Indima Ebalulekile Yovivinyo Lobujukuju Ekwakhiweni Nezindawo Zokufuya Ifa

Ukuqulwa kwecala likaJury kusebenza njengendlela eyisisekelo yokuxazulula izingxabano ekwakhiweni nasezindaweni. Kulokhu kuhlola, iqoqo lezakhamuzi ezivamile lisebenza ngokuhlola ubufakazi, ukusebenzisa umthetho njengoba ufundiswa umahluleli, nokukhipha isinqumo. Ochwepheshe abangokomthetho, abakhi, abakhi, nabanikazi bempahla, ukuqonda ngokugcwele incazelo ethile yezindawo ezithile akusizi nje kuphela ekusebenziseni impumelelo yezezimali kanye nokuphatha imiphumela. Ukudlala okukhethekile kobufakazi obungokobuchwepheshe, izimiso ezikhethekile zomthetho, nokubeka izinqumo kwakha indawo ehlukile kwezinye izimboni zezindawo zomphakathi.

Kungani Kuvivinywa Ekwakhiweni Kwezakhiwo Nezakhiwo Zangempela?

Ukukhethwa kwecala labahluleli ekwakhiweni nasekuxabaneni kwezindawo ngokuvamile kusuka ekuqondeni okungokwemvelo ukuba nengxenye ephambanayo yomphakathi kunqume izimpikiswano eziyiqiniso. Ngokungafani nokuqulwa kwebhentshi, lapho umahluleli oyedwa enquma kokubili iqiniso nomthetho, ukuqulwa kwejaji okune-demokrati okungabaluleke kakhulu lapho izimpikiswano zihilela izindinganiso zomphakathi, njengempahla, ukuhlukumeza, noma ukushiyeka ekwakheni indawo yokuhlala. Abavumi baletha izizinda ezihlukahlukene nokucabanga okufanayo ngeqiniso, okungabaluleke kakhulu uma icala lixhomeke ekutheni umsebenzi wemboni uhlangabezana yini nezindinganiso zezemboni noma ukuthi umthuthukisi wenza izinto ngokholo olubi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lejaji emacaleni omphakathi livikelwe yiSichibiyelo seSesikhombisa soMthetho-sisekelo enkantolo kahulumeni, futhi ngamalungiselelo agunyazayo emithethweni eminingi yombuso. Lokhu kusho ukuthi noma yiliphi iqembu ekwakhiweni noma ekuphikiswani kwezindawo lingafuna ukuba kuqulwe icala uma lingabekwa ngaphansi kwesizathu esilinganayo sesenzo (njengokusebenza kwesivumelwano esithile sezwe noma ukulandisa). Ukuqonda uma ilungelo linamathela ku-s/indlela yokulilondoloza noma yokulilahla, kungadinga ukulithatha isinyathelo sokuqala esibucayi ekuhleleni i-procedro.

Imininingwane Engokwesayensi Echaza Lezi Zilingo

Izici ezilandelanayo zecala lamacala ejaji ekwakhiweni nasemacaleni ezindawo nezindawo zilolongwa ubunkimbinkimbi nobuchwepheshe bobufakazi. Nakuba ukuqulwa kwamacala ejaji kunezici ezithile ezivamile, (ukukhethwa, ukuboniswa kobufakazi, iziyalezo, ukuhlolwa kwemininingwane) lezi zici zithatha izici ezihlukile lapho zisetshenziswa ekwakheni nasengxabanweni yempahla.

Ukukhetha I - “jury ”: Ubuciko Bomculo We - Voir Dire

Voir orash, inqubo yokubuza ukuthi kungenzeka abasizi bezwe baphawule ubandlululo, ibaluleke kakhulu ekwakheni nasezindaweni ezingokoqobo kunakwezinye izindawo zomphakathi. Ama-athorney kumelwe ahlole okuhlangenwe nakho komsebenzi wokwakha kabusha ikhaya, umsebenzi wokwakha, ukuba nezindawo zokuqasha, noma ukuhileleka kwangaphambi kokufakwa kwezindawo eziswayo. Umgcini wejaji obethwa umsebenzi wesakhiwo onzima kakhulu uyaqhubeka eveza imibuzo eveza ukucwasa komakhi ngokuphandleka ngaphandle kokukhomba.

Abahluleli bavame ukuvumela abaphikisi abanezinsongo abanezelayo ekwakheni izimpikiswano eziyinkimbinkimbi ukuba bahlobise ulwazi lwezimo zobuchwepheshe kanye nobandlululo olungase lube khona ngaphambi kokuba kuqale i-opixer. Ngokwesibonelo, i-metaiiigne ingabuza ukuthi i-Federal Games of Civil Procedure (Rule 47) yini eyake yasebenza njengofakazi onekhono empikiswaneni yokwakha noma iye yathatha izifundo zemfundo eziqhubekayo zobunjiniyela noma kwezokwakha. Izimpendulo zisiza ekusebenziseni izinselele nezinselele ngenxa yesizathu.

Enye i-procedroconstruct iwukusetshenziswa kwe ‘ ukuthatha isinyathelo ngenxa yembangela.'. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ijarijari esho ukuthi ayinakuhlala ingakhethi ngoba ikholelwa ukuthi zonke izakhiwo azithembekile, ukuthi i-jutor Bar inikeza isiqondiso esibanzi ngembangela. Ama-athorney kumelwe alungiselelwe ukubhala futhi agcine lezindaba ukuze akhange, ikakhulukazi ezithathe amacala okwakha lapho ngisho nomunye ombaxanxa-ka lungasithelela khona lesi sinqumo. Inhlangano yaseMelika inikeza isiqondiso esibanzi ngenqubo ehlasimulisayo [[[FLT]] ibaluleke kakhulu ezingxabeni zobuchwepheshe.

Ukusingatha Ubunkimbinkimbi Bezobuchwepheshe Ngobufakazi

Ukungezwani kokwakha nokulungisa izakhiwo kuyiqiniso, ngokuvamile kudinga ubufakazi obugciniwe obuyi-volunteon (izinketho, iziyalezo ezishintshwayo, imibiko yokuhlolwa) nemifanekiso yobuchwepheshe (izinhlelo ze-processing, ukuhlola inhlabathi, ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo). Ukunikezwa kwalobufakazi kumajaji avamile kudinga indlela ecacile, ehlelwe kahle. Ama-Attorney kumelwe aguqulele imiqondo ekhethekile efinyelelekayo eqophelweni elifinyekayo ngaphandle kokuyidlulisa.

Ofakazi abaxwebile bawumgogodla wobufakazi kumacala anjalo. Abaklami, abahloli bamapulani, abaphathi bezakhiwo, nabaqondisi bezindawo babizwa kaningi ukuba bafakazele. Ngokungafani nofakazi beqiniso, ochwepheshe banganikeza imibono phakathi kwendawo yabo yobuchwepheshe. [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [[FLT:]] Indinganiso (noma isilinganiso esifana [nendlela efana [FLT: 4) FRY ) ibusa ufakazi obuvamile. Ummeli kumelwe abonise ukuthi indlela yolwazi ithembekile futhi iwumbono wabo uzobasiza i-abbelub. Uchwepheshe abamelene nolwazi [FFT][6]

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukunikezwa kobufakazi obungokomzimba − njengokugconwa kwengxenye yodonga ekhubazekile, ukugcinwa kwesakhiwo, noma izifekethiso ezihambisanayo ze-3D zendawo yokwakha(($reresques") ukugunyazwa kwezemfundo yemvelo. Izinkantolo zivame ukudinga ukuba ubufakazi obubonisayo buvezwe futhi bubhalwe ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala ukuze kugwenywe ubandlululo olungafanele noma ukudideka. Indima yokugcina isango ngaphansi kwe-Federal Rule of Evice 403 ishicile ngokukhethekile emacaleni okwakha ukuze kuvinjelwe abahluleli ukuba banganqotshwa ezobuchwepheshe ezingadukisa kakhulu.

Iziqondiso Ezikhethekile Zokubhala

Iziqondiso zokwakha nezindawo ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Kumelwe ziqondise abahluleli ezimisweni zomthetho ngokuvamile abangazazi abantu abavamile, njengalezi:

  • Ukuncitshiswa kwezindinganiso zesivumelwano − ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nokusebenza nokuqeda okuqinile.
  • I-dicts ezisetshenziswayo (umk., isiqinisekiso esishiwo somsebenzi ofana nesisebenzi ekwakheni, noma isiqinisekiso esishiwo sokuhlala ezindaweni zokuqashiswa).
  • umthetho we-Lien kanye nomthetho kamakhenika [ - – indlela okuza kuqala okunqunywa ngayo uma indawo yabakweleti abaningi iqala.
  • Inkinga ehlukanisayo - - ifaka isibopho phakathi kwamaqembu amaningi anjengeyakha, umenzi we-compant, nomnini.
  • [ Izilinganiso zokunakekela [ kochwepheshe (abaphathi, onjiniyela, abahloli) kanye nokunganaki okuvamile.

Abahluleli banikeza kokubili iziyalezo zokuqala (ngaphambi kobufakazi) neziyalezo zokugcina (ngaphambi kokuhlela). Iziyalezo zokukhanya zibaluleke kakhulu ezicabeni zokwakha ngoba zihlela izindaba futhi zichaze amagama ayinhloko kuqala, zisiza abahluleli ukuba baqonde ukulandisa. Ama-Attorney kumelwe amelane nanoma isiphi isiyalo abakholelwa ukuthi siwusho ngokungeyikho umthetho, ukulondoloza impikiswano yokudluliswa kwecala. Iziyalezo ze-paractal zikhona ezizweni eziningi ukuze kubhalwe izinkulumo ezivumelanayo, kodwa iseluleko esinezinkondlo sicela ukulungisa okuvumelanayo ukudingida amaqiniso akhethekile endaba.

Inqubo Yokuzinqumela: Abaculi Bancintisana Nemininingwane Yobuchwepheshe

Uma ubufakazi buvaliwe futhi kunikezwa iziyalezo, abasizi bejaji bathatha umhlalaphansi ngamabomu. Emacaleni okwakha ayinkimbinkimbi, ukucatshangelwa kungaba kude. Abaqondisi bangaphinde babonise i-examine, bacele ukutshelwa ngemuva kobufakazi obungochwepheshe, noma bacele ukucaciswa kwezindinganiso ezingokomthetho. Ukusabela komahluleli ekususeni izibalo kungaba izigcawu ezigqitshiwe: noma yiziphi iziphetho ezinikeza iziqondiso ezintsha ngokuphumelelayo noma zigcizelela ubufakazi obuthile kungaba yizizathu zokuziguqula.

Ukuthambekela kwanamuhla kukhuthaza izinsiza-kuhlolwa zokuhlola njengezincwadi zokubhala, lapho ijaritha ngalinye linikezwa khona amakhophi ezimpawu eziyinhloko zokukhomba komuntu siqu phakathi nokuhlola. Izinkantolo zivumela futhi abagcini bejaji ukuba bathumele imibuzo ebhaliwe yofakazi phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala, nakuba lokhu kufanelwe ukwahlulela okuqinile ukuze bagweme ukubhaliswa kwemali. Ekwakheni nasemacaleni ezindawo angempela, lapho lobu bufakazi buminyene, lemikhakha yezindawo ingathuthukisa kakhulu ukuqonda okunelisayo futhi inciphise ingozi yokungaqondi kahle.

Izinselele Eziyinhloko Nokucabangela Okufanele

Nakuba ukuqulwa kwamacala abahluleli kunikeza igunya elingokomthetho lentando yeningi, kuveza izinselele ezihlukene ekwakheni nasekuxazululeni izakhiwo nezindawo.

Ubunkimbinkimbi Bezobuchwepheshe Nezinsongo Eziyinkimbinkimbi

Inselele esobala kakhulu inqwaba yobufakazi bobuchwepheshe. Abaqondisi bangase balwele ukuhlukanisa phakathi kobufakazi obuphikisanayo obuphathelene nolwazi, ngokwesibonelo, imbangela yesisekelo socrack noma incazelo efanele yomthetho wokuhlanganisa. Ama-attorney anganciphisa lokhu ngokusebenzisa:

  • Izinsiza-mfantu - - isikhathi linemidwebo, nezimpawu ezenza kube lula ukulandelana okuyinkimbinkimbi.
  • Uchwepheshe wolimi olulula ubika – ukufushanisa okugwema u-gargon.
  • [ Ukulandisa [ - Ukuhlela indaba njengendaba elandela izibalo ezingokomzwelo nezinengqondo.

Nokho, kunomehluko omkhulu phakathi kokwenza lula nokumelela kabi. imithetho esekelwe embhalweni yobufakazi, njengobufakazi obungcono kakhulu nobungabhekisi phambili, kumelwe ihlonishwe. Ngokwesibonelo, umbiko wesimo ungasetshenziswa ngaphansi komlando wezebhizinisi uma uqoshelwa kahle.

Okungabangela Iziqu ZaseBias: Izindinganiso Zomphakathi Nezenzakalo Zangaphambili

Ngenxa yokuthi ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo nendawo kuyisisekelo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, cishe wonke amajaji ayoba nolwazi olubalulekile (‘ ukumisa ikhaya, ukuqasha ipayipi, ukusebenzelana nomnini-ndlu. Lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu kungathonya izahlulelo ngezindlela okunzima ukuzilawula. ’ Oma - attorney kumelwe baqaphe phakathi nenkathi enzima kakhulu ukuze baqaphele futhi baqaphele amakheli aziwayo, kodwa okunye ukucwasana kungahlala kufihlekile.

ubandlululo lwe-Institutional lungavela futhi: umbusi osebenzela inkampani enkulu yentuthuko angase amelane ngokwemvelo nomninikhaya oyisidlakela, noma ngokuphambene. Abahluleli banganciphisa lokhu ngokuyala okucophelela ukuthi abasizi-jaji kumelwe banqume ngokusekelwe ebufakazini, hhayi ngozwela lomuntu siqu. Izehlakalo eziphezulu, ukushintsha kwezindawo noma ukuhleleka komphakathi kungadingeka ukuze bavimbele ukusakazwa kwecala ekuthinteleni ukungakhethi kwejaji.

Isikhathi Nezindleko: Umthwalo Wokulingwa Kwamajukuthu

Ukuqulwa kwecala eliyinkimbinkimbi kubiza kakhulu futhi kuthatha isikhathi esiningi. Icala lokwakha elikhubazekile lingathatha amasonto noma izinyanga ukuzama, ngezindleko zomthetho ezithatha izinombolo eziyisithupha noma eziyisikhombisa. Izinyathelo zokuhlola ngaphambili (ukuthatha ama-steomssions). Ukulungiselela okukhulu, ukukhetha abahluleli, nokuphenya okuthatha isikhathi eside. Imicimbi eminingi, ikakhulukazi abakhi abancane noma abanikazi bamakhaya, ingathola ukuqulwa kwejaji okunzima.

Leliqiniso libangela izimpikiswano eziningi ekuxazululeni noma ekuxazululeni impikiswano, njengesinqumo sokuhlanganisa noma sokukhipha izivumelwano. Nokho, uma omunye ekholelwa ukuthi inendaba eyiqiniso ekhona eyohlanganisa nejaji, ukufuna ukuqulwa kwecala kungaba icebo elibalulekile lokucindezela ukuxazulula. Ukuqonda amaphuzu ahlukene ngokulandelana kwesidingo sokufuna ikomiti evunayo, njengokusebenzisa isibopho sokuqungatha (icala eliqinile nezindlela zokulimaza), noma ukukwazi ukunikeza isahlulelo esiqondisiwe, kungasiza abathengi ukuba baye ekuzameni noma ekulungiseni. [[FLT:] uJulia unikeza ukucubungela okubanzi kokuqulwa kwecala [[FLT] [FLT] [FL:1]

Izinqubo Nezindlela Ezihlukile Zokusungula Imvelo

Ziqaphela lezinselele, izinkantolo ziye zasungula izimiso eziningana ezivumelana ngokuqondile namacala omphakathi ayinkimbinkimbi, kuhlanganise nokwakha nokungezwani kwezindawo.

Ukubulala: Ukuhlukanisa Okungathandeki Emonakalweni

Ngaphansi komthetho we-Federal of Civil Procedure 42(b) nemithetho efana nayo kahulumeni, inkantolo ingayala ukuba kuqulwe icala elihlukile ngendaba eyodwa noma ngaphezulu. Ezicabeni zokwakha, kuvamile ukuqala ukuzama ukubeka icala (ukuze ahlulele ukuphula umsebenzi?) bese kuthi uma kudingeka, uzame ukulimala. Lokhu kuvikela ukudideka kwabahluleli: uma abahluleli befunda ngokushesha ukuthi izigidi zabantu zibolene umonakalo, bangathonywa amanani kunokuba bagxile ekuzikweleleni. Imali ibhungane isindise futhi uma intengo engekho.

Izilango Ezikhethekile Nezinqumo

Esikhundleni sesinqumo esivamile (“Sitholela umkhohlisi”), umahluleli angacela amajaji ukuba aphendule imibuzo ethile ebhaliwe (isinqumo esikhethekile). Ngokwesibonelo: “Ingabe amajaji ahluleka ukwakha isisekelo ngokwezinqumo ezivunyelwe?” futhi“ Ingabe yileyonto ehlulekileyo ebangela ukuqhekeka kwezindonga?” Izinqumo ezikhethekile zisiza inkantolo ukuba ikhiphe okutholwa abahluleli futhi ikhiphe amaphutha ayimfihlo. Baphinde baphoqelele amajaji ukuba ahlanganyele nengxenye ngayinye yento efuna ukudluliswa, ukunciphisa ingozi ethinta umzwelo. U-Attney kufanele acele izinqumo ezikhethekile ekuqaleni kwecala, phambi kwengqungquthelana yokugcina.

Izingxoxo Nemihlangano Yangaphambi Kwesenzakalo

umhlangano ophambili wezomthetho ngaphansi koMthetho 16 weMithetho ye-Federal ye-Civil Procediture (noma i-motee) ubophekile ezifundeni eziningi. Ezimweni eziningi ezakhayo, lomhlangano uyithuba elinzima lokuqubuka, ulinganisela inani lofakazi, ukuxazulula izimpikiswano ezisobala, futhi ubeke isimiso sokuqulwa kwecala esingokoqobo. Inkantolo ingabuye ikhulume ngokusetshenziswa kwezenzo zokwahlulela ezifingqiwe ukulahla izikhalo noma izivikelo ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, inciphise icala lejaji.

Ukushaya ufakazi wochwepheshe (u-Dubert/Frye) kungenye inkundla yempi engokwesiko. Uma umphikisi engakhipha uchwepheshe oyinhloko womuntu omelene naye ezisekelweni zokungathandeki, icala lingase liwise noma lishintshwe ngokuphawulekayo. Iseluleko kumelwe sikulungele ukuvikela ochwepheshe babo ngezindlela eziqinile zokuveza izibalo kanye nokushaza komsindo we-Dabert.

Okucatshangelwayo: Amaphutha Okubukeza

Izinqumo ezenziwa ngaphambi naphakathi kwecala labahluleli zingaba nethonya elihlala njalo ekhonweni lokukhipha isahlulelo esingesihle. Ekwakhiweni nasecaleni kwezindawo, kunezici ezivamile ezihlanganisa lokhu:

  • Iziqondiso ezingafanele noma ukwehluleka ukunikeza isiyalo esiceliwe.
  • Ukuvuma noma ukukhipha ubufakazi obungochwepheshe.
  • Amaphutha emithethweni ehlasimulisayo (isimo, ukuphika inselele yembangela okwakufanele inikezwe).
  • Ukuziphatha okubi (isib., umqondisi wejaji ozicwaningela ngokwakhe kuyi - Internet, owaziwa ngokuthi “ukugoduswa”).

Ukuze kugcinwe impikiswano yokudlulisa isikhalo, iseluleko kumelwe senze ukuphikisa okufike ngesikhathi nokuqondile. Ngokwesibonelo, ukungavumi ukuyala kwabasizi bejaji ngemva kokuba ijaji selithathe umhlalaphansi kusushile kakhulu. ngokufanayo, kumelwe kwenziwe ukuphikisa kobufakazi lapho kuqulwa icala, hhayi ngemva kwesinqumo. Icebo elicatshangelweyo liqala esigabeni sokuncenga, ngemibhalo ecophelelayo yazo zonke izindaba eziphikiswayo. Cornell LII'ss areastment a macampery [

Isiphetho: Isu Elihlakaniphile Lokuqulwa Kwecala KwamaJury

Uvivinyo lwe-Jury ekwakheni nasekuxabaneni kwezindawo aluyona nje impoqo; luyindawo yempi edinga impumelelo lapho ulwazi lwezesayensi lunganquma khona ukunqoba. Kusukela ezinqumweni ezibucayi zakuqala zokufuna ukuba ijaji lidinge noma liyifune ngenkani i-voir futhi lifake imibuzo enzima, ezinkingeni zobuchwepheshe zokunikeza ubufakazi bokubeka abantu, futhi amathuba angemva kwezobuchwepheshe okwahlulela njengendaba yomthetho noma ukudlulisa izingcingo ezidinga ukuhlelwa ngokucophelela. Odokotela abangokomthetho kumelwe basheke ngokusheshisa ezimisweni ze-processss, kuhlanganise nemithetho ye-Federal Procurectives, izindleko zokulungisa izindleko zomphakathi noma izindleko ezisebenzayo, futhi izindleko ezinkulu zezindawo ezingcono zokulungisa izakhiwo ezisobala zempahla nezindawo ezidingekayo kakhulu.

Ukuze bafunde ngokuqhubekayo ekwahluleleni inqubo yokwahlulela nomthetho wokwakha, odokotela bangahlola imithombo evela ku- ABAFORum kuMthetho wokwakha kanye neziqondiso eziqondene nombuso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, babukeza u-Nolo’s ukucaciswa okusobala kolimi lokuqulwa kwamajaji angaphakathi [[ kungaba usizo kubathengi nabameli abangafuni i-mfundazo eziyisisekelo.