ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa nguhulumeni. Nokho, lelilungelo aliphelele: uhulumeni angase athwese umkhuba ongokwenkolo umthwalo uma unesithakazelo esiphoqelelayo futhi asebenzise izindlela eziqinile. Indinganiso yokuhlola lezi zisho ivele:

  • Uvivinyo oluqinile[ – kusuka Ukungavumelani kwe-division v. Smith (1990): imithetho engathathi hlangothi yokungathathi hlangothi okuvamile ukuthi inkolo ngokuthukela ayingqubuzani nohlelo lwenkululeko yokuzivivinya u-Claus, ngisho nangesithakazelo esiphoqelelayo.
  • Inkolo Yomthetho wenkululeko yokubuyisela (RFRA) - Izishaya-mthetho zadlula i-RFRA ngo 1993 ukuze zibuyisele uvivinyo lwesithakazelo oluphoqelelayo, zifuna uhulumeni ukuba abonise isithakazelo esiphoqelelayo nokusebenzisa izindlela ezingezinkulu lapho kuthweswa umthwalo omkhulu kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwenkolo emthethweni kahulumeni.

Izifunda eziningi zinemithetho yazo yenkululeko engokwenkolo. Izembozo zezentengiselwano zikahulumeni nezombuso zidala indawo eyinkimbinkimbi, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinjengokwenqaba ukunakekelwa kwempilo, LGBTQ+ amalungelo, nezindawo zokulala emsebenzini. Beliefnet[[[FL:1] inikeza umbono obanzi wenkululeko yenkolo ezicini eziningi zokholo.

Amacala Aphakeme Enkantolo

Kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika, amacala amaningana avelele eNkantolo Ephakeme aye athonya ukuchazwa kweSichibiyelo Sokuqala.Ukuqonda lamacala kunikeza ukuqonda ngendlela inkululeko yokukhuluma nenkolo eye yashintsha ngayo nendlela iNkantolo elinganisela ngayo inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye mayelana nezithakazelo zomphakathi ezincintisanayo.

Scheck v. United States (1919)

Lelicala lasungula ukuhlolwa "kusobala futhi okukhona" kokulinganisela ukukhuluma. UCharles Schenck, umsoshayeli, wasakaza amapheshana akhuthaza ukumelana nokubuthwa kwempi phakathi neMpi Yezwe I. INkantolo Ephakeme yasekela isiqinisekiso sakhe, ngoMahluleli Holmes ngokudume ukuthi inkulumo edala "ingozi ecacile nekhona" yokulimala okukhulu" ingabekwa imingcele. Isibonelo sokumemeza ngokungeyikho okungaqondile "umlilo" enkundleni yemidlalo egcwele abantu sasetshenziswa ukufanekisa inkulumo engavikelekile. Lokhu kuhlola kamuva kwacwenganiswa Brandenburg v. Ohio[FLD:] [12]] [12] [12]]) ukuvikela ukuvinjwa okungavunyelweyo okungavunyelwe umthetho ngaphandle kokuba kugqugquzele ukuziphatha okungavunyelwe umthetho.

Engel v. Vitale (1962)

Engel v. Vitate, iNkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi umthandazo kahulumeni oqondiswe ezikoleni zomphakathi waphula u-Claus. Ibhodi yesikole saseNew York yaqamba umthandazo wokuzithandela, "UNkulunkulu uMninimandla onke, siyavuma ukuthi sincike kuThee," ukuphindwa ngekhanda nsuku zonke. INkantolo yasekela ukuthi ngisho nomthandazo wokuzithandela, ongewona ongowobuhlanga, ubumbano lukahulumeni wenkolo. Lesinqumo saqinisa ukwahlukana kwesonto nombuso futhi siye sasetshenziswa njalo ezicaleni ezilandelayo ezihilela imisebenzi yezesikole esivamile.

ker v.Des Moines Independent School School (11969)

Lelicala laqinisekisa amalungelo abafundi okukhuluma ngenkululeko ezikoleni zomphakathi. UMary Beth Tinker nabanye abafundi babefake izibopho ezimnyama ukuze baphikise iMpi yaseVietnam. Isikole sawayeka, siphikisa ngokuthi ukubhikisha kungabangela ukuphazamiseka. INkantolo Ephakeme yanquma ukuthi abafundi ‘ abawasebenzisi amalungelo abo angokomthetho enkululeko yokukhuluma noma yokukhuluma esangoni lesikole. ’ Nokho, izikole zingalawula inkulumo ephazamisa inqubo yemfundo ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo. Lendaba ihlala iyisiqalo sesisekelo sokuveza izimpawu zabafundi, ngokuvamile esikhonjwe ezimpikiswaneni eziphathelene ngemithetho yezingubo zokugqoka, ukuhamba, nokukhuluma nge-intanethi.

Amacateping mackshop v.Colorado Civil Rights Commission (2088)

Lelicala lasingatha ukungezwani phakathi kwenkululeko engokwenkolo nemithetho emelene nenzondo. UJack Phillips, umbhaki, wenqaba ukudala ikhekhe lomshado lombhangqwana ongowesilisa ngenxa yezinkolelo zakhe ezingokwenkolo. IColorado Civil Rights Common Commission yathola ukuthi wayephule umthetho kahulumeni wezindawo zokuhlala zomphakathi. INkantolo Ephakeme yabusa ekwamuseni kukaPhilippiness ezisekelwe ezisekelweni ezimfashinini, ithola ukuthi iKhomishane yabonisa ubuthano benkolo enkantolo yayo. Isinqumo asizange sixazulule umbuzo omkhulu wokuthi lapho izimpikiswano zenkolo zingawuphula umthetho wezomthetho wombuso, ishiyele ukucukuthwa kwecala lesikhathi esizayo. Ukuhlaziya okuningi kwesinqumo, [[FLT:] Iprojective [FLT] [FLD: 1]

Izinkinga Nezinselele Zesikhathi Esizayo

Izinkinga ezinjengenkulumo yenzondo, ukwaziswa okunganembile, izindawo zokuhlala ezingokwenkolo nendima yamapulatifomu abantu abazimele bayaqhubeka bebangela izimpikiswano ngemingcele nesivikelo seSichibiyelo Sokuqala.

Imithombo Yezindaba Nenkululeko Yokukhuluma

Ukuvela kwezenhlalo zezokuxhumana kuye kwaguqula indlela yokukhuluma eshiwo futhi yalawulwa ngayo. Izinkampani zangasese njenge Facebook, iTwitter, ne-YouTube zilinganisela okuqukethwe yizimiso zazo, kuholela ekumangalelweni ngokucusumbula nhlangothi zombili. Ngenxa yokuthi la mapulatifomu awaboshelwa muntu siqu, awaboshiwe yiSichibiyelo Sokuqala, esivimbela kuphela isenzo sikahulumeni. Nokho, ithonya elikhulu lalezi zinkampani liphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokuthi zisebenza yini njengezigcawu zanamuhla. Izingxoxo ezisekelwe ekulinganiseleni, ukulinganisela kwemithetho esemthethweni, kanye nokwaziswa okungaqondile kuye kwaholela ekubizeni izimemezelo zemithetho, kodwa noma isiphi isenzo sikahulumeni kumelwe sihloniphe ngokucophelela izimiso zokukhuluma. [[FLT.FL:]

Ukungaqondi Nokungaqondi

Ukwaziswa okungamanga, okusakazwa ngamabomu ngenxa yezisusa zezombangazwe noma zenzuzo, kubekela inselele yemibono. ISichibiyelo sokuqala sivikela ulwazi olungeyikho ngaphandle kokuba sibangele ubudlova noma sibangele ukuhlanjalazwa. Phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVID-19, amapulatifomu asusa izinkulumo ezingamanga ngemijovo nezindlela zokwelapha, adala izimpikiswano zempilo yomphakathi namalungelo okukhuluma. Ngokufanayo, ukudukiswa kokhetho kuye kwaholela ekumangalelweni nasekushintsheni kwenqubo. Uhulumeni ubhekene nezithiyo eziqinile ekuqondiseni inkulumo engamanga, njengoba iNkantolo Ephakeme iye yangabaza imingcele esekelwe ekutheni okusekelwe kuyo. Kunalokho, amakhambi axhomeke ekuqondeni kwezelimu, ukuqamba, ukubonakala kweze.

Inkululeko Engokwenkolo Emphakathini Ohlukene

Njengoba i-melika iba nezindlela ezihlukene kakhulu ngokwenkolo, izingxabano ngenkululeko engokwenkolo namalungelo ezinkolo ezimbalwa ziye zavela. Izimo ezihilela ukuboniswa kwezimpawu ezingokwenkolo empahleni yomphakathi, ilungelo lokugqoka izingubo ezingokwenkolo (njengezinhlokwana noma izigqoko) emsebenzini nasezikoleni, futhi ukuhlalwa kwemikhuba engokwenkolo emajele nakwezempi kubonisa isidingo esiqhubekayo sokulinganisela amalungelo aphikisanayo. INkantolo Ephakeme ibifuna uhulumeni ukuba alungise imikhuba yenkolo ngaphandle kokuba ibeke umthwalo ongafanele. Nokho, izimpikiswano ngokukhulula kwezenkolo emithethweni emelene nokungahlangani kwe-LGBTQ+ +. Ukushubisana okuqhubekayo phakathi kwenkululeko nokulingana kwenkolo kuyaqhubeka kudinga ukuguqula imithetho, imithetho, imithetho yeningi.

Inkulumo Eshukumisayo Namalungelo Kanembeza

ISichibiyelo Sokuqala sivikela futhi ilungelo lokungakhulumi. INkantolo Ephakeme iye yashaya imithetho ephoqelela abantu ukuba bakhiphe izigijimi abangazigunyazi, njengokufuna abafundi besikole somphakathi ukuba bashayele ifulege (]]] iWest Virginia State Board of Education of Education v. Barnette, 1943) noma ukuphoqelela odokotela ukuba banikeze ukwaziswa okuqondile mayelana nokukhishwa kwesisu okuphikisana nokwahlulela kwabo kwezokwelapha. Ilungelo lomphakathi, ikakhulukazi empilweni yezempilo, iyindawo enkulu yengxabano. Ababhilinishi benqaba ukuhlanganyela ezinqunyweni zokukhishwa kwezisu noma ukunakekelwa kokunakekela ubulili ngokuvamile bathinta inkululeko engokwenkolo nenkulumo ekhululekile. Izizwe ziye zakhipha imithetho yokuvikela nokuvimbela lokhu, ukukhipha iziqondiso ezihambelana.

Isiphetho

ISichibiyelo sokuqala seSichibiyelo seNguquko yenkulumo nenkolo kubalulekile ekusebenzeni komphakathi wentando yeningi. Banika abantu amandla okuphikisa, ukukhulekela, ukubekela igunya inselele, nokufuna iqiniso. Nokho lenkululeko ayimi ndawonye; ilokhu kuvivinywa ngobuchwepheshe obusha, izinguquko zezenhlalo, nokucindezela kwezombangazwe. Ukuqonda umlando, izindaba eziyinhloko, nezimpikiswano zamanje kubalulekile ekukhuthazeni isakhamuzi esinolwazi esingavikela lenkululeko kuyilapho sisingatha ukukhathazeka okungokomthetho ngokulimala, ukulingana, nokulondeka. Inselele inselele iSichibiyelo Sokuqala senkululeko nobulungisa ngaphandle kokudela bonke abantu abahle. Izakhamuzi, abahluleli, abahluleli, nabashaya imithetho yemithetho ivuna ukulinganisela okuhambisana nalesi sithembiso soMthetho womthetho.