Kuhulumeni wentando yeningi wanamuhla, ubuhlobo phakathi kwegunya elibusayo nezakhamuzi elisebenzayo busekelwe esisekelweni esilula kodwa esibalulekile: ukwethembana. Uma lokho kuthembana kuncipha, ukuqamba icala kwezinhlangano kuyawohloka, ukuthobela imithetho kuyancipha, futhi ukubusana kwezenhlalo kuyaphuka. Izimiso zokubusa zinikeza uhlelo oluvumela igunya ukuba lisetshenziswe ngokusemthethweni kuyilapho lilondoloza ukuqiniseka komphakathi. Lesi sihloko sihlola izimiso eziyisisekelo zokubusa ngokokuziphatha, ukubaluleka okunzima kokuthemba umphakathi, izinselele eziphikelelayo lapho kuphakama ukulinganisela amandla okulandisa, namasu asebenzayo ohulumeni abangawamukela ukuze baqinise ubuqotho nokuthemba futhi baphinde bakwenze lapho kumoshekile.

Ukuqonda Izimiso Zokubusa

Izimiso zokubusa zingaphezulu kwesethiyo yemithetho; kuyisibopho sokuziphatha okuqondisa ukuziphatha kwezikhulu zomphakathi nokusebenza kwezinhlangano. Lezizimiso ziqinisekisa ukuthi izinqumo azenzelwanga inzuzo yomuntu siqu noma ye-volution kodwa zingenzela inzuzo emphakathini. Enhliziyweni yayo, ukubusa okungokokuziphatha kudinga ubuqotho, ukulandisa, ukuba sobala, nokulunga (ukulingana) okuhlanganisa inqubo lapho igunya lihlonishwa khona futhi lihlolwa khona.

Ngobuphili, ukubusa kwezimiso zokuziphatha kuthathwa emasikweni amaningi. Ukufinyelela kwe-deontological kugcizelela umsebenzi nokunamathela emithethweni, njengemithetho yokuziphatha. Imibono engokobupaniya ihlola imiphumela, ifuna ukuba izinqumo zikhule kakhulu. Izimiso ezinhle zigxile empucukweni yabaholi, ulindele ukwethembeka, isibindi, nozwela. Ekwenzeni kwakho, uhlelo lwezimiso zokuziphatha oluqinile luhlanganisa lemicu, idala isiko lapho izinceku zomphakathi zifaka khona izindinganiso zokuziphatha phakathi kwazo kunokuzilandela nje ngokwenzuzo. Izimiso eziyisisekelo esijulile, [[FLT:] i-Stan Encyclopedia of Philosophy inikeza ukuhlaziywayela okubanzi kwezimiso zezombangazwe.

Izimiso Zokubusa Kwamakhoba

  • Izikhulu zomphakathi kumelwe zithathe isinyathelo ngokwethembeka futhi zinamathele ezimisweni zokuziphatha nezimiso zokuziphatha, ngisho nalapho kungekho muntu ozibukayo. Ubuqotho busho ukumelana nezingxabano zesithakazelo nokwenqaba ukusebenzisa kabi isikhundla somphakathi ukuze kuzuze ngasese.
  • Imali eqanjweyo:[ abaholi nezinhlangano kumelwe zithathe umthwalo wemfanelo ngezenzo zabo nezinqumo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukwamukela imiphumela yezehlulelo, ukuchaza ukukhetha komphakathi, nokuzithoba ezimisweni zokwengamela njengemikhakha yokuhlola amakhotha, amakomiti ephalamende, nokubukeza kokwahlulela.
  • Imvume: izinqubo zokwenza isinqumo, izinqubo, futhi ukusebenzisa izimali zomphakathi kumele kuvuleke ukuze kuhlolwe. Ukubona gcalula kwenza izakhamuzi zigcine uhulumeni unecala futhi unciphise amathuba okonakala.
  • Ubucukubhede: Ukubusa kumelwe kuphathe bonke abantu namaqembu ngokungakhethi, ngaphandle kobandlululo noma ukukhetha. Ubulungisa buqinisekisa ukuthi izinqubo nezinkonzo zinikezwa ngokulinganayo nokuthi amazwi acushiwe azwakala.

Uhulumeni osekela zonke lezi zimiso ezine uthuthukisa indawo lapho igunya lingasetshenziswa khona ngendlela efanele futhi umphakathi ungalisebenzisa khona.

Isisekelo Sokwethenjwa Umphakathi

Ukwethenjwa umphakathi kuyithemba lokuthi izakhamuzi zinohulumeni wazo ukuba zenzele okungcono kakhulu, zisebenzise amandla ngokuhlakanipha, futhi ziphendule izidingo zazo. Lokhu kuthemba akuzitholi ngokuzenzekelayo; kutholakala ngokuziphatha okungaguquguquki kwezimiso nokubusa okuphumelelayo. Uma ukwethembana kuphakeme, izakhamuzi zizimisele kakhulu ukukhokha izintela, zivumelane nezimiso, zihlanganyele ekuphileni komphakathi, futhi zisekele uhulumeni phakathi nezinhlekelele.

Ukwethembana kuyinselele kodwa kuyafundisa. I-ELTman Trust Barometer ihlola njalo inani labantu bembulunga yonke, iveza ukuhlukahluka okukhulu emazweni nezinhlangano. Emazweni anomthetho onamandla nokonakala, ukuthemba kuvame ukuba ngaphezulu. Nakuba kumazwe agcwele iziphithiphithi, ukuthemba kungathambeka, okubangelwa amahlazo, ukungalingani, noma umuzwa wokuthi abantu abavelele abangenakulingani. Ukukholeka kulula kakhulu kunokukugcina, okungakhonzi ukubusa okungokokuziphatha okumelwe kube yinto ephambili.

Okwenza Ukwethemba Umphakathi Kubaluleke

  • Isithembiso sobugqizibha:[ Uma izakhamuzi zithemba uhulumeni wazo, zisengozini kakhulu yokuvota, zihlanganyele ekuthintaneni, zokuzithandela, futhi zihileleke emisebenzini yomphakathi. Ukuthemba kunciphisa izindleko zokubusa ngokwenza ukubambisana ngokuzithandela kunokuba kuphoqelelwe.
  • [ Abantu balalela imithetho:[ hhayi nje ngenxa yokwesaba isijeziso kodwa ngenxa yokuthi bakholelwa ukuthi imithetho ilungile futhi iziphathimandla zisemthethweni. Ukuthembela esimisweni somthetho kukhuthaza ukukhokhwa kwentela kokuzithandela, ukunamathela ezimisweni zempilo, kanye nokuphatha indawo ezungezile.
  • Ikhono lokuthembana likhanga ukutshala imali, kokubili kwezangaphandle nasekhaya. Abatshali bemali baqiniseka kakhulu uma bekholelwa ukuthi amalungelo empahla avikelwe, izivumelwano ziphoqelelwa, futhi izinqumo ezilawulwayo ziyabekelwa kusengaphambili. Ukuthemba okuphansi kukhulisa izindleko zokuthengiselana futhi kuvimbele ukukhula.
  • Ukuzinza okungokwesiko:[ Uhulumeni othenjwa abantu bawo ungasingatha izinhlekelele zemvelo(izinhlekelele, izifo, ukushaqeka kwezomnotho) ngokuphumelelayo ngenxa yokuthi izakhamuzi zilandela isiqondiso futhi zamukele imihlatshelo emifushane ukuze kuzuze bonke.

Ngakho - ke ukuziphatha okuvamile akuyona nje into edingekile yokuziphatha kodwa isidingo esiwusizo sokuhola okuphumelelayo.

Izinselele Zokulinganisela Igunya Nokuthenjwa Komphakathi

Ohulumeni kumelwe basebenzise igunya ukuze balondoloze ukuhleleka, banikeze izinkonzo, futhi baphishekele imigomo yobuzwe.

Ukonakala Nokuphangwa Kwabantu

Inkohlakalo − nokusetshenziswa kabi kwamandla omphakathi ukuze kuzuze ngasese − kuyisitha esiqondile somphakathi othenjwayo. Kungahluka njengokufumbathisa noma ukukhohlisa okungaqondakali njengokuthola impumelelo. Lapho izakhamuzi zibona ukuthi impumelelo ixhomeke ekuxhumeneni kunokuba ifanele, ukholo ezinhlanganweni luyashabalala. Ngisho nezimiso ezisungulwe kahle zingancitshiswa uma izikhulu zisebenza ngaphandle kwemingcele engokomthetho. Ukulwa nokonakala kudinga kokubili izithiyo eziqinile ezingokomthetho kanye nempucuko elulaza ukuziphatha okungenazimiso.

Ukuntuleka Kokubona Kahle

Izinqumo ezenziwa ngemva kweminyango evaliwe, ngaphandle kokwaziswa noma incazelo yomphakathi, zingabangela ukungethembi. Izakhamuzi zingase zesabe ukuthi ukukhetha okungokomthetho kukhetha abaxhunyiwe noma ukuthi izithakazelo zazo azinakwa. Ukubona ngale kwalokho akubangelwa nje ukunyathelisa amabhukwana; kungokokwenza izinqubo zokwenza izinqumo zitholakale futhi ziqondakale. Uma ohulumeni besebenza ngokunganaki, amahemuhe namahla okungaqondi kugcwalisa izikhala.

Ukwenezelwa Kwezombangazwe

Emiphakathini ehlukene kakhulu, ukwethembana kungaba okuhlukanisa kakhulu: izakhamuzi ziyayethemba iqembu lazo kodwa azithembi sonke isimiso. Ukweqisa kuqeda isisekelo esivamile esidingekayo ukuze kutholwe izimiso zokuziphatha, njengoba abaholi bengase bafake phambili ukunqoba okuhlukanisayo ekusizeni umphakathi. Kulezozindawo, ukukhononda okungokokuziphatha kusetshenziswa ekuhlolweni, futhi izimiso zokulandisa zibanjwa yizithakazelo zezombangazwe.

Ulwazi Nokwaziswa Okungalungile

Inkathi ye-minucreal ikhuliswe kokubili ukuba sobala kanye nokungaqondi kahle. Nakuba izakhamuzi zikwazi ukuthola ukwaziswa okunganembile ngezenzo zikahulumeni, zichayeke futhi ekulandiseni okungaqeda ukwethembana ngisho nasezinhlanganweni zokwethembeka. Ohulumeni kumelwe basebenzise indawo lapho zonke izenzo zihlolwa khona futhi lapho abadlali abanonya bengenza amahlazo. Ukubusa kweze-Ethical manje kuhlanganisa umthwalo wemfanelo wokuxoxa ngokucacile, ukuqondisa amanga alungile, futhi ukwakha ukufunda imithombo yezindaba phakathi kwezakhamuzi.

Izinkinga Ezingokwesimiso Ekubuseni

Abaholi bavame ukubhekana nezinkinga zeqiniso zokuziphatha lapho izindinganiso ezincintisanayo zinganeliswa ngokugcwele. Ngokwesibonelo, ukulondeka kwesizwe kungadinga ukufihla okuthile, kodwa ukufihla kakhulu kungalulaza ukulandisa. Izindlela zempilo yomphakathi zingalinganisela inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, kodwa zingangenzeli umonakalo omkhulu. Ukuzikhipha izinkinga ezinjalo kudinga ukucubungula okusobala, ukuthembisana, nokuzimisela ukuchaza ukuphuma kwemisebenzi. [[FLT]] EFLEFOLT book syndromark

Izinyathelo Zokuthuthukisa Ukubusa Kwamabhizinisi

Ukusingatha lezinselele kudinga indlela ebanzi ehlanganisa izinguquko zezinhlangano, ukushintsha kwempucuko, nokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo. Akukho silinganiso esisodwa esanele, kodwa ndawonye singadala indawo ezungezile lapho ukuziphatha okuhle kulindeleke khona, kusekelwe futhi kuphoqelelwe khona.

Izindinganiso Nemithetho Yokuziphatha Ecacile

Ohulumeni kufanele bathathe imithetho ecacile yokuziphatha echaza ukuziphatha okwamukelekayo kwezikhulu zomphakathi. Lemithetho kumelwe ihlanganise izingxabano zesithakazelo, izipho nokungenisa izihambi, imingcele yangemva kwemisebenzi, nokunxusa. Kufanele ihambisane nokuqeqeshwa okuphoqelelwe nokushintshwa njalo. Nokho, izindinganiso zodwa azinele, kodwa kumelwe ziphoqelelwe njalo ukuze zizuze ukuthembeka.

Imishini Ephangwayo Nengaqashelwa

I- Independent ombudsmen, amakhomishane amelene nokonakala, amahhovisi okuhlola izibalo, namakomiti ephalamende anendima ebalulekile ekubekeni izikhulu zomphakathi icala. Lezi zindikimba kumelwe zivikelwe ngokwaneleyo, zivikelwe ekuphazanyisweni kwezombangazwe, futhi zinikwe amandla okuhlola nokuvumela ukuziphatha okubi. Uhlu lwezikhombo zenkohlakalo lunikeza izingqhinga zezehlolo zokuhlola imizamo yesizwe yokulwa nokonakala.

Ukubona Ingaphandle Nokuvula Kukahulumeni

Izinhlelo zomphakathi, amaphepha abhaliwe ezinto ezithakazelelwayo, izimpikiswano zephalamende ezihlala zikhona, namaphepha emali atholakalayo avumela izakhamuzi ukuba zibone ukuthi izinqumo zenziwe kanjani futhi zinikezwe kanjani imithombo yemali. Amapulatifomu alawulayo anganciphisa amathuba enkohlakalo ngezinqubo zokuzisebenzela nokususa ubuqili. Ukubona bhabhaku kunweba futhi ukuxhasa kwezombangazwe, kudinga ukuvezwa kweminikelo yomkhankaso ukuze kuncishiswe ingozi yokuthuthwa kwesimiso.

Isivikelo Kwabacuphi Bezintuthuluka

Labo ababika ukuziphatha okubi kohulumeni ngokuvamile babhekana nokuphindisela. imithetho yokuvikela ikhwela, iziteshi eziyimfihlo zokubika, nokuvuma obala ukubaluleka kokushaya ikhwelo kukhuthaza ukuchayeka kobubi. Uma abafuyi bekhwela bevikelwa, sonke isimiso siyazuza ekutholeni izinkinga ngokushesha.

Ukuhlanganyela Kwezakhamuzi Nokuhlanganyela Ekubuseni

Ukwethembana kwakhiwa lapho izakhamuzi zizwa imibandela yazo. Ukuhlanganyela ekuhleleni imali, ukuxoxa nomphakathi, izigebengu zezakhamuzi, namakomiti aqondisayo ahlanganisa amalungu omphakathi angewona uhulumeni anikeza igobe lokubusa. Lezi zinqubo azithuthukisi izinga lesinqumo kuphela kodwa futhi zibonisa ukuthi uhulumeni uyalihlonipha futhi usekela inzuzo yezakhamuzi.

Ukuziphilisa Okusekelwe Kubo

Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izikhulu zomphakathi zikhethiwe futhi ziphakanyiswe ngenxa yokufaneleka, esikhundleni yokuhlobana kwezombangazwe, kunciphisa ukusekela futhi kwakha ikhono. Izinkonzo zomphakathi ezisebenza ngokungathathi hlangothi kwezombangazwe zikwazi kangcono ukusekela izindinganiso zokuziphatha nokumelana nokucindezela okungafanele. Ukuqeqeshwa okuqhubekayo nokuhlaziya ukusebenza kuqinisa isiko lezimiso zokuziphatha.

Ukuhlola Izenzakalo Ekubuseni Kwezimiso Zomphakathi

Ukuhlola izibonelo zangempela zezwe kusiza ekuboneni ukuthi yini esebenzayo nengasebenzi. Izenzakalo ezilandelayo ziqokomisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuqinisa ukuziphatha nokwethembana.

INew Zealand: Ukubonana Nokulandisa Kuyasebenza

I-New Zealand ilingana ngokungaguquki phakathi kwamazwe angonakalisiwe kakhulu emhlabeni, ngokwe-Transparency International. Impumelelo yayo isuka enhlanganiseleni yezimiso eziqinile zomthetho, izinhlangano ezizimele, kanye nempucuko yokubona. I-Official Information Act iqinisekisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zingathola izincwadi zikahulumeni, kanye noMphicothi--General ufaka ukuhlolwa komsebenzi njalo. Phakathi nobhadane lwe-COVOVAD-19, ukuxhumana okusobala kukahulumeni kanye nokwenza izinqumo ezisekelwe kuyisayensi kuyaleza ukwethenjwa komphakathi, okwenza kube nezinyathelo eziphumelelayo zempilo yomphakathi.

Estonia: Ukubusa Ngezinombolo Nethemba Lezakhamuzi

I-Estonia iqale ukuqamba i-evernance, ivumela izakhamuzi ukuba zikwazi ukufinyelela cishe zonke izinkonzo zomphakathi kuyi-inthanethi. Isimiso sayo se-X-Road sihlanganisa ngokuqiniseki i-data kahulumeni, sisusa amaphepha afakiwe futhi sinciphisa amathuba enkohlakalo. Zonke izenzo kulolu hlelo zilodwa, zidala indlela yokuhlola. Izakhamuzi zingabona ukuthi iziphi izikhulu eziye zathola ukwaziswa kwazo, ziqinisekisa ukuthi zizolandisa. Indlela ye-Estonia ibonisa ukuthi ukukhanya kobuchwepheshe kungakha ukwethembana kuyilapho kuthuthukisa ukuphumelela.

EBotswana: Ukulwa Nokonakala Ngezinga Elikhulayo

Botswana, ovame ukucashunwa njengendaba yempumelelo yase-Afrika, uye walondoloza amazinga enkohlakalo entelekweni ezinhlangano eziqinile nentando yezombangazwe. IDrectorate on Poration and Economic Crime (DCEC) ihlola futhi ibeke amacala enkohlakalo ngokuzimele. iBotswana futhi iphoqelela umthetho wokuhola ofuna izikhulu ukuba zimemezele impahla. Nakuba kusekhona, izinselele zezwe ekubuseni kwezimiso zokubusa ziye zanezela ekuzinzeni kwezombangazwe nasekukhuleni kwezomnotho, inikeza isibonelo kwezinye izizwe ezikule ndawo.

ECanada: Uhulumeni Ovulekile Nokubuyisana

Inyathelo le-Open Government yaseCanada, elasungulwa ngo-2011, lasungulwa ukutholakala kokwaziswa kukahulumeni nokwenza izinqumo. Inyathelo elithathayo lihlanganisa ukubika okuphoqelelwe mayelana nokusebenza kukahulumeni kanye nesibopho sokuthola imvume yokuthola izakhiwo. Muva nje, iCanada iye yagxila ekulungiseni ukungabi nabulungisa okungokomlando ngokumelene nabantu bobuzwe, i-Qiniso ne-Conciliation Commission kanye nokusebenzisa iziqondiso zokuziphatha zokuthembisana nezakhamuzi. Lo mzamo oqhubekayo ubonisa ukuthi ukubusa okungoko kudinga ukubhekana nokuhluleka nokwakha okuzimele.

Izifundo Ezitholakala Ekuhlolweni Kwezigwegwe

Izindlela ezivamile ezitholakala kulezibonelo zihlanganisa ukubaluleka kokuqondisa okuzimele, ukubaluleka kokubonana kokubili ngenqubo nangokwaziswa, isidingo sentando yezombangazwe yokuphoqelela izindinganiso zokuziphatha, nendima yokuhlanganyela komphakathi.

Indima Yemfundo Nesigqi Somthetho Ekuthuthukiseni Ukubusa Kwabefundisi

Ukubusa kwezimiso zokuziphatha okuqinile akuxhomekile ezimisweni kuphela kodwa nasezindinganisweni nasemakhonweni ezakhamuzi nabaholi. Imfundo − kokubili okusemthethweni nokungahleliwe — kufeza indima ebalulekile ekuhlakuleleni isiko elifuna ubuqotho futhi elinegunya.

Imfundo Yezimiso Ezifanele Ezikoleni Nasezenzweni Ezingafanele

Ukuthuthukisa izimiso zokuziphatha ezifundweni zesikole kusiza intsha ukuba ihlakulele ukucabanga okuhle nomqondo wesibopho somphakathi. Izinhlelo ezifundisa ngamalungelo omthetho - sisekelo, ukubaluleka kokubusa umthetho, nemithwalo yemfanelo yobuhlalo kulungiselela abafundi ukuba bahlanganyele ngokunenzuzo nokubusa. Eyunivesithi, izifundo zomphakathi zezimiso zezisebenzi zomphakathi zesikhathi esizayo nezabezombangazwe zimisa izimiso zobuchwepheshe zisencane.

Ukuqeqeshelwa Izikhulu Zomphakathi Ngochwepheshe

Izisebenzi zomphakathi zamanje zidinga ukuqeqeshwa okuqhubekayo mayelana nokwenza izinqumo zezimiso zokuziphatha, ukuphikisana mayelana nesithakazelo, nezibopho zazo ngaphansi komthetho. Imishini kanye nokuhlolwa kwezehlakalo kungasiza izikhulu ukuba zisebenzise izinkinga endaweni ephephile. Izinhlelo zokuhola ezigcizelela ukuhola kwezimiso zokuhle njengento encintisanayo, hhayi ukunezela okungakhetheki kwezentuthuko yomsebenzi emsebenzini womphakathi.

Ukufunda Okukhishwa Imithombo Yezindaba Nemfundo Yomphakathi

Izakhamuzi ezitshelwayo ukuthi uhulumeni usebenza kanjani, futhi ezingahlaziya ukwaziswa ngokugxeka, zihlomele kangcono ukubeka abaholi emahlombe. Izinhlelo zokubhala nokubhala, iziteshi zomphakathi, nokwaziswa okufinyelelweyo ngezinqubo zikahulumeni kunika izakhamuzi amandla okubona ukudukiswa nokufuna ukuba khona. Uma umphakathi uqonda izindinganiso zokuziphatha izikhulu okulindeleke ukuba zihlangabezane nazo, zingakuqondisa ngokuphumelela kakhulu ukuzithoba.

Ukuhola Okukhuthazayo Kwentsha Nokuhlanganyela

Intsha iletha imibono emisha namandla ekulawuleni. Izinhlelo ezikhuthaza intsha ukuba ihlanganyele emikhandlwini yendawo, emabhodini esikole, nasezinhlanganweni zomphakathi zithuthukisa ulwazi ekwenzeni izinqumo ezingokokuziphatha. Lapho abaholi abasebasha bebona ukuthi izindaba zabo ezifakiwe, baqala ukuthembela ezinhlanganweni futhi baba abasekeli bobuqotho esikhathini eside.

Isiphetho

Ukulinganisa igunya nokuthemba umphakathi kungenye yezinselele ezihlala njalo zokubusa. Kudinga ukuzibophezela okungapheli ezimisweni zokuziphatha ``Facebook, qualitary', ukulandisa, ukuba sobala, nokulunga(nenkani) kanye nomzamo oqhubekayo wokufaka lezozimiso kuzo zonke izisekelo zomphakathi. Akukho hulumeni ophelele, kodwa lezo ezifaka izinhlelo zezimiso zokuziphatha, ukuqondisa okuzimele, izakhamuzi, kanye nemfundo yakha ukuqina kokumelana nokonakala nokuwohloka kokwethembana. Enkathini yokungakholelwa embulungeni yonke embulungeni yonke, ukubusa okungokomthetho akuyona inzuzo kodwa imfuneko yokusekela imibuso egciniwe. Ngokufunda ngokuphumelela nokuhluleka, nangokusebenzisa amasu ohulumeni, ukuthembanakukhona futhi kungenza ukubusa kube nokwenzeka.