Izizwe zonke kumelwe zinqume ukuthi zihlele kanjani uhulumeni wazo futhi zikhethe abaholi bazo. Izifemu ezimbili ezivelele eziye zavela embulungeni yonke ziyisimiso sephalamende nesimiso sobumongameli. Lezizimo zinquma ukuthi kungenziwa kanjani kuphela okhethweni kodwa futhi nendlela okwenziwe ngayo amandla, indlela imithetho enziwa ngayo, nendlela abaholi ababhekwa ngayo ukuba balandise ngayo. Nakuba zombili izimiso zizimisele ukunikeza ukubusa okuqinile nokumelelwa, zisebenzisa izimiso ezihlukene ngokuphathelene nokwehlukana kwemibuso, igunya eliphethe, kanye nobuhlobo phakathi kwamagatsha empathiwe nabaphathi. Lokhu kuhlola okunwebenye ukucubunga kokubili izimiso, izinhlelo ezingokoqobo, izinhlelo zomsebenzi zangempela, kanye nezingasese ezisemklanyweni ngayinye.

Izisekelo Zesimiso SePhalamende

Kuyisimiso sephalamende, igatsha eliphethe lithola ilungelo lalo elingokomthetho kusishaya-mthetho (isiphakamiso) futhi linesibopho esiqondile kuso. Inhloko kahulumeni − ngokujwayelekile ibizwa ngokuthi uNdunankulu ("ivame ukubizwa'umholi weqembu"i"i"i"i"i"i"i-conomes" i-complist" i-compactives" elawula iningi endlu ephansi yephalamende. Ukuhlanganiswa kwemibuso kusho ukuthi amagatsha aphethe ne-propatistions axhunyiwe kunokuba ahlukaniswe.

Izakhi Zokwakha

Izimiso zePhalamende zisekelwe ezicini eziningana ezichaza indlela ohulumeni abakha ngayo, abasebenza ngayo futhi bancibilike ngayo. Ukuqonda lezi zici kubalulekile ekuqhathaniseni lesi simiso nomongameli waso.

  • Fusion of Powers: Isikhulu sithathwa kusishaya-mthetho. Izikhonzi zeKhathene cishe zingamalungu ahlezi ephalamende, okufiphaza umehluko phakathi kokukhishwa komthetho nomthetho.
  • UNdunankulu njengoMphathi Ophethe: UNdunankulu ukhonza njengenhloko kahulumeni, kuyilapho inhloko ehlukile kahulumeni (inkosi noma umongameli wemikhosi) ivame ukuba khona ngenxa yemisebenzi engokomfanekiso nemelelwayo.
  • I-vote of Nodefice: IPhalamende lingasusa uNdunankulu kanye nayo yonke ikhabethe ngevoti elilula leningi. Lendlela iqinisekisa umphathi ukuba aqhubeke esabela kumphathi wendlu yomthetho.
  • Isokudla kwempicabadala: UNdunankulu (noma umphathi wesifundaze eselulekweni somphathi) angancibilikisa ipalamende futhi ameme ukhetho olusheshayo, enze ukuhlola okuphindwayo.
  • Uhulumeni wobukhomanisi noMbonakalo: Ngenxa yokuthi zimbalwa izimiso zephalamende ezisebenzisa ubuningi obungamalungu ombuso owodwa kuphela, ohulumeni abahlangene bavamile. Amaqembu amaningi kumelwe axoxe ukuze amise uhulumeni, ongakhuthaza ukuhlehliswa kodwa futhi adale ukubola.

Amazwe anjengeUnited Kingdom, Canada, India, iJalimane, iAustralia neJapane avumela ukubusa kwephalamende. ngalinye livumelanisa isimo esiyisisekelo namasiko alo angokomthetho - sisekelo nemithetho yokukhetha.

Izinzuzo Zezimiso ZePhalamende

Abasekeli bakahulumeni wasephalamende babhekisela emandleni amaningana okwakha angaveza ukubusa okuphumelelayo nokusabelayo.

  • Ukuphumelela okungokomthetho: Ngenxa yokuthi umphathi ulawula uhlelo lwezishaya-mthetho futhi uyala iningi (noma imisebenzi yokwakha) izindleko zingadluliswa ngokushesha kakhulu kunezimiso zobumongameli ezihlukene. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu phakathi nezimo eziphuthumayo noma ezidinga inguquko esheshayo.
  • Ukulandisa okusemthethweni: UNdunankulu nomphathi-ndlu bavela njalo phambi kwephalamende ukuze baphendule imibuzo, bavikele izinqubo, futhi bahlole ubuso. Inqubo yokuvota-odwa-okanye-ukuzibopha inikeza ukuhlolwa okuqondile nokusheshayo emandleni abaphathi, okunamandla kakhulu kunezimiso ezingekho ezimisweni eziningi zomongameli.
  • Ukuvumelana nokuguquguquka:[ Lapho uNdunankulu eyeka noma elahlekelwa ukhetho lokuqiniseka, abaholi abasha bangafakwa ngokushesha ngaphandle kokukhetha okugcwele (ngokuncike emithethweni yomthetho-sisekelo namalungiselelo eqembu). Lokhu kungavimbela izikhala zezombangazwe ezithatha isikhathi eside.
  • Ukuhlanganisa Ngezimo: Ezimisweni eziningi, ohulumeni abahlangene bangamelela izinhlobonhlobo zezithakazelo kunesigaba esisodwa sokuphatha umongameli. Izindawo ezinezisekelo zesifunda, zobuzwe, noma zemibono ehlukeneyo kufanele zixoxe ngezimiso eziyenqabelayo, ngokunokwenzeka zinciphise ukusuka kwezwe.

Izingozi Zezimiso ZePhalamende

Naphezu kwala mandla, izimiso zephalamende zibhekene nezinselele ezibhalwe phansi ezingase zinciphise ukuqina nokuphumelela.

  • Izizathu ezithe ngqo zokungaguquguquki: amavoti kaningi okungathembisi, izivumelwano ezintekenteke, nokhetho lokuqala kungaveza ukujika okusheshayo kukahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Italy, iye yathola ohulumeni abangaphezu kwamashumi ayisithupha kusukela ngeMpi Yezwe II, ebonisa ukuthi izombangazwe zamaphalamende zingaba kanjani.
  • Ithonya eliyi-Propectionation From of Small Parities: Ezingxoxweni ezihlangene, amaqembu amancane angasebenzisa amandla ahlangeneyo ahlobene nokusekela kwawo okuthandwayo. Angathatha ukuvumelana kwezimiso okungabonisi okuthandwa yi-votatetate, ikakhulukazi uma ebambelela ekulinganiseni amandla.
  • Ukulandisa okungaqondakali: Izincwadi zingazama ukunikeza ikweleta noma ukusola uma amaqembu amaningi ehlanganyela amandla engqungquthela. Kungaba acacile ukuthi uNdunankulu, umngane womfelandawonye, noma i-compation inecala lomphumela othile wenqubo ethile.
  • Ukuhlukana okungaguquguquki kwama-Sounce: Ukuhlanganiswa kwamagatsha aphethe ne-propatition kunciphisa imishini nokulinganisela ngaphakathi. Iqembu elikhulu lingabusa amagatsha womabili, okunganciphisa amazwi okuphikiswa futhi kunciphise ukuqondisa kwemithetho.

Ukushintshashintsha Kwezimiso Zasephalamende

Akuzona zonke izimiso zephalamende ezisebenza ngendlela efanayo. Ukushintshashintsha okuyinhloko kuhlanganisa uhlobo lwesimiso sokhetho (izimo ze-propotial, i-processial exubene, i-bimeral, noma i-odameral yephalamende, amandla angokomthetho enhloko kahulumeni, kanye nokuba khona noma ukungabikho kobuphengululi bomthetho-mfantu. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Westminster igcizelela uhlobo olulodwa lwengxenye eyodwa kahulumeni omkhulu nolawulo olunamandla, kuyilapho i-bigname-meral eJalimane naseScandinavia ixhomeke ekumeleni okuhleleni, ukubusa, nokuhlola okukhulu kwekomiti. Lokhu kuphikisana kuthinta indlela isimiso somthetho esisebenza ngayo.

Izisekelo Zesimiso Sobumongameli

Izimiso zikamongameli zichazwa ngokuhlukanisa okucacile nokuphoqelelwe ngokomthetho phakathi kwamagatsha aphethe nezomthetho. UMongameli usebenza kanye kanye njengenhloko yombuso nomphathi kahulumeni, ukhethwa ngokuzimele kusishaya-mthetho, futhi ufeza igama elimisiwe elingenakuqedwa yivoti yemithetho engenathemba. Lenhlangano ikha isimiso sezinhlangano ezihlukene ezihlanganyela amagunya, kunokuba ihlanganise iqoqo lomyalo wephalamende.

Izakhi Zokwakha

Isibonelo sikamongameli sakhiwe ezicini ezingokwenhlangano eziklanyelwe ukusungula amasheke nezilinganiso phakathi kwamagatsha kahulumeni alinganayo.

  • Ukuhlukanisa ama-Powers: Amagatsha aphethe nemithetho azimele ngokomthetho-mthetho. Umuntu akanakukhonza kanye emagatsheni womabili.
  • I-Profect Populant Evolution: UMongameli ukhethwa ngabavoti (noma ngekholiji elikhethiwe) enqubeni ehlukene nokhetho lwemithetho. Lokhu kunikeza uMongameli igunya elizimele lombuso wentando yeningi.
  • Isivumelwano esilungisiwe: abameli basebenzisa igama elichazwe ngokwemithetho-sisekelo (iminyaka emine kuya kweyisithupha) futhi abanakususwa ngenxa nje yokuthi isishayamthetho asivumelani nezimiso zabo. Ukukhokhiswa kungenzeka kuphela ngenxa yokuziphatha okubi kakhulu njengokuvukela umbuso, ukufumbathisa, noma ubugebengu obukhulu.
  • I-VEto Power: UMongameli angawukhipha umthetho odluliswa yi-Congress noma iphalamende. Ukuthatha umthetho ngenduku yeveto kudinga ukuqashelwa okukhulu, ukunika umphathi ithuluzi elinamandla lokuvimbela inyathelo lomthetho.
  • Inkululeko yeCabinet: uMongameli umisa amalungu ekhabethe (izimfihlo noma izikhonzi) ngokuvamile angenazihlalo zomthetho. Bakhonza ngokwentando kaMongameli futhi akudingeki ukuba baqondise ukuqiniseka kwesishayamthetho.

Izibonelo ezivelele zezimiso zobumongameli zihlanganisa i - United States, iBrazil, iMexico, i - Indonesia, iPhilippines, namazwe amaningi aseLatin America.

Izinzuzo Zezimiso Zobumongameli

Abavikeli bakahulumeni kamongameli bagcizelela amandla esimiso sokuzinza, ukulandisa okucacile, nokuhlola kwezakhiwo okuqinile.

  • Ukuhleleka okungokobuPhostoli Ngemithetho Emisiwe: uMongameli akanakususwa ngevoti elula yomthetho, evimbela ukuguquka okusheshayo kukahulumeni ezimisweni zephalamende. Abavoter bazi ngokuqondile ukuthi ukhetho olulandelayo luyokwenzeka nini, lunikeza ukubikezelwa kokuhlelwa kwezimiso kanye nobudlelwane bomhlaba wonke.
  • Kususa Ukuhlukana Kwamandla namasheke: Ukuzimela kwamagatsha aphetheyo nomthetho kuveza amaphuzu amaningi eveto angavimbela umthetho osuyaluzayo noma ongacatshangelwa kahle. Igatsha ngalinye linezisusa zokuvikela amalungelo alo, ukukhuthaza ukuqondisana.
  • Ukulandisa kobuvoters: ukhetho oluqondile lukaMongameli ngomphakathi ludala umugqa ocacile wokulandisa. Abaholi bangavuza noma bajezise uMongameli ebhokisini lebhola elisekelwe ekusebenzeni, ngaphandle kokungalingani komthwalo wemfanelo ohlangene.
  • Isikhulu esilawulayo u-Administrative Leadership: UMongameli onomyalo wesizwe ocacile angathatha isinyathelo esiwujuqu, ikakhulukazi enkambisweni yangaphandle nasekulondekeni kwesizwe. Isikhulu esisodwa singakhuluma ngezwi elilodwa sizwe, ngokungafani nobuholi obuhlangene bukahulumeni wekhathemethi.

Izingozi Zezimiso Zobumongameli

Izimiso zobumongameli nazo zibhekene nobuthakathaka obungathi sína bokwakha obungavimbela ukubusa nokululaza izimiso zentando yeningi.

  • [[NTLT: 0] I-Gridlock e-exect: Lapho umongameli nomphathi-ndlu yomthetho belawulwa amaqembu ahlukene (uhulumeni ohlukene), izingxabano zingaphazamisa inqubo yenqubo. UMongameli angase alahle ukuqinisekisa ukumiswa noma ukudluliswa kwemithetho, futhi imithetho eyisisekelo ingavinjelwa iminyaka eminingi. I-United States iye yabhekana nokuvinjelwa okuphindwe kaphinda-phindene kanye nokwehlawulwa kwemali okuqhubekayo njengomphumela.
  • Ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla aphethe: Abameli bavame ukuyala igunya elikhulu lokuphatha nelempi. Ngaphandle kokuhlola ivoti engenazimvume, bangabusa ngaphandle kwemvume yezikhulu, izinguquko zomthetho, nezenzo zemithetho yangaphandle, ezingase zidlulise ukufakwa kwemithetho. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi lokhu kungaqeda ukuhlola kwentando yeningi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
  • Ukususa uMongameli Ongangeni mlilo: Ukungagunyazi kuyinqubo enzima nengalawuleki kakhulu evame ukusetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo ngenxa yokuziphatha okungahambi kahle okunganele ebugebengwini obukhulu. UMongameli ongakwazi ukubumelela, okhohlakele, noma olahlekelwa ukusekela kwezombangazwe angahlala ehhovisi iminyaka eminingi ngezindlela ezilinganiselwe zokususa.
  • Sero-Sum Electoral Politics: ukhetho lukaMongameli luvame ukuwina yonke imincintiswano ethatha indawo ehlukene yezombangazwe. Ukulahlekelwa kohlangothi kungazizwa lungahlangani ngokuphelele, kuholele ekuncipheni ukuthembana ezinhlanganweni zentando yeningi nasekumelaneni nezinhlelo ze-'scream's'. Lokhu kunamandla kukhulunyeliswa ikakhulukazi ezimizamweni ezikhona ngenkathi yokuqala yesigaba sokhetho.

Ukuqhathanisa: Ukukala Okuyisihluthulelo

Ukuqhathanisa izimiso zephalamende nomongameli kudinga ukuhlola indlela abasebenza ngayo phakathi kwezinga eziningi zokubusa. Asikho isimiso esingcono kakhulu emhlabeni wonke; umklamo ongcono kakhulu uxhomeke esikweni lezwe lezombangazwe, ukuhlukana kwezenhlalo, umongo ongokomlando, kanye nekhono lenhlangano.

Indlela Yokubusa Nesiko Lezombangazwe

Izimiso zePhalamende zithambekele ekukhuthazeni ukubusa ngokubambisana, ukwenza ukubusa ngenxa yokuthi umphathi kumelwe alondoloze ukuthembana kwendlu yomthetho. Ohulumeni besivumelwano bafuna ukuxoxisana nokuyekelela phakathi kwamaqembu. Lokhu kungaveza ukuhlelwa kwezimiso ezihlangene kodwa futhi kuveze kancane ukwenza izinqumo ezihlukene. Ngokungafani, izimiso zobumongameli, ngokuvamile zikhuthaza ubuhlobo phakathi kwesikhulu nendlu yomthetho, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kukahulumeni ohlukene. Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kungadala "izinhlangano ezihlukene, ukwabelana ngezimiso" amandla adinga ukuhlangana kwe-internognonetic kodwa futhi kungaveza ukuma kobudlwano nokwenyuka.

Izimiso Zokuxhumana Nomfanekiso

Isimiso sokhetho esikhethwe phakathi kwesimiso ngasinye sokubusa izakhiwo ezimi kahle kakhulu. Izimiso zephalamende zivame ukusebenzisa ukumelela okulinganayo (PR) noma izimiso ezixubeneyo, ezivame ukwenza izishayamthetho ezibonisa izigaba eziningi ezithandayo ezihlukene. Ukumelela kubanzi, kodwa ukuhlelwa okuhlangene kungabambezela ukwakhiwa kukahulumeni futhi kubangele izingxabano ezikhona. Izimiso zikamongameli zivame ukusebenzisa ubuningi obubodwa besifunda esisodwa noma ukuvota okuyinhloko, okuvame ukunciphisa inani lamaqembu aphumelelayo futhi kuveze ukulawulwa okukodwa komongameli oyedwa. Lokhu kungadala izinqubo ezicace kakhulu kodwa kungashiya izigaba zabantu ezingenawo ummele. Ukudlala phakathi kwesimiso sonogesi nokubusa isimiso sohlelo lwe-PR kuyingozi ekwandiswayo kanye neqembu iqembu elilodwa lobumongameli ohlukene.

Ukuqina Nokuvumelana Nesimo

Izimiso zePhalamende zingavumelana kakhulu ekusabeleni ezinkingeni zezombangazwe: uNdunankulu olahlekelwayo angathathelwa indawo ngokushesha, noma okhetho bakuqala bangaxazulula ukufa. Nokho, lokhu kuvumelana kungabangela ukungahleleki uma ohulumeni beshintsha kaningi kakhulu. Izimiso zomongameli zinikeza amagama amisiwe aqinisekisa ukuqina kwesikhulu kodwa futhi angabamba izwe ngomholi ongathandwayo noma ongaphumeleli iminyaka eminingi. Emiphakathini ehlukene kakhulu, izimiso zobumongameli zingaveza impi ngokugxilisa ithonya kwelinye ihhovisi elinganqoba iqembu elilodwa kuphela, kuyilapho izinxulumani zephalamende zingahlanganisa kalula kakhulu amaqembu amaningi emalungiselelweni kagesi.

Imishini Engalandisa

Izimiso zePhalamende zinikeza ukulandisa okuqinile ngosuku lwezinsuku zombuzo, ukuhlola ikomiti, nokuvota okungaqiniseki. Ngenxa yokuthi umphathi kumelwe abhekane njalo nomphathi wendlu yomthetho, kunenqubo eqhubekayo yokulunga nokuqondisa. Izimiso zomongameli zincike kakhulu ekuhloleni okungokomthetho okunjengo-vetoes, ukuhlola komthetho, ukuhlola komthetho, nokukhetha kwezikhathi ezithile. Nakuba lezi zihlola zingaba namandla, zisebenza ngokuqhubekayo futhi zingavimbele ukuphambuka phakathi kokhetho. Inqubo yokungaqondisi inqubo, nakuba ikhona, yenza ukuba kube yithuluzi elicatshaziwe lenqubo. Ngokufanayo, ukuhlelwa kwezimiso zokwahlulela, ukuhlelwa kwezimiso zobumongameli, kanye nokukhethwa kokhetho ngezikhathi ezithile kunikeza amandla okuhlola kodwa kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kwenzeka kanjani, okungaphumela ekuncipheni kwenkathi yokuzimela icala.

Isimiso Sempisi Nesemi - Presiteries

Amazwe amaningi aye athatha izimiso ezixubile ezihlanganisa izici zombili imiklamo efuna ukuthatha amandla awo ahlukene kuyilapho elungisa ubuthakathaka bawo. I-project evame kakhulu yisimiso esinemithetho emisiwe, lapho uMongameli okhethwe ngokuqondile ekhona eduze kweNkondunkulu nekhathekhathena elandisayo kumthetho womthetho. IFrance iyisibonelo esivelele: uMongameli uphatha inkambiso yangaphandle nokulondeka kwesizwe, kuyilapho uMongameli ephatha izindaba zasekhaya futhi enomthwalo wemfanelo eMhlanganweni wesizwe. Lesimiso singaveza ubunye noma ubuholi obuhlukene kuye ngokuthi i-pali lilawula i-partime. Uma kungenjalo, "ugameticism" yenza kanjalo, kanye nomongameli weqembu elilodwa nenduna yesizwe, ukubambisana kwamandla nenhlangano.

Ezinye izibonelo zihlanganisa iRussia, lapho uMongameli ephethe khona amandla abusayo, nePortugal, iFinland, neTaiwan, lapho ukulinganisela phakathi kukaMongameli noNdunankulu kuhluka khona. Izimiso ze-Semi-presidente zinikeza indawo ephakathi kodwa futhi zingadala ukungaqondakali ukuthi ubani ngempela onecala ngemiphumela yezimiso, futhi zifaka engozini izingxabano zomthetho ngokomthetho phakathi kwabaqondisi ababili. Impumelelo yabo ixhomeke kakhulu emithethweni eqondile nempucuko yezombangazwe ezisebenza kuyo.

Amanye Amalungiselelo Aluhlaza

Amanye amazwe aye asungula izixube ezikhethekile zokhetho nokubusa. I-Federal Council yase Switzerland iyisigaba esiyisikhombisa esimiswe yiphalamende kodwa ifeza igama elimisiwe, ihlanganisa ukuhola kweqembu nokukhethwa kwephalamende. Isimiso saseNingizimu Afrika sikhetha uMongameli phakathi kwamalungu e-National Assembly kodwa sinika uMongameli kokubili amandla ayinhloko aphezulu nawasenhloko kahulumeni, asebenza emongweni we-memo yezibalo nezombangazwe ezihlangene. Lezi zikhombisa ukuthi umehluko phakathi kwemithetho yephalamende nezimiso zomongameli uyisillithiyo; imithetho yezwe yangempela ngokuvamile inikeza uMongameli izikhulu ezimweni eziqondile zomlando nezezombangazwe.

Izici Ezithonya Ukukhetha Isimiso Sezinto

Isinqumo sezwe phakathi kwesimiso sombuso noma sobumongameli asisona nje isinqumo sobuchwepheshe. Sibunjwe kakhulu yifa elingokomlando, imibuso yamakoloni, ukuhluleka kwezenhlalo, nokuhluleka okucatshangelwayo noma ukuphumelela kokubusa esikhathini esidlule. Amazwe aqala ukuvela ekubuseni ngempoqo noma izingxabano ngokuvamile abhekene nezimpikiswano ezinkulu zokusekela ukuqina okungcono, ukufakwa, nokulandisa. Ukusebenza kwesimiso sephalamende kungakhanga kakhulu emiphakathini enamaqembu amaningi ezinhlanga noma enkolo adinga ukwabelana amandla ngemifelandawonye. Izimiso zobumongameli zingakhanga lapho kunesifiso esinamandla, ukuhola okunecala nokuhlukana okusobala kwemibuso ukuze kuvimbele ukuqina kwezokusebenza kwe-auto. Ukusebenza kwesimiso semithetho yezomthetho kuxhomeke ekuzingeni, kuhlanganise nesimiso esizimele, umphakathi ozimele, nomphakathi wezezombangazwe wezezombangazwe, nomthetho wezezombangazwe lwezezombangazwe.

Isiphetho

Izimiso zokhetho zePhalamende nomongameli zimelela izindlela ezimbili ezihlukene ngokuyisisekelo zokuhlela ukubusa kwentando yeningi. Izimiso zePhalamende zigcizelela ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla okulawula nokuhlela, zikhokha ngokushesha ukuhlanganisa nokuziphendulela okukhulu ngenqubo yokungabopheki, kodwa zingabhekana nokuntengantengi nethonya elingenakulinganiswa. Izimiso zobupresialalism zigcizelela ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso kanye nemibandela emisiwe, ukunikeza imigqa ecacile yokuziphendulela, kodwa zifaka engozini ukufakwa kwesibopho esiphezulu kanye nokunqwabelaniswa kwegunya lesikhulu. Izibonelo eziyekelelayo zizama ukuhambisa lezizici zezohwebo ngokuxuba kokubili amasiko, ngokuvamile ngempumelelo enkulu lapho ziklanyelwe ukufanelana kwezimo zendawo. Ukuqonda izimiso zokwakha, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, nokusebenza kwesimiso ngasinye kubaluleke kunoma yisiphi isimiso sesayensi yezombangazwe, uhulumeni noma ukuhleleka okunye. Izibonelo ezikhethwe phakathi kwalezi zimiso zokuhlela, futhi kungenziwa kanjani ukuba kuboniswe kanjani, futhi kukhulume ukuthi abaholi, kuveza ukuthi izikhulu.

Ukuze ufunde ngokuqhubekayo ngalezi zihloko, cabangela ukuhlola okuthathwe ku- Constitutive Project [ ye-data eqhathaniswa nomthetho-sisekelo, Internationalternational Institute for Democratic and Electoral Consolation (IDEA) yemisebe yesimiso sokulinganisa, kanye nokwelashwa kwezemfundo enjenge-[FLT:] Juan Linz's emisebenzi ephambili ye-presicialism [ yemibono ebanzi]. Lemisebe inikeza imininingwane ewusizo nokucuthayo ukuqonda ukuthi izimpawu ezibusayo ezihlukahlukene zisebenza kanjani ezingenisweni zomhlaba.