Isingeniso

Izimiso zokhetho oluphambili, kuhlanganise ne-paste-presed (FPTP) kanye nokuvota okuphindwe kabili, kuchaza indlela izigidi zezakhamuzi ezikhetha ngayo abameleli bazo. Emashumini eminyaka amuva, izinhlangano ze-populist ziye zanda kakhulu edemocratic, ngokuvamile zisho ukuthi zikhulumela “abantu abakhohlakale”. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukuthi kungani imithetho emikhulu ingabandisa ngokungazi ukuthi iyakwazi kanjani ukulandisa kwezombangazwe, nokuthi iziphi izinguquko ezingase zikhulume izingxabano ezizazo. Ukudweba kwesayensi yezombangazwe engokomlando, ukuhlola okungokomlando, nokuhlola okungokomthetho, sihlola amandla ahamba phambili abangela ukuthatha kwazo zonke izimiso ezivundiwe ezivundile ngezindaba nokuhlelwa kwe-populillist.

Ziyini Izimiso Zokuthutha Izimpahla Ezinkulu?

Izimiso zokhetho olukhulu yilezo lapho umvoti noma iqembu elinamavoti amaningi liwina khona isihlalo noma ukhetho ngokuqondile. Ngokungafani nokumelelwa (PR), okubeka izihlalo ngokwezimvume eziqinile ukuze kuvotelwe, izimiso ezinkulu zimisa kuqala imiphumela ewujuqu kanye nohulumeni abanezigaba eziqinile. Izindlela ezimbili ezivame kakhulu ziqala ngokuthi ngqa ngqa parast à à à à protection (FPTP) kanye nezimiso ezimbili ezingqukuva (TS).

E-FPTP, abavoti bafaka ibhodi elilodwa lomvoti oyedwa, futhi othatha imvume yokuvota ephakeme kakhulu cishe ngisho noma engekho ohlwini oluphelele – uwina isihlalo. Lesimiso sisetshenziselwa izishaya-mthetho zesizwe eUnited States, iUnited Kingdom, iCanada, nezindawo eziningi zangaphambili zaseBrithani. Ezimisweni ezimbili zaseBrithani ezijikelezayo, abavoti babuyela ohlwini lwesibili uma kungekho mbhalisa othola iningi enxaxukwini yokuqala, ngokuvamile linciphisa insimu kumongameli waseFrance nokhetho lwezigebengu.

Ezinye izinhlobo zezikhulu zihlanganisa ukuvota okuhlukile (okufakwe ngaphandle kwe-costation (okusetshenziswa e - Australia’s House of Messagess) kanye nevoti yebhuloho (esetshenziswa kokhetho oluthile lwendawo). Nakuba lezizindlela zingafani kumakhenika, zihlanganyela umqondo oyinhloko: owinayo uthatha isihlalo, ngokuvamile ashiye izingxenye ezinkulu zevota zingamelelwanga.

Izimiso zamakhulu zivame ukuveza ukuncintisana okubili noma okubili, njengoba izigaba ezincane zizama ukuwina izihlalo ngisho noma zithola ingxenye ehloniphekile yevoti ethandwayo. Lesi simo “Umthetho kaDeverger” siye safakazelwa kahle: FPTP nezimiso ezifanayo ngokuzenzakalelayo zingasebenzi futhi zikhuthaza ukuvota. Umphumela ngokuvamile uveza izikhundla ezinkulu zephalamende kanye namakhabethe aqinile, kodwa ngezindleko zokususa amazwi amaningi ezombangazwe.

Ukwanda Kwe - Populism Ezindaweni Zanamuhla Ezingasasebenzi

IPopulist ingumqondo olula owenziwe ngo-9350 oveza “abantu” abanobuhle, abafanayo ‘ nabantu abamelene nokonakalisa, abazishaya “owesizwe.” Abaholi bePopulist bazisho ukuthi banegunya elikhethekile lokumelela intando yeqiniso yesizwe, ngokuvamile badlulise izinhlangano ezinjengeqembu, izinkantolo, nemithombo yezindaba. Nakuba izinhlangano ze-populist ziye zavela kuwo wonke umlando, ukubuya kwazo kwamuva eYurophu, eMelika nase-Asia kuveza izikhalo ezijulile.

Ukudilizwa kwezomnotho – ukususwa kwezezimali, ukuholelwa, nokungalingani okukhuphuka kuye kwabhebhethekisa isigaba sezombangazwe esimisiwe. Ukukhathazeka kwempucuko ngokufuduka, ubuzwe, nokushintsha kwezenhlalo nakho kuye kwanikeza isisekelo esivundile. IZikhambi zePopulist zinikeza izixazululo ezilula, ezinzima, ezisola abafuduki, imibuso yangaphandle, noma izinhlangano ezingokwamazwe angaphandle ngenxa yobunzima obusezingeni eliphezulu. Impumelelo yabo iye yashaqisa izingxebezi eziningi zentando yeningi yentando yeningi, njengoba ohulumeni abaholi bevame ukululaza ukuzimela kokwahlulela, ukucindezela inkululeko, nokuncintisa amalungelo amancane.

Izibonelo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa ukuphakama kwe-Donald Trump e-United States, impumelelo kaViktor Orbán eHungary, ukukhula kwe-National Rly eFrance, nokuvela kwePodemos ne Vox eSpain. ENdiya, iBaratiya Janata Party ngaphansi kweNarendra Mondists, kubonisa izici ze-populist, njengoba kwenza amaqembu amaningana e-Latin America. Lendaba ayigcini ezwekazini elilodwa noma emfundini eyodwa kuphela, isuka ezindaweni ezisuka e-lityeni e-lives, zonke zihlanganiswe no-antingrives greament nercioiary.

Imishini Ehlanganisa Izimiso Zama - majortica Ne - Populism

Izazi ziye zathola izindlela eziningi lapho izimiso zokuvota eziyinhloko zingasiza khona ekusakazekeni kwezinhlangano ze - populist. Lezi zinqubo azinqandeki ukunyakaza — izici eziningi, kuhlanganise nendawo yemithombo yezindaba, ukuhleleka kweqembu, nomongo womlando, zidlala izici ezibalulekile – kodwa umklamo wezinhlangano ulokhu ulungisa izisusa.

Warâ Phethula Zonke Izinga

Izimiso zezikhulu zivuza iqembu elikhulu kakhulu futhi zijezise elincane, zikhuthaza isimo sezombangazwe ezimbili. Uma amaqembu amabili abusayo elwela ukubusa, ngokuvamile athatha izikhundla ezihlukene kakhulu ukuze aqoqe abasekeli bawo abayinhloko. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlanganisa kungaphoqelela abavoti ekukhetheni okungaphezu kwamandla, kuhlanganise nabavoti abathembisa ukuphula lesisikhunta. I-populists ichuma esimweni sezulu esinesimo esinesimo esiphansi ngenxa yokuthi bazibonakalisa bewukuphela kwesici esifanelekile sokusetshenziswa kwesakhiwo esonakele.

Ukwehla Kwezinkathi Ezincane

Ngaphansi kwe-FPTP, abavoti abaningi abasekela abambalwa babona amavoti abo echithwa. Iqembu eliwina iphesenti le-10 levoti yesizwe lingazuza izihlalo ze-0, kuyilapho iqembu elinamashumi amathathu% lingazuza inani eliphelele. Le qembu elinamandla labavoti elithi i-offator abathi ishiye ikholiji elithandwayo ngokungaguquki. Amaqembu avame ukusebenzisa lokhu kuhlukanisa ngokuthi isimiso sokhetho ngokwaso sichaswe ngokumelene nabantu abavamile. Babiza izinguquko zenhlangano – njengedemokhrasi, imingcele, noma ukuqeda ikholi elinokhetho ngokuqhubekayo – kuyilapho bezuza kanye ezicikweni ezivezayo.

Ukusebenza Kahle Nokukhungatheka

Abaqondisi bezinqubo ezinkulu bavame ukuvota ngokusemthethweni, bakhethe umuntu ozovota kancinci ozovimbela umphumela omubi kakhulu. Lomkhuba ungacindezela lokho okuthandwayo futhi uholele ekugxekeni okusakazeke kakhulu. I-Populist isebenzisa lokhu kucasuka ngokuthembisa “ukuphula isimiso” nokubuyisela amandla kubantu. I-Brexit metandendum, ebekwe ngaphansi komthetho olula, iyisibonelo sendlela umkhankaso wempunga ongalawula ngayo intukuthelo embusweni wezombangazwe, ikakhulukazi uma isimiso sokhetho sibhekwa njengesingasabeli.

Ukudumazeka Nokuntuleka Kokumelela

Izimiso zamakhulu ziveza imiphumela eguquguqukayo esukela ku- - amaqembu awina izihlalo eziningi ngokuvamile zikwenza lokhu ngenani elingaphansi kakhulu kwenani lamavoti athandwayo. Leligebe phakathi kwamavoti nezihlalo lingase liqede inqubo yokukhetha emehlweni ezakhamuzi eziningi. Abaholi bePopulist baphikisa ngokuthi lesi simiso sisobala, ukuthi ukhetho “luphonswe” ngokumelene nomvoti ovamile, nokuthi umholi onamandla, ongalawulwayo angabuyisela idemokhrasi yeqiniso. Izindaba ezinjalo zithola izilaleli ezisabelayo uma izibalo zokhetho zibonakala zingalungile.

Ukutadisha Icala: I - United States

I-United States isebenzisa i-FPTP ukuze isebenzise ukhetho lwe-cononal College yemincintiswano yomongameli. Leli lungiselelo liye laveza ngokuphindaphindiwe amongameli abalahlekelwa yivoti ethandwayo (uMshishini ngo- 2000, uDonald Trump ngo-2016). Igebe phakathi kwemiphumela yabakhiqizi bezinto ezithandwayo nezivotayo lithi lesi simiso sobupopulithi sonakele futhi sisebenzisa imithetho esemthethweni ukuze silondoloze igunya.

Umkhankaso ka-2016 kaDonald Trump wahlasela ngokuqondile ukufaneleka kwenqubo yokukhetha, exwayisa “ngokhetho” futhi efuna“ ukugxunyezeka.” Impumelelo yakhe ekuwineni eRepublic nobumongameli ngokwengxenye yayiwumkhiqizo wesimiso esiyinhloko – owawinayo - ngqayisela imithetho emidala eminingi evumela ukuba aqongelele izihambeli ngokusekelana. Kukhetho oluvamile, wazuza e-Electoral College ekuqondeni kwe-Riphabliki encane, ewumphumela we-prigiomfontray ewukwamukela kakhulu umyalezo wakhe we-populist.

Ngokufanayo, amaqembu e-Green and Libertarian, anemibono yenkambiso evumelana nezihloko ze-populist, akhishwe ngokuphumelelayo ekumelelweni ngaphansi kwe-FPTP. Abasekeli bawo bavame ukuba nomuzwa wokuthi ukuvota kulahlwa, okuholela ekukhetheni okuphansi noma ukunqikaza. Lokhu kungashukumisela abavoti ekumelani inqubo yokuzingela emelene ne-Grandhammark abathembisa ushintsho olukhulu.

Ukutadisha Icala: I - United Kingdom

Isimiso se-FPTP se-United Kingdom se-Founce of the Commons sekuyisikhathi eside sigxekwa ngokuveza “ohulumeni abanomthetho”-ohulumeni abanobukhulu kodwa ubuningi kuphela bamavoti. Ukhetho lwango 2015 lwanika i-Conservative Party iningi i-1276s lalila kanye no-3,9% yamavoti, kuyilapho i-UKIP yawina i-12% yamavoti kodwa isihlalo esisodwa. Lokho kwasusa ukumelana nomthetho ka-UKIP kwabangela ukuphikisa kwe-UKIP futhi kwanikela eqenjinini le-Brexip.

I-Brestapendum ka-2016, eyanqunywa yiningi, yona ngokwayo yaba i-populist diffurector. “I-EU [1] yaveza i-EU njengomsebenzi ophakeme olula ubukhosi baseBrithani, futhi i-55688 ewumngcingo ewumphumela wakondeza ukwahlukana. Kusukela i-mendendamu, i-Conservative Partion iye yathatha isikhundla esiqondile, ithatha izikhundla ze-populist ekuthutheni abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe nasehwebeni. I-Labour Party, ngenkathi esukela ku-548, yandisa izimpi zangaphakathi phakathi kwempi yayo eziphakathi nezingasese ze-iphapulist.

Iphalamende elimisiwe lenhlangano (2011) futhi inqubo yokukhumbula iye yagxekwa, kodwa iFPTP isalokhu ingumshayeli oyinhloko wenhlangano yama - propatity duopoly. Amaqembu ePopulist anjengoReform UK (eyayiyiNhlangano yeBretit) ayaqhubeka ephikisa ngokuthi isimiso siyahlukanisa izigidi.

Ezinye Izibonelo Eziqhathanisayo

Fransa, isimiso sokuhlela samadenki nokhetho lwezishayamthetho sigxilisa amandla kumongameli futhi ngokuvamile sibulala abazothatha izinketho ngemva komjikelezo wokuqala. i-Marine’s National Le Pen's Rely ifike ngokuphindaphindiwe emzuzwaneni wesibili, kodwa ilahlekelwa isikhathi ngasinye. Isimiso siphoqelela amaqembu amakhulu ukuba akhe imifelandawonye ngokumelene nomphakathi ngakwesokudla, kodwa futhi ivimbela umzwelo wesimiso somzwelo - Rhono - zwelane banomuzwa wokuthi bakhetha “ububi obungenamsebenzi” kunokuba bathathe ummeleli wangempela.

Indiya, i-FLTP enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, isebenzisa i-FPTP kuLok Sabhata yayo. I-Bharatiya Janata Partition ngaphansi kuka-Narendra Modi isebenzise i-populist messap – yobuHindu, ubuzwe obumelene nomzwelo, nezithembiso zokuhola okukhulu – ukuwina i-willation ngezansi kakhulu kwevoti yesizwe (31% ngo-20, 37% ngo-2019). Isimiso sokhetho siphakamisa izifunda zesifunda futhi sinciphisa izigaba ezincane, sinezela endaweni yezombangazwe.

.nada [[FLT: 1] uye wabona ukukhula kweQembu labantu abahogelayo ngaphansi kukaMaximier Bernier, nakuba lihlala lilincane. AmaConservative namaLiberal womabili asebenzisa i-FPTP ukuze anqobe izinkolo ngokusekela okunesizo esiphansi, futhi izimpikiswano zokuguqula imibala ezivamile ziye zavela kaningi kodwa azizange zingene. Izingcindezi ze-populist ziye zafakwa emaqenjini akhona kunokuba zadala amandla amasha, kodwa ukunganeliseki okuyinhloko kuyaqhubeka.

Izicelo Ezibanzi Zempilo Yentando Yeningi

Imidlalo ephakathi kwezimiso zokuvota ezinkulu kanye nempopula iphakamisa imibuzo eyisisekelo mayelana nokumelelwa kwentando yeningi, ukuqanjwa kwegunya, nokuzinza. Kwesinye isandla, izimiso ezinkulu zingaveza ohulumeni abavumelanayo abakwazi ukuthatha isinyathelo esiwujuqu - okuthi abanye baphikisane ngakho okubalulekile enkathini yezinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, zihlala zingaphansi kwamazwi amancane, zibukisa ngokweqile izombangazwe zendawo, futhi zivuza izibalo zesifunda.

Izinhlangano zepopulist zixhaphaza lobu buthakathaka. Ziziveza njengezwi lezwi elingenazwi, zithembisa ukubuyisela ubukhosi obuthandwayo obuyinganekwane. Uma isimiso sokhetho ngokwaso sibonakala siqinisekisa imiphumela yazo eyingozi – ngokuveza imiphumela engekho, amavoti okudlala, namavoti amabili aqinile abusayo – ukukholeka kwawo. Izinhlangano zedemokhrasi zingahlaselwa zisuka ngaphakathi, njengoba abaholi begunya linciphisa imishini nezilinganiso.

Ukucwaninga kwezezombangazwe njengoPippa Norris (Harvard) noRonald Inglehart kuye kwabonisa ukuthi izimiso zokukhetha ezibhekwa njengezilungile futhi ezizibandakanyayo zithambekele ekutholeni izinga eliphansi lokusekela i-populist. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amazwe anemithetho emikhulu namazinga aphakeme okunganeliseki abona izinhlangano ze-popullist ezinamandla. Le ngxoxo ayisho ukuthi ukubhalisa i-otholi kuyodwa, kodwa ngokusobala umklamo wenhlangano uyinguquko ebalulekile.

Izinguquko Ezingase Zibe Khona Nezindlela Ezihlukile

Kuye kwahlongozwa izinguquko eziningana ezizonciphisa imiphumela emibi yezimiso eziphethe amapopulist ngaphandle kokudela ukuzinza. Lezi zihlanganisa ukuvota okuyi-creadquochoice (RCV), ukuhlanganisa i-paraceal (MMP), kanye nesimiso esijikelezayo sesisetshenziswa kwezinye izindawo.

Uvota luyekwa. I-RCV isetshenziswa eGangeni labamele ukuvota futhi (ebizwa futhi ngokuthi i-paney àrunoffv) ivumela abavoti ukuba bafake izigaba ngokulandelana kokuthandayo. Uma kungekho mdwebi owina iningi, umbheki wendawo yokugcina ukhishwa futhi amavoti abo abuye adlule. i-RCV isetshenziswa eGauay of Australia’s of Bactives nase-U.S. ukhetho lukamasipala. Luvame ukuveza imiphumela engcono futhi lukhuthaze abamele ukuzuza imifelandawo eyengeziwe. Abavoti abathathi be-populist bangase bawine, kodwa baphoqelelwe ukuba bakhange ukukhanga okwesibili abavoti be-proto.

Izimiso ezibalwayo, ezisetshenziswa eJalimane nase-New Zealand, zihlanganisa izifunda ezingu-1 kanye nezingxenye ezimbili ezingaphezulu ngokulinganayo. Izifunda zifaka amabhola amabili – elinye lomvoti wendawo, eyodwa yohlu lweqembu. Ukwebiwa kokugcina kwezihlalo kulingana ne-vhoti, kuqinisekisa ukuthi ngisho nezigaba ezincane zingawina umfuziselo. Lokhu kunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwe-populitis. Ukushiswa kwe-PPP ku-New Zealand kusuka ku-PPP kuya ku-MP ngo-19969. Kuvame ukuvezwa njengempumelelo ekuthuthukiseni ukuvota nokuthemba umphakathi.

Izimiso ezimbili ezijikelezayo zingalungiswa futhi ukuze kuvunyelwe abazohlolwa abaningi kokuqala futhi bakhuthaze ukwakha izakhiwo ezihlangeneyo kweyesibili. Nokho, njengoba isibonelo sesiFulentshi sibonisa, basengagxilisa ingqondo kumandla futhi bakhungathekise abavoti ababona ukukhetha kwabo kokuqala 88 kususwa.

Akukho simiso sokhetho esiphelele, futhi izinguquko zithwala ukuhweba. Ukushintsha isimiso esiyinhloko kungenza izingozi zokulahlekelwa ukucaca kokwakhiwa kukahulumeni futhi kunganika amaqembu ashiseka kakhulu angavalwa. Nokho ukuthambekela kwamanje – ukukhuphuka kwempopulism nokukhuphuka kwezindawo zokuhlela – kusikisela ukuthi ukulondoloza isimo sezwe kuyingozi futhi. Abenzi bemithetho kumelwe bahlole izindleko zokuguqula izindleko ngokumelene nokuwohloka okuqhubekayo kwedemokrati.

Isiphetho

Izimiso zemishini yokukhetha akuyona kuphela imbangela yokwanda kwe-populist, kodwa ihlela ngokucacile indawo ekhona lapho i-populist ichuma khona. Ngokwakha i-pream àtakell mincintial, ihlukanisa imincintiswano emincane, futhi iveze imiphumela engenakulinganiswa, lezimiso ziveza izinhlobo zezikhalo ezisetshenziswa yipopulists. Ukuhlolwa kwezezenzakalo okuvela eUnited States, eUnited Kingdom, eFrance, eNdiya, naseCanada kubonisa izindlela ezingaguquki: lapho abavoti bebona ukuthi amavoti abo abavoti abawavoti abalutho, basabela ezithunyelweyo, baba abalalela imiyalezo emelene ne-system.

Ukusingatha lenselele kudinga ukuqonda okucacile komklamo wenhlangano. Izinguquko ezinjengokuvota okulinganiselwe noma ukuhlelwa kwesigaba esixubile kunganciphisa ukwehlukana okubangela ukuthatha i-populism kuyilapho kulondoloza ukuqina kwentando yeningi. Kodwa ukuphikisana ngokuguqula i-volution kumelwe kuqashelwe ngobufakazi, hhayi ngenkulumo ye-populist ephika ubunkimbinki obungokweziqu. Ekugcineni, impilo yedemokratismu ixhomeke ekuhleleni imithetho ehlelekayo nezimiso ezisemthethweni ezivamile nezodumo – umsebenzi ongakaze usheshe uqasheke.

Izikhombo ze-External:[ [Ulwazi olunenethiwekhi – iMajoriyani]; uReformation Society – First Post[FLT:]; [FLT:][FLT]][6] Centrew Research Center – Ukukhula kweZimo zePopulitic ; [[FLT:]] Jehourtic Society - projectal of Device Democratic Republic ye-Propozim[FULT]