Isifungo somongameli sehhovisi singenye yemicikilisho ehlala njalo nengokomfanekiso eMelika ebusa ngentando yeningi. Lomkhosi omfushane uphawula ukudluliselwa ngokuthula kwegunya lokubusa futhi ufaka umongameli ozayo ukuze asekele incwadi ephakeme kakhulu engokomthetho yesizwe. Kodwa naphezu kokulula nokuziphikisa okungokomlando okuphathelene nesifungo, isifungo siye saba indawo efinyela kakhulu yempikiswano yezombangazwe, engokomthetho, nengokwenkolo. Kusukela ekuphikisaneni okungalawulekiyo futhi kubekwe ngokushesha ezimpikiswaneni ezingokomthetho ngokuphathelene nokuvunywa kwenkolo, lezimpikiswano zinikeza ifasitela elambula izindinganiso zesizwe nengxabano engapheli. Ngokuhlola izimpikiswano ezingokomlando ezihlobene nesifungo, sizuza ukwazisa okujulileyo ngokubaluleka kwayo, nokudlalwa okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwesiko, umthetho, umthetho, nezinkolelo yomuntu siqu.

Imvelaphi Nezimpikiswano Zangaphambili

Isifungo sobumongameli sehhovisi singenye yezimfuneko ezimbalwa eziqondile kuMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. II, iSiqeshana 1, uClaus 8 unikeza amagama aqondile: "Ngiyafunga (noma ngiqinisekisa) ukuthi ngiyolikhipha ngokwethembeka iHhovisi likaMongameli wase-United States, futhi ngizokusebenzisela ekusebenziseni kahle kakhulu ikhono lami, ngilondoloze, ngivikele futhi ngivikele uMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States. Nokho, ukufushaniswa kwalo mshongo ngo1787 kwakungangaphikiswani. EMhlanganeni woMthetho-sisekelo, izihambeli zaphikisana ngokuthi isifungo kufanele sidingenzeke, ngokwesaba ukuthi singenza ukuhlolwa kwenkolo. Ulimi lokugcina luvunyelwe ngamabomu noma ngamabomu ukuthi "ingu" noma "inqaba" ukukhomba izifungo zalabo abamelene nalenkolo.

Lapho uGeorge Washington eba umongameli wokuqala ngo-1789, lomkhosi waqhutshwa e-Federal Hall yaseNew York City. UMahluleli oyinhloko weNkantolo Ephakeme yaseNew York, uRobert Livingston, wanikeza isifungo. Lapho iWashington iqeda, Livingston yamemezela ngokudume kakhulu, "Ukuphila kabanzi George Washington, uMongameli we-United States" kodwa nalesi senzakalo sokumiswa kwaqala sathatha i-friging: Washington yanezela amagama [[FLT: 0]] ukuze ingisize uNkulunkulu" [[[FLTY:1] ngemva kombhalo omisiwe, nakuba kungekho ngxelo yamanje eqinisekisa lokhu. Umthombo wokuqala othembekile wokusebenzisa inkulumo yaseWashington uvela emashumini eminyaka kamuva, uholele phambili empikiswa ukuba uphikiswayo ngokomlando ukuthi wayesho ngempela yini. Lempikiswano kamuva yayizophikisana nangawombangokwamandla omthetho womthetho womthetho.

Enye impikiswano yokuqala yayihilela uMongameli uJohn Adams. Ngo-1797, u-Adams wathatha isifungo kodwa abanye abakholelwa ku-Antifederali babuza ukuthi wayefunge ngokufanele yini ukwethembeka kuMthetho-sisekelo, wanikeza ukusekela kwakhe kwamuva nje kwe-Alien and Sedition Acts, abaningi ababeyibheka njengengavumelani nemithetho engokomthetho. Iphuzu elibanzi laliwukuthi isifungo sodwa sasingeke siqinisekise ukwethembeka kuMthendeleko uma umongameli kamuva ekwenza kube ngezindlela ezinwebela imingcele yaso. Lokhu kuphikisana phakathi kokufunda isifungo nokuziphatha komongameli kwakuzophinde kuphinde kuqhubeke kuwo wonke umlando waseMelika.

Izenzakalo Eziphawulekayo Zempikiswano Yesifuba

Ukuphumelela Komongameli Nezimpisi Ezisheshayo

Ezinye zezifungo ezibaluleke kakhulu ziye zavela ngokulandelana okungalindelekile ngenxa yokufa kukamongameli, lapho izimo ziphoqelela ukuba kufunwe ngokushesha, ngokuvamile, ukufunga. Ukufa kukaMongameli uWilliam Henry Harrison ngo-1841 kwaba ukuvivinywa kokuqala kwesimiso sokulandela umongameli. UMongameli uJohn Tyler wayesekhaya lakhe eWilliamsburg, eVirginia, lapho izindaba zifika. Umahluleli wabizwa, futhi uTyler wafunga emkhosini wangasese, okwaholela ekutheni: Ingabe uTyler ngempela wayengumongameli, noma u-"owayesebenza nje umongameli"? "Tyler Prence" waveza ukuthi umongameli uba umongameli ngokugcwele, hhayi nje umongameli. Nokho, ukuntu kwenkonzo yokuzivolo oluvamile nokungabaza kwamasonto avamile.

Icala eliphawuleka kakhulu lafika ngo-1881 ngemva kokubulawa kukaMongameli James A. Garfield. Umongameli uChester A. Arthur wayeseDolobheni laseNew York lapho ethola izwi lokufa kukaGarfield. Wafungela ekhaya lakhe ngomthetho weNkantolo Ephakeme eNew York oweqile, emcimbini wangasese. Abagxeki babuza ukuthi le nqubo yangahleliwe − − ngaphandle kwe-modum yezikhulu, ngaphandle kweminye i-Bhayibheli endabeni ethile. Umongameli u-Rhostry u-slym wathatha isifungo sesibili, ngokwengeziwe emphakathini eWashington, kodwa isenzakalo sagcizelela indawo empungala engokomthetho elandela inqubo yezomthetho yezomthetho engokomthetho phakathi nezifungo eziphuthumayo. Ngokufanayo, lapho uMongameli uFrankner Srum wafa ngokungazeleleki, uMphathiswa weSigodlodlome eWesi enkulu i-Fike eMesaster eMesahle eMesain enqaba esithile esincane ebekwe esincane, ebekwe esingokomthetho esibekwe singemthetho esingokomthetho esingokomthetho

IButho Lomoya IOath Enye: Lyndon B. Johnson, 1963

Mhlawumbe isifungo esikhulu se-odoli sizungeze impikiswano kaLyndon B. Johnson usho in Air Forend Mail Mail ngemva nje kwamahora amancane ngemva kukaMongameli uJohn F. Kennedy ukubulawa kwakhe ngoNovember 22, 1963. Ngokushaqeka kwesizwe, uJohnson wacela umahluleli kahulumeni ukuba akhiphe isifungo. Bathola uMahluleli weSigodi uSara T. Hughes . . futhi i-Shoe. uMahluleli wokuqala wezwe wezwe wezwe wawaseTexantile eTexasch enqabeni indiza enyinyeneyo. UJohnson wafaka isandla sakhe enqabeni eRoma Katolika (ewaseKennedy), kunokuba alahlekelwe iBhayibheli, futhi umkhosi omfushane wavela ngokushesha esithombeni enkantolo eyaziwa kakhulu. UPhosolo waphinde wakhipha isifungo esingubo esingundulo esingulweni esisobala esisobala kulowo ngokomthetho wale, futhi wathatha isifungo esingu-mfunda esingumelwayo esingu - ngokomthetho esingu - ngokomthetho wakhona, futhi waphinde wathatha umongameli

Iziphambeko Zesifuba Nokuphinde Kuthathwe

Ngisho namongameli ababekhethwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile baye bakhubeka ngenxa yesifungo. Ngo-2009, uMongameli uBarack Obama wanikeza ikheli elibushelelezi lokuvula isango, kodwa lapho uMahluleli omkhulu uJohn Roberts enikeza isifungo, wabuye wasilungisa kabusha isifungo. U-Obama waphinda-phinda izifungo ezingaqondile, okuphumela ekufungweni kwephutha. Ukugwema noma yiyiphi inselele yomthetho, u-Obama noRoberts baphindaphinda idili ngasese eWhite House Map House Home Home ngosuku olulandelayo, kodwa baphinde baphinda futhi baphindaphinde isifungo. Nakuba bebonakade beyinqaba kakhulu isixwayiso, abanye abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi isidingo sokufeza isithembiso esingaphezulu kakhulu nokubaluleka kwasobala. Lesi senzakalo savuselela ingxoxo mayelana nokuthi isikhulu sokulungisa inqubo kufanele yini ihlelwe ngendlela engenziwa ngayo noma ngokuzenzakashadisinyusi.

Isenzakalo esifanayo senzeka ngo-2017 lapho uMongameli uDonald J.Trump noMahluleli Omkhulu uRoberts fung ukulandelana kwesifungo. UTrump wabonakala ephazamisa uRoberts, futhi lezi zigqizomba ezimbili ezinambini ezishaya ihlombe emigqeni yokugcina. Akukho kuphinda kuthathwa njengokudingekile, kodwa igaffe yaphinde yaphakamisa imibuzo ngobukhulu obungokomthetho. Iqiniso lokuthi amazwi anjalo aphuzwayo alulazwa ngokungathi sína yizazi zomthetho futhi umphakathi uveza inhlonipho yenkolo esibhekene nayo.

Impikiswano Engokomthetho Neyomthetho - sisekelo

Impikiswano ethi "Ngaze Ngisize UNkulunkulu"

Impikiswano ephikelela kakhulu yomthetho-sisekelo mayelana nesifungo sikamongameli iphathelene negama elithi " kodwa ngisize ngiphethe uNkulunkulu. Njengoba kuphawuliwe, uGeorge Washington kungenzeka noma kungenzeka ukuthi akanezelanga kulo; kodwa ngekhulu lama-20, yaba yimpikiswano yomhlaba wonke. Umongameli ngamunye ngemva kukaFranklin D. Rooselt wafaka, noma esiphethweni sesifungo noma phakathi nesikhathi esiyimfihlo. Nokho, iSimemezelo Sokuqala sika Clauscle samisa ngokucacile u-Claus uweqedia uhulumeni ekunqandeni noma iyiphi inkolo. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukunezela isifungo esingokwenkolo esifuyweni somthetho womthetho kuyisimo sovivinyo lwenkolo, futhi uMthetho-mthetho owenqabela (i-Actal, VIE.).

Lezimpikiswano ziye zaholela ekuphikiseni okuningi okungokomthetho, nakuba kungekho noyedwa ophumelele ekususeni lenkulumo. Ngo-1934, uFakazi kaJehova wamangalela isifungo esiphansi esiqukethe "Nkulunkulu," kodwa iNkantolo Ephakeme yenqaba ukuzwa icala. Emashumini eminyaka amuva kakhulu, ukungakholelwa ebukhoneni bukaNkulunkulu kanye namahlelo ombuso baye baphikisa ukuthi umongameli ufaka inkulumo phakathi nomkhosi wasobala uwehlukanisa isonto nezwe. Ngo-201717, i-Humanist Association yaseMelika yafaka icala ngokumelene nekomiti ye-Trump eqeshiwe nge-Trump, kodwa umahluleli kahulumeni walahla isuth, ukungami kwesu. Isibonelo esisandisa "ukungisiza kwami uNkulunkulu" siyindlela efunwa ngumongameli, futhi ingekhona impikiswano engokomthetho.

Indlela Yokuthola Isikhala

Ilungiselelo loMthetho-sisekelo lokuthi "ingubo (noma isiqiniseko)" laklanyelwe ukukhosela amahlelo amancane enkolo anjengeQuaker, angafuni ukufunga. Phakathi neminyaka edlule, abambalwa kuphela abaholi abaye bakhetha ukuqinisekisa kunokuba bafunge. Ngo-1825, uJohn Quincy Adams wasebenzisa isinqumo ngoba kuthiwa akafuni ukufunga ngeBhayibheli. Muva nje, ngo-2021, uMongameli uJoe Biden wasebenzisa isiqinisekiso [“ubeka isandla sakhe phezu komkhaya wakhe iBhayibheli kodwa uthe "Ngiyaliqinisa" esikhundleni so" sokufunga."" isinqumo sikaBiden sabonwa kakhulu njengokuthi chayo kokubili ukholo lwakhe siqu nangolimi oluphelele lomthetho. Lomlando ubonisa ukuthi umsunguli olindele ukuvumelana, kodwa usalokhu ukhetha ngokudweba kwezelelwa kwezenkolo, noma ngokudweba kwezelelwa kwezenkolo.

Izincazelo zomthetho-sisekelo ze "Preserve, Vikela noMvikeli"

Isifungo sifuna ukuba umongameli aqhubeke, avikele futhi avikele uMthetho-sisekelo. Lolulimi luye lwaba yindaba yezimpikiswano ezingokomthetho ngokuphathelene namandla obumongameli. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nehlazo leWatergate, uMongameli uRichard Nixon wathi umsebenzi wakhe wokuvikela uMthetho-sisekelo wamnika igunya elikhulu lokuvikela ukulondeka kwesizwe, ngisho noma izenzo zakhe zephula imithetho evamile. Abagxeki bakhe baphikisa ukuthi incazelo esobala yesifungo yayifuna ukuba ayenze ngokwethembeka yonke imithetho, hhayi nje uMthetho-sisekelo ngomqondo olinganiselwe. Inkulumo kaMongameli uBill Clinton yahlanganisa nengxoxo yokuthi ukuqamba ngaphansi kwendaba yangasese kungukwephula umthetho wakhe ngokuthembeka. Lempi yezombangazwe iye yabonisa ukuthi isifungo asiyona nje imfuneko; isebenza njengomthetho nebhentshi engokomthetho.

Ngo-2021, ngemva kokuhlasela iCapitol ngo-January 6, iNdlu yaphikisana ngokuthi uDonald Trump owayenguMholi wayesona isifungo sakhe ngokukhuthaza ukuvukela. Isihloko se-etheach sathi uTrump wayehileleke "ebugebengwini obukhulu nasemaqenjini aphakeme" ngokuphula isifungo sakhe sokusekela uMthetho-sisekelo nokuqinisekisa ukudluliselwa ngokuthula kwegunya. Lo mgebe wanamuhla ubonisa ukuthi ulimi lwesifungo luhlala luyithuluzi lokulandisa emahhovisi aphezulu.

Imibono Nezinguquko Zanamuhla

Ukungezwani Nesizungu

Iminyaka yamuva nje iye yabona imizamo yokwenza isifungo sobumongameli sihlanganise ubulili kanye nezinkolo ezingezona ezobuKristu. Ngo-2013, lapho uMongameli uBarack Obama efunga okwesibili (kulokhu ekhuluma nomongameli uRoberts ngemva kokulungiswa kuka- 2009), wasebenzisa iBhayibheli elalikaMartin Luther King Jr. Kodwa ngokuphawulekayo kakhulu kwakuyingxoxo yasobala ngokuthi isifungo singaba ubulili nobulili. Umbhalo wesiko usebenzisa "his" lapho ubhekisele kumongameli, kodwa abesifazane abasabangemuva bekhishwa e-presidella. Abanye abakhulumeli baye basikisela ukubuyisa isifungo esibhaliwe ukuthi "wabo" noma "akhe, kodwa asizange" isifungo sakhe, kodwa asizange sihlongozwe ngokusemthethweni sisetshenziswe ngobuhlobo obungokomkhaya wakhe obungokomfanekiso. Ngokunjalo, umongameli wezwekazi usebenzise imibhalo engokwenkolo: judeachris, kodwa u-20171717, umongameli weBhayibheli noMongameli u-2017, u-201, u-201, umongameli weBhayibheli, u-201, umongameli wemideli, wasebenzisa izifungo sobungane wakhe, ngokukhetha

Ukuncika Kumongameli Esikhungweni

Izazi ezingokomthetho zanamuhla ziye zaphikisana ngokuthi umongameli uqala ngesikhathi esiqondile sokufunga noma emini ngemini ewusuku lobu - Inaugration. ISichibiyelo sama-20 sanyakazisa uSuku lokuHlakulwa kwezinsuku zeminyaka kuya ku-20, kodwa futhi sisho futhi igama likamongameli liqala emini. Nokho, isifungo siyimfuneko yokungenela ekubulaweni kwehhovisi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma umongameli ngesizathu esithile engasithathi siphi isizathu sokusithatha isifungo, noma ngenxa yokunqaba umongameli uzoba ngumongameli osebenzayo. Lesi sifungo siqokomisa ubunzima obuyingqayizivele bomthetho wesifungo. Ngo-2009, lapho u-Obama ethatha isifungo ngokungafanele, kwakunokungaqiniseki ukuthi ukudluliswa kwamandla kwakhe emini enkulu; iziQulu zezwe nezingcweti zomthetho ziphethe ukuthi umphumela owenziwe kanye nesemfashini, ye-tonto enzile.

Ukuqhathaniswa Kwamazwe Ngamazwe

Isifungo sobumongameli wase-U.S. sifushane uma siqhathaniswa nezifungo eziphethe amanye amazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, isifungo sikamongameli wase-Ireland siqukethe izithembiso ezinde zokusekela umthetho-sisekelo nemithetho. Isifungo se-U.S. sifushanisa nje amagama amafushane (amashumi amathathu) kuphela) okuwenza ungabi sengozini yokuchaza nokuphikisana, kodwa futhi ikwenze kube lula ukuchaza nokuzinqumela. Isiko lokunezela "ngangisiza mina ngithole uNkulunkulu" kuphela eMelika; amanye amazwe amaningi anezifungo ezicacile zezwe. Enkathini esemhlabeni yonke, kunengxoxo ekhulayo ukuthi i-United States kufanele ilondoloze yini ukubhekisa kwayo okungokwenkolo emkhosini wayo ephakeme kakhulu, ikakhulukazi njengoba izwe lihlukahluka kakhulu ngokwenkolo. Nokho, ukushintsha isiko kudinga ukumiswa komthetho, okungeke kuhlale kusenempikiswano.

Isiphetho

Isifungo sikamongameli sesikhundla, nakuba sichaza amazwi amafushane, sichaza ukuyinkimbinkimbi kokubusa komthetho-sisekelo waseMelika. Umlando waso ugcwele izimpikiswano mayelana nemikhosi esheshayo phakathi nezinkinga ezilandelanayo, ukufaneleka komthetho wezwe, ukufaneleka kolimi olungokwenkolo, kanye nencazelo eqondile yamazwi ayo. Isenzakalo ngasinye sembula izingxabano ezijulile: phakathi kwesiko nesimiso sobuzwe, phakathi kwesidingo somthetho nesidingo esisebenzayo, phakathi kobunye obungokomfanekiso nesigaba sezombangazwe. Isifungo ngokwaso siye sahlala singaguquki phakathi kwenkathi yokuqondana kwabantu, kodwa indlela ababusi abathatha ngayo kanye nendlela yomphakathi yokusabela kwayo kuqhubekela phambili. Njengoba isizwe sibhekene izinselele zesikhathi esizayo . . . . . . .[Njengoko isigaba sesikhathi esizayo, ukushisekela umbuso wezikhulu, ukuphikisana cishe kuhlala kusekunye, ukuhlanganisa ukuhlanganisa ukuhlanganisa ukuhlanganisa kwe-presignistlygalture ne-se.