Inqubo yokwenza izinqumo zomthetho iyisisekelo sanoma yimuphi umsebenzi wentando yeningi, ohlanganisa ukuhlelwa kwezimiso, izandulela, nencazelo yokwahlulela. Enhlonhlweni yalesi simiso kunezinqumo zokwahlulela, amandla ezinkantolo okuhlola ukufaneleka komthetho-mthetho nezenzo zezikhulu. Lesi sihloko sinikeza incazelo ebanzi, ngokubhekisa phambili ekuhloleni ukuthi imisebenzi yokwahlulela, indlela izimemezelo zenkantolo ezihlelwa ngayo, kanye nethonya elihlala njalo lalezi zinqumo emphakathini. Ngokuqonda lezimiso, izakhamuzi zingazazisa kangcono izinhlelo nezilinganiso ezivikela amalungelo emthetho ngamunye futhi zisekele umthetho.

Ukuqonda Ukubukeza Kokwahlulela

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela kuyigunya elinikezwa izinkantolo ukuba zihlole ukuthi umthetho, inkambiso, noma isenzo sokuphatha sivumelana nomthetho-sisekelo. Lesi simiso siyisisekelo ekulondolozeni umthetho, siqinisekisa ukuthi akukho gatsha likahulumeni elidlula imingcele yalo engokomthetho-mthetho. Ngaphandle kokubukeza komthetho, iziphathi zomthetho noma izikhulu eziphethe ezingacunulwayo zingawaqeda amalungelo ayisisekelo. Amandla awaphelele; izinkantolo ngokuvamile zihlola kuphela lapho kunempikiswano yangempela nalapho iqembu limele ukumangalelwa.

Imvelaphi Engokomlando Nezisekelo Eziwuphawu

Umqondo wokubukeza kokwahlulela wamiswa ngokuqinile e-United States ngecala eliphawulayo Madison v (1803). IJaji eliyinhloko uJohn Marshall wagomela ukuthi “ngokuqinisekile isifunda nesibopho somnyango wokwahlulela ukusho ukuthi umthetho uyini.” Lesi sinqumo sabeka isisekelo sendima yejaji njengotolishi ozimele womthetho-mthetho. Amanye amazwe aye athatha izindlela ezifanayo: eUnited Kingdom, ukubukeza komthetho wokwahlulela kwavela ngomthetho ovamile, kuyilapho imithetho yomthetho kahulumeni ngokuvamile inikezele izinkantolo zomthetho-mthetho-mthetho, njengangokwaseNkakhulu kwezwe lonke lokuhlola inqubo yomthetho.

Inqubo Yokubukeza Ngokwamanyathelo

Ukubukeza kokwahlulela ngokuvamile kuvela ngochungechunge oluhlelwe kahle lwezigaba:

  • Ukukhetha: Izinkantolo zivame ukusebenzisa ukuqapha ekukhetheni amacala okumelwe azwe. Zihlela kabusha amacala aphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekile yomthetho-sisekelo noma lapho izinkantolo eziphansi zifinyelele khona izincazelo eziphikisanayo. ENkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S., lokhu kuhilela ukuhlasela kwe-certiorari, okudinga okungenani abahluleli abane ukuvumelana.
  • Ukufaka:[ Amadili afaka izifushaniso eziningiliziwe ezichaza izimpikiswano zawo, izenzakalo ezingokomthetho ezihambelanayo, nezincazelo zomthetho-sisekelo. I-Amicus curiae (“umngane wenkantolo”) isikhashana ezivela emaqenjini enzalo noma izinhlangano zikahulumeni zingabekwa futhi ukuze zinikeze imibono eyengeziwe.
  • Amampikiswano ahlukene: Abameli baveza amacala abo phambi kwenkantolo, bephakamisa imibuzo kumajaji. Lesimiso sibalulekile ekucaciseni amaphuzu adidayo nokuhlola amandla empikiswano ngayinye.
  • I-acteriation: Izahlulelo zihlangana ngasese ukuze zixoxe ngecala. Zivota ngokuthembeka, futhi umahluleli omkhulu kwabaningi wabelana umsebenzi wokubhala umbono.
  • Ukubhala nge-Opinion:[ Inkantolo ibhala isinqumo esichaza ukucabanga kwayo. Imibono emikhulu ibeka isibonelo esibophayo, kuyilapho ikhona futhi iphikisa imibono inikeza ezinye izindlela zokuhlaziya ezingase zithonye izindaba zesikhathi esizayo.

Izindinganiso Zokubukeza

Izinkantolo zisebenzisa amazinga ahlukahlukene okuhlola kuye ngakwesokudla esigxotsheni noma uhlobo lwesenzo sikahulumeni olubekelwa inselele:

  • Rational Basiss Review:[ Indinganiso ephansi kakhulu; umthetho uthathwa njengosebenza ngaphandle kokuba uhlangene nengqondo nesithakazelo esingokomthetho sikahulumeni. Isebenzisa imithetho yezomnotho nemithetho eminingi yezenhlalakahle.
  • I-Scrimetinry: ifuna umthetho uhlobane kakhulu nomgomo kahulumeni obalulekile. Isetshenziswa ezimweni ezihilela ukucwasa kwabesifazane noma inkulumo yezentengiselwano.
  • Scrutiny: Indinganiso ephakeme kakhulu; uhulumeni kumelwe abonise isithakazelo esishukumisayo futhi umthetho kumelwe uhlotshiselwe ukufinyelela lesosithakazelo. Isetshenziswa kumalungelo ayisisekelo (umz., inkulumo ekhululekile, ukuvota) kanye nokusola imingcele (umz., uhlanga, umsuka wesizwe).

Indima Yenkantolo Ekulahleni Umthetho

Izinqumo zenkantolo ziyizinqumo zokugcina ezikhishwa amajaji noma amajaji ezimpikiswaneni zomthetho. Ngalé kokuxazulula izimpikiswano zomthetho, lezi zinqumo zakha izimiso ezilandelanayo − nakuba izinkantolo eziphansi kumelwe zilandele ezicabeni ezifanayo zesikhathi esizayo. Imfundiso ye stare decis[ [isi-Latin se-“kuma ngezindaba ezinqunyiwe”) iqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki nokubikezela emthethweni, nakuba izinkantolo zingasigumbuqela iswana lapho izindinganiso zomphakathi noma ukuqonda komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo kuguquka.

Izinhlobo Zemibono Yokwahlulela

  • Umbono wobuMayini: Umbono wavumelana nomthetho abaningi, umisa ukubopha kwenkantolo. Isu lengqondo iba yisibonelo.
  • Umbono ovumelanayo: Ibhalwe abahluleli abaphikisana neningi, abaphikisayo baphikisa umqondo weningi futhi kamuva bangaba isisekelo sokugumbuqela.
  • [ Umqondo ophindwayo: Uvumelana nomphumela kodwa unikeza ukucabanga okuhlukile okungokomthetho. Izimpikiswano zingathonya izinkantolo zesikhathi esizayo uma zifuna ezinye izici.
  • Umbono we-Curiam: Umbono omfushane, ongasayinwanga okhishwe ngenxa yenkantolo, ngokuvamile osetshenziswa ezinqumweni ezingaphikisaniyo noma ezivumelanayo.
  • Umbono wobuzwe:[ Uma kungekho mqondo ozuza iningi, umbono ngevoti eziningi ungalawula ukubamba kwayo okuncane kuphela, kushiyela izinkantolo eziphansi ukungaqondakali.

Imithetho Ewuphawu Nethonya Lazo Elivamile

Izinqumo zenkantolo zingabuyisela ngokuyisisekelo umphakathi. Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954) yamemezela ukuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga ezikoleni zomphakathi, igumbuqela “kube kulingana” imfundiso kanye nokulawula inhlangano yamalungelo abantu. Roe v. [1973]) yaqaphela ilungelo lomthetho-mthethwe wecala lokukhipha isisu, iguqula amashumi eminyaka empikiswano yezombangazwe neyasemthethweni. Oberge. [FLT] v.[FLD:5] [20] yamisa ukukholisa okukwesokudla emshadweni ofanayo. Zonke lezinqumo zokwahlulela ezingokomthetho ziveza indlela engokwezimiso ezingokwezimiso ezingokomthetho ezingokwezimiso ezisebenza ngayo, lapho kuhlelwa ngisho nemithetho yezomthetho. [[FLD:]

Ifilosofi yencazelo: Activsm v. Bartick

Lenkulumo - mpikiswano phakathi kokwahlulela nokunqanda ukwahlulela ibonisa ukungavumelani okuyisisekelo ngendima efanele yejaji.

Ukuthatha Isinyathelo Sokwahlulela

Izenzo zokwahlulela zibhekisela kubahluleli abazimisele ukushaya imithetho noma ukwandisa amalungelo asekelwe ekususeni imithetho engokwesiko, ngezinye izikhathi bedlulela ngalé kombhalo noma injongo yokuqala yomthetho-sisekelo. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ukuthatha isinyathelo kuvumela izinkantolo ukuba zilungise ukungathathi hlangothi futhi zivikele izinqandeki ezincane. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi kululaza ukwenza izinqumo zentando yeningi ngokuthatha indawo yezimiso zabahluleli abakhethiwe.

Ukuvinjelwa Okwahlulela

Imingcele yokwahlulela inxusa izinkantolo ukuba zilalele amagatsha angokomthetho naphethe, zingene ezicaleni ezicacile zokwephulwa komthetho-mthetho. Abameleli bakholelwa ukuthi izinqubo zentando yeningi kufanele zixazulule izimpikiswano eziningi ezingokwesimiso nokuthi amajaji kufanele agweme ukuphoqelela imibono yawo siqu. Lendlela ngokuvamile ihambisana nokubhalwa kwamagama kuqala noma ukuchazwa kwemibhalo okuvimbela abahluleli ukuba baqonde incazelo yokuqala yomthetho-sisekelo noma umbhalo ocacile.

Izibonelo zezwe langempela

Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. sibhekiswe phambili [ku-United FEC (2010) njengombangisi wombono ongokwezinga elivamile (ukunqoba imingcele yezezimali), kuyilapho Lhance v. Texas [2003] [2003] [ukuchezuka kwemithetho elandelwayo)) kubhekwa njengesishisekeli sombono ovulekile. Izinqumo ezithintelwe zingahlanganisa [[FLT:] Inhlangano ye-FOLT] ye-Intection yomphakathi ye-Intection . [[FLT][FLT], esekela umthetho wokwehlela wentela (2010) we-Afford'Active Act Active Active Arceng Conglection, ukugwema ukuhlukanisa i-Crooperalknst.

Indlela Izinkantolo Ezichaza Ngayo Imithetho Nomthetho - sisekelo

Izinkantolo zisebenzisa izindlela eziningana zokuchaza ukuze zinqume incazelo yemithetho namalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo.

Ukubhala Negama Lokuqala

I-Textalism igxila encazelweni ecacile yombhalo ongokomthetho ngesikhathi sokumiswa. UbuShona bufuna ukuqonda incazelo yokuqala yomthetho-sisekelo noma izinhloso zabahleli. UMahluleli uAntonin Scalia wayengumsekeli ophambili wakho kokubili. Lezi zihlongo zihlose ukulinganisela iziqondiso zokwahlulela nezinqumo zamahange ngezimiso eziqondile.

Umthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo

Lombono uthi imisho ebanzi yomthetho-sisekelo (umz., “ukuya phambili,” isijeziso esingavamile” kumelwe ichazwe ngokucabangela izindinganiso zomphakathi nezindinganiso zamanje. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi lendlela ivimbela ukuba ingabi yisidala. Abagxeki bathi ivumela amajaji ukuba abhale futhi umthetho-sisekelo.

Ukuzitika Nokulinganisela

Abanye abahluleli bacabangela izithakazelo ezincintisanayo, besebenzisa ukuhlolwa kokulinganisela ekuxazululeni izingxabano. Ngokwesibonelo, emacaleni okukhuluma mahhala, izinkantolo zingalinganisela isithakazelo sikahulumeni ekulondekeni komphakathi nelungelo lesikhulumi lokusiveza. Lendlela ivamile ekuhloleni izimo eziphakathi.

Inqubo Yokuqulwa Kwecala: Ukusuka Ecaleni Kuya ENkantolo Ephakeme

Ngokuvamile ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kufinyelela umvuthwandaba ezingeni lokuqulwa kwecala, lapho izinkantolo eziphakeme zibukeza khona izinqumo zenkantolo eziphansi.

Indlela Yokukhanga

  1. Ukwahlulela okuphethe:[ Iqembu kumelwe libe nesahlulelo sokugcina esivela enkantolo equlwayo noma enkampanini yokuphatha.
  2. Notice of Appeal:[ Idipoti elikhangayo lifaka isaziso phakathi nosuku oluqinile olumisiwe.
  3. Iqophelo lokudlulisa: Inkantolo ephansi ithumela irekhodi lecala, kuhlanganise nemibhalo ebhalwe ngesandla nobufakazi, enkantolo ye-panellate.
  4. [ Izimpikiswane nempikiswano ebanzi: zombili izinhlangothi ziveza izimpikiswano ezibhaliwe, futhi inkantolo ingahlela ukuphikisana ngomlomo.
  5. Ukuqulwa:[ Iqembu lamajaji linikeza umbono oqinisekisa, ukuguqula, noma ukubuyisela icala ngezikhathi ezilandelayo.
  6. Ukubukeza okuphindaphindiwe: Ezimisweni eziningi, umbambi anganxusa inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu (umz. iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S.) ukuze abukeze, kodwa izicelo ezinjalo azivamile ukunikezwa.

Ukubaluleka Kokudlulisa Izingcingo

Kwezinye izifunda, izikhalo ezidluliswayo mayelana nemithetho eyenziwa ngaphambi kokwahlulela kokugcina, zivunyelwe ukunikeza imibuzo ecindezelayo yomthetho. Lezi zinqumo zingaqeda izimpikiswano eziyinhloko zomthetho-mthetho ngaphandle kokulinda ukuqulwa kwecala eliphelele.

Imibono Yomhlaba Wonke Ngokubukeza Kokwahlulela

Ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kunezici ezihlukahlukene emhlabeni wonke, okubonisa amasiko angokomthetho ahlukahlukene nezakhiwo zomthetho - sisekelo.

Isibonelo seUnited States

IU.S. inesimiso esihloniphekile lapho noma iyiphi inkantolo kahulumeni ingahlanganyela khona ekubukezeni kokwahlulela, iNkantolo Ephakeme njengommangaleli wokugcina.

Isibonelo Sezinkantolo Zomthetho - sisekelo ZaseYurophu

Amazwe amaningi aseYurophu, njengeJalimane, i-Italy, neFrance, anezinkantolo ezikhethekile zomthetho-mthetho ezihlukene nemithetho engokomthetho evamile. Lezinkantolo zinegunya elikhethekile lokuhlola ubunjalo bemithetho engokomthetho, ngokuvamile ngokubukeza okungaqondakaliyo (inselele elethwa ngaphandle kwecala eliqinile) noma ukubukeza okuqinile (izimpikiswayo ezisekelwe empendulweni yangempela). Ngokwesibonelo, iGerman Federal Constitution Council Court, ilinganisela amalungelo ayisisekelo nemibuso kahulumeni futhi iye yakhipha izinqumo ezinethonyayo ngezindaba zomuntu siqu nesithunzi.

I - United Kingdom Ne - Evolution Yomthetho Ovamile

I-UK ayinawo umthetho - sisekelo obhaliwe ngomqondo waseMelika, kodwa ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kungaphansi komthetho ovamile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izindikimba zomphakathi aziweqeli igunya lazo elingokomthetho noma zenze ngokungenangqondo. UMthetho we - Human Rights 1998 uhlanganisa i - European Convention on Human Rights, uvumela izinkantolo ze-UK ukuba zikhiphe izimemezelo ezingavumelani nemithetho yePhalamende.

Izinselele Zokubukeza Ukwahlulela Emhlabeni Wonke

Kwezinye izizwe, ukubukezwa kokwahlulela ubuso obumelene nezobumpoqo bamagatsha ezombangazwe. Ukuhlulwa kwenkantolo, ukususwa kwemithetho, nokungahambisani nesinqumo kusongela inkululeko yokwahlulela. Ngokwesibonelo, izinguquko zamuva ePoland nase Hungary ziye zabangela ukukhathazeka ngokuncishiswa komthetho-sisekelo. Ukuqonda lokhu kuqokomisa ukungabi nalusizo komthetho.

Izinselele Nokugxeka Kokubukeza Kokwahlulela

Naphezu kokubaluleka kwayo, ukubukezwa kokwahlulela akunampikiswano. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ngokuyinhloko kuyisilwi esiphikisana nesikhulu sombuso wezwe, --alukho abahluleli abangayigumbuqela imithetho edluliswa ama-priciotic. Lokhu “kunzima kwamazwe okulawulwa amaqembu” kuye kwabhebhethekisa izimpikiswano ngokuphambanisa kokwahlulela.

Ukufaneleka Nokulandisa

Abahluleli bajabulela ukuphila okungcono noma okunemibandela emide ezimisweni eziningi, bebavikela ekulandiseni ngecala lokhetho. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kuzikhethela yikho kanye okubenza bakwazi ukuvikela amalungelo edlanzana ekucindezeleni iningi. Ukungezwani phakathi kwentando yeningi nomthetho - sisekelo kuhlala kungaphenduliwe.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezombangazwe Nokumiswa Kokwahlulela

E-U.S., ukumiswa kweNkantolo Ephakeme kuye kwaba nokuvukela okukhulu, futhi abakhohlisi ngokuvamile balindele ukunamathela kuyifilosofi ethile yokwahlulela. Le zingozi zokuzitika ibangela ukungethembi komphakathi ekungakhethini kwenkantolo. Iziqinisekiso zamuva eziphezulu nezinqumo eziphikiswayo ziye zacingisisa kakhulu.

Ukulinganiselwa Okungokoqobo

Izinkantolo zithembele kwamanye amagatsha ukuze zifeze izinqumo zazo. Ukumelana nemithetho, ukumelana nomthetho, ukumelana nomthetho, noma ukuphambana komphakathi kunganciphisa ithonya lesinqumo sokwahlulela. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva Brown v. Ibhodi yezemfundo[, izifunda eziningi zaseNingizimu zamelana nokuhlanganiswa iminyaka eminingi. Inkantolo yayingenawo amandla okuqinisekisa, idinga ukungenela kombuso.

Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Njalo Kokubukezwa Kokwahlulela

Ukubukeza nomthetho wenkantolo kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwesimiso sobukhomfa somthetho-mthethweni. Baqinisekisa ukuthi amandla kahulumeni ahlala elinganiselwe futhi amalungelo abantu avikelekile ngisho nasezintweni ezinkulu ezithandwayo. Kusukela esibonelweni esivelele se Marbury v. Madison[[ kulokhu kuphikisana okuqhubekayo ngezenzo zokuzibusa nokuzibamba, isigaba se-judiary siyakwazi ukubhekana nezinselele zezwe elishintshayo. Ukuqonda lesi sinqumo somthetho sibalulekile kunoma ubani ozazisa umthetho. Ngokuhlanganyela nalezi zimiso zemfundo, ukuphikisana komphakathi, noma ukuhlonipha izinkantolo ezibusayo. [FFF] ngokuhlola okungaphezulu, umbangokwakhohlo, umbangokwakhohlo, futhi ukusiza ukulingana nokungantengozelela kwekhono zamandla omphakathi. [kuhlola i-Fomgodul.] [kuhlola i-parst] [f]