Ukugunyazwa okungokomthetho nokukhishwa kwemithetho kusemzimbeni wanoma isiphi isimiso esifuna ukuvikela amalungelo abantu kuyilapho sinika umbuso amandla okuhlola nokumangalela ubugebengu obungathi sína. Ezimweni ezihilela ukuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu − ukuba khona kwemithetho eyenziwa abadlali bakahulumeni, amaqembu ahlomile angekho mbuso, noma abantu ngabanye (imfuneko yokugunyazwa kuba yisivikelo esibalulekile semithetho esemthethweni. Ngaphandle kokunamathela ngokuqinile ezindinganisweni zomthetho, zona kanye amathuluzi ahloselwe ukuvikela ubulungisa angaba amathuluzi okusetshenziswa kabi. Lesi sihloko sihlola izindinganiso zomthetho zezizwe zonke ezibusa imibandela emongweni, izimiso eziyinhloko eziwasekelayo, ngaphandle kwezimiso ezikhona, nezinselele ezisebenzayo eziphakamayo lapho lezindinganiso zivivinywa.

Izabelo Zomthetho Zamazwe Ngamazwe Ezikhungo Ezilawulayo

Isisekelo sezimfuneko ezigunyaziwe zomthetho wamalungelo abantu sakhiwe phezu kwezivumelwano ezibophayo, umthetho wezizwe zonke, nezincazelo ezinegunya zezinhlangano zamalungelo abantu. Imithombo evelele kakhulu ihlanganisa iSivumelwano sezizwe zonke samalungelo abantu (ICCPR), i-European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), i-American Convention on Human Rights, ne-African Charter on Human and People’s Rights. Inye yalezi zinsimbi isivikelo senkululeko, kanye nenqubo efanelekile evimbela ngokuqondile ukuthi imibandela ingakhishwa futhi ibulawe kanjani.

Ilungelo Lokuba Wedwa Nenqubo Efanele Ngaphansi Kwe - ICCPR

ISiphakamiso 17 se-ICCPR sivimbela ukuphazamisa okuzenzekelayo noma okungekho emthethweni ngendawo yomuntu eyimfihlo, umkhaya, ekhaya, noma iposi. IKomiti Ejikelele yamaLungelo Yabantu icacisa ukuthi noma ikuphi ukungenela kwe-UN (kuhlanganisa nokuhlola, ukuqapha, nokuthatheka kwempahla) kumelwe kugunyazwe umthetho, ulinganisele izimo, futhi kuvumelane namalungiselelo, izinhloso, nezinhloso zesivumelwano. Lokhu kudinga ukuba izivumelwano zikhishwe kuphela ngesisekelo esimiswe umthetho futhi umthetho ngokwawo ufanele ukufinyelelwa, futhi ubonakale kusengaphambili ekusetshenzisweni kwawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, noma iziphi izinto eziphazamisayo kumelwe zivunyelwe futhi zihambisane nenhloso esemthethweni, njengesivikelo sesizwe noma uhlelo lomphakathi, noma ukuvikelwa komthetho.

ISiphakamiso 9 se-ICCPR sivikela ilungelo lenkululeko nokulondeka komuntu, sichaza ukuthi akekho oyoboshwa noma avalelwe ejele ngokungenasizathu. Lokhu kuqinisa imfuneko yokuthi imfuneko yokuboshwa noma ukuboshwa kumelwe isekelwe ezisekelweni futhi izinqubo ezimiswe umthetho. IKomiti iye yagcizelela ukuthi ngisho nasezimweni ezithiwa ukuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu, izigodlo azinakudlula lezisivikelo ezingokwesiko ngaphandle kokwephula isivumelwano.

Izimiso Zamalungelo Abantu Zesifunda Nomthetho Wazo

INkantolo yaseYurophu yamaLungelo eHumani iye yasungula indikimba enkulu yezimfuneko ze-jurisprudument ezingokomthetho ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 8 (ilungelo lokuhlonipha ukuphila kwangasese nomkhaya) neSiphakamiso 5 (ilungelo lenkululeko nokulondeka) se-ECHR. Ezimweni eziphawulekayo njenge [FLT]][FLT]] [[FLT]] [[12]] [1078]), iNkanto ephethe ukuthi imingcele yokuqapha imfihlo kumelwe igwegwe ngokuxhaphaza okunga nokuphumelelayo kokuxhaphaza, kuhlanganise nemvume ekhishwa yigunya elizimele. [FLT] [FLT] [FOV v.[FFFF] [5] [FF] [19] [19] [19]

INkantolo yase-Internat American of Human Rights iye yagcizelela ngokufanayo ukuthi imvume kumelwe ikhishwe yigunya lokwahlulela elifanele futhi kumelwe ichaze indawo okumelwe ihlolwe kuyo, izinto ezizothathwa, nabantu ababoshweyo. Echer v. BRAZIL][[FLT] [2009] [2009], iNkantolo yanquma ukuthi ukuvinjelwa kwezingxoxo zocingo ngaphandle kwemvume yenkantolo engokomthetho engokomthetho weSiphakamiso 11 se-Sivumelwano somuntu neSivumelwano saseMelika. IKhomisha yaseAfrika eSivume ukuthi isikhululo sasomthetho sayo senkululeko nokuhlola kumelwe isekelwe enkantolo ezimele.

Izimfuneko Zokulwela Izivumelwano Zomthetho

Ngalé kwalezi zimo zomhlaba nezisendaweni, kuvela izimiso ezine eziyisisekelo: isisekelo esingokomthetho, ukuqondisa kokwahlulela, ukuchaza, nokudinga nokulinganisela. Ukuqonda lezizimiso kubalulekile ekuhloleni ukuthi ifadi likhona yini, futhi izenzo ezithathwa ngaphansi kwalo zihambisana nezindinganiso zamalungelo abantu.

Isisekelo Esingokomthetho: UMthetho Ocacile, Ofinyelelekayo, Nongabikezelwa

Imfuneko yokuqala iwukuthi amandla okukhipha imvume kumelwe asekelwe emthethweni wasekhaya. Izimiso zesikhulu esiphetheyo, imithetho eyimfihlo, noma iziphathi-mandla ezibanzi zegunya aziyisuthi lendinganiso. Umthetho kumele utholakale futhi wenziwe ngokunembe ngokwaneleyo ukuze ukwazi ukwenza abantu bakwazi ukubona kusengaphambili izimo lapho kungakhishwa khona imvume. Lo mthetho wawusemqoka ekucabangeni kweNkantolo yaseYurophu [[FLT:][FLT] [1] [[FLT].UMVULO . [[FLT][1][1983] [1] [1], lapho iNkathi yeNkanto ethola ukuthi imicimbi yocingo yayingena isisekelo esingokomthetho ngenxa yokuthi iziqondiso zokuphatha zazingabopheki ngokomthetho futhi zingavikeli lutho. Igunyaze umthetho ongokomthetho, kumelwe isho ukuthi izimpawu zezindawo, noma izindlela zokulungalunga, noma izigaba zezindawo.

Ukuphatha Kokwahlulela: Igunya Elizimele Nelingakhethi

Ama-warrant kumelwe abukezwe futhi avunyelwe yigunya lokwahlulela elizimele − ngokushoshozelele umahluleli noma imantshi (_ngaphambi kokuba afe). Umzimba obukezelweyo kumelwe uhlukaniswe negatsha eliphethe futhi usebenzise ukuqonda okuqotho ekuhloleni ukuthi izinhlelo ezingokomthetho ziyahlanganwa yini. Ingxenye [ izikhulu zecala] zivamile, kodwa uma ijaji lisamele linemvume yolwazi olwanele ukuze lenze isinqumo. I-UN Rap ekhethekile i-porterkunyuse ukuthuthukisa nokuvikela amalungelo abantu kuyilapho ivimbela ubuphekulawuli bugcizelelwe ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi izikhulu zezokuphatha, njengabaphathi bezempatho noma inkonzo yezezwe, akumelwe kwaneliswe imfuneko yokwahlulela ngaphansi komthetho wezwe wonke umhlaba wonke. Ezimweni ezikhethekile, ukubukezweni zokwahlulela okusemthethweni kuphela, kodwa uma kuvusenziswa, futhi kusebenza ngokusemthethweni, futhi kungenziwa ngesikhulu esingokomthetho.

Ukuchaza Ngokuqondile: Ukuchaza Ubungako Besithathi - mkhosi

Imvume ebanzi kakhulu noma engacacile imema ukusetshenziswa kabi. Izindinganiso zomhlaba wonke zidinga ukuba imvume ngayinye isho ngokusemthethweni indawo okumelwe iphenywe kuyo, izinto okumelwe zithathwe, abantu abazoboshwa, nesikhathi sokugunyazwa. Ukuhlola ngemishini, lokhu kusho ukuphawula isisulu noma umshini wokuxhumana okuqondile okumelwe kugadwe, kanye nesikhathi lapho umthetho weJalimane ubekwe khona ngokusemthethweni. INkantolo yaseYurophu [[FLT]] ne Saravia v. [[200] [200] [indlela eqondile] [indlela yokuxhumana] ithola ukuthi umthetho wesiJalimane ukuhlolwa okufanelekile kuhambelana ngokwezingxenye ngayinye ngenxa yezimpawu ezidingekayo zezindlela kanye nokulawulwa kwemiboniso.

Isidingo Nenzuzo: Ukulinganisela Izithakazelo Zamalungelo NoMbuso

Umyalo kumelwe udingeke kakhulu ezimweni ezikhona, okusho ukuthi izindlela ezimbalwa zokuzithethelela kumelwe zibe khona. Ngokwesibonelo, ukunqanda ukugconwa okungahileli ukuvuselelwa kwempi enobudlova okungahileli ubudlova obusemthethweni kunganenelisa, kanti lokhu kuhlola okuphakathi kudinga ukumiswa okukhulu kakhulu uma ukuhlolwa kuhilela ukuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu. Ukuhlasela okukhulu, ukuthethelela okuqinile okumelwe kube khona. Izimiso eziqinile zifuna ukuba umuntu osolwayo abulawe ngokubhikisha okungesibo ubudlova okungahileli ukulwa kobudlova okungahileli ezinqindeki cishe kungaba yi-swana, kanti imvume yokufuna ukuqeqeshwa kwe-atompi ngokuqondene nobugebengu obumelene nomphakathi womuntu ngisho noma kuhilela ukuphazamisa okukhulu amalungelo empahla. Isimiso sokulinganisela sifuna ukuba abulawe ngendlela elimazayo isigaba nesithunzi sabantu. I-Afrika isibopho esihlangene sokwenqabelanisa isigaba somkhaya esingaphansi komthetho somthetho sesigaba somkhaya esingu-18 ngaphansi kweSigqeqeqeqeshiwe.

Imisebenzi Eyingqayizivele Namandla Aphuthumayo

Umthetho wamalungelo abantu uyaqaphela ukuthi izimo ezingavamile zingase zidinge ukuthatha isinyathelo esisheshayo, kuhlanganise phakathi nempi elwiwayo, izinhlekelele zemvelo, noma izinsongo eziphuthumayo ekuphileni.

Ukuzisola Ngezikhathi Zomphakathi Eziphuthumayo

Ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 4 se-ICCPR kanye namalungiselelo afanayo emihlanganweni yesifunda, izifunda zingasusa izibopho ezithile ngezikhathi zempi noma eziphuthumayo zomphakathi ezisongela ukuphila kwesizwe. Nokho, ukugwetshwa kumelwe kumenyezelwe ngokomthetho, kudingeke ngokuqinile, nangaphansi kwezimo, futhi kuvumelane nezinye izibopho ngaphansi komthetho wezizwe. Okubaluleke kakhulu, ilungelo lokuphila (ngaphandle kwezenzo ezingokomthetho zempi), ukuvinjelwa kokuhlushwa nokuphathwa ngonya, futhi ukuvinjelwa kokuncishwa kwenkululeko okungenasizathu akunakwenzeka. Ngisho nasesimweni esiphuthumayo, imvume yokuboshwa noma ukuphenywa kumelwe ihambisane nezimfuneko eziyisisekelo zesisekelo esingokomthetho nesidingo, futhi nanoma yiziphi izintambo zokugebenga okumelwe zikhululwe futhi zilungiswe. Ikomiti yomuntu i-UN ixwayise ukuthi isilinganiso esilinganiselwe futhi kufanele iphinde ilungiswe ngokushesha.

Izimo Eziphuthumayo Neziqothulayo

Izimiso eziningi zomthetho zivumela ukuba kukhishwe ngesisekelo esinqunyiwe . noma ngisho nangemva kokubulawa kwecala ("lapho kunosongo lokufa oluseduze, ukulimala okungathi sína, noma ukubhujiswa kobufakazi.) Ngokwesibonelo, amaphoyisa angangena esakhiweni ngaphandle komthetho uma ezwa ukudutshulwa futhi akholelwa ukuthi ukuphila komuntu kusengozini esheshayo. [FLT] [12] [12] [12] [inani lamalunga] kulungile], iNkakhulu leNkanto eyenzeka ngaphandle kwemvume yokukhokhwaza], futhi iNkantolo yaseYurophu inciphekalela ukuthi ukungenela kwecala kulungile futhi ivimbela ukuncintiswa kweSiphana esingokomthetho ngenxa yenkolelo efanelekile.[FLT:][FLT] [FLT]] v.[FLT2] [FLT2] [12] [impe] [impergit:] [1999]), uma ingenakuvikelwa isigwebo, kumelwe ukuba incikelelwe ngempela, uma ingekho imvume yokuncikelelwa, uma ingekho, uma imvume yokuncikelele

Isivikelo Ekuxhashazweni

Uma imvume ivunyelwe, izifunda-mazwe kumelwe zisebenzise izikhundla ezinjengokucela imvume ebhalwe phansi kumphathi omkhulu ongahilelekile ngokuqondile emsebenzini, ukubeka imingcele eqinile yesenzo esingagunyaziwe, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ubufakazi obutholayo bubukeziwe futhi bungakhishwa uma isisekelo sokuphuthuma singantuleki. I-Inter-American Commission on Human Rights itusa ukuba noma ikuphi ukubukeza komthetho obhaliwe ngemva kokuhlola noma ukuboshwa kungenziwa ngaphandle kokulibala, futhi umuntu othintekile athole amalungelo abo ngaphandle kokulibala. Ngaphandle kwalokho, imingcele ehlukene ilulaza umthetho, nezindinganiso ezingokomthetho zemithetho yemithetho yemithetho zingasho lutho.

Izinselele Ezihambisana Nemikhuba: Lapho Izindinganiso Ziwohloka

Naphezu kokuba khona kwezindinganiso zomthetho ezinemininingwane, izimfuneko zokugunyazwa zivame ukuncishiswa emacaleni ahilela ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu. Abakhiqizi (ngokuvamile) abavukeli bezokuphepha, amaqembu ezempi, noma abantu abanamandla) bangase babe nekhono lokudlula noma lonakalise inqubo yokugunyazwa. Ukuqonda lezi zinselele kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqiniseni icala.

Inkinga Yokunqamula Izindlela Zokuxhumana Nezinhlayiya Zesimiso

Emazweni amaningi, abacwaningi ababhekene nezinsolo zokuhlukunyezwa, ukubulawa okuphoqelelwe, noma ukubulawa komthetho owengeziwe kwaziwa ukuba bathole imvume esekelwe ebufakazini obuqanjiwe, noma ukuqhuba ukuphenya nokubopha ngaphandle kwanoma yisiphi isiqinisekiso. Ukuntuleka kobubonisi bokuzimela ezimpini-zezeze noma zobushiqela kusho ukuthi ngisho nokuvunyelwa okungokomthetho kokwahlulela kungaba isitembu senjoloba. I-UN Spec Rappocerteur eqekeleleneyo, ukufushana noma ukubulala okungadingekile kuye kwafakazela izenzakalo eziningi lapho amabutho ezisebenzi zobukhokha noma ibhuleki efuna ukugcinwa kwemithetho engaphansi kokulwa kobuphekulamba. [Fectivetion] futhi izikhulu zikamthetho ezisemthethweni zezincwadi zihlukanisa izinto ezingokoqobo. Izinkantolo zomhlaba zonke nezindikimba zabantu ziye zagcizelela ukuthi ukutholakala nje kwenqubo yokugcinwa kwemvume; [Foctivetion:]

Izinselele Zokusebenza Kwamanani Nezokuhleleka Kwesiphambano

Ukuvela kwezokuxhumana kwemishini kuye kwaveza izinkimbinkimbi ezintsha. Izimo zemishini zokuhlola zidinga ukuvezwa kwemiyalo yemethametha noma ukunqatshelwa kwangempela, futhi izifundazwe zincike ekwakheni umthetho wezwe ongase ungane nezindinganiso zezizwe zonke. Izambulo zeSnowden [ ezidalweyo zezinhlelo zokuhlola eziqoqa izigidi zabantu ezingenazo izivumelwano. Amahlelo amalungelo abantu, kuhlanganise ne-UN Human Rights Council Council neNkantolo yaseYurophu, ziye zacacisa ukuthi ukuvinjelwa okukhulu kusamelwe kubekwe esivumelweni esizimeleyo nezivikelo zokwakha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma imininingwane igcinwa kwenye imvume yokuhlola, izicelo zesiphambaza ezingokomthetho (noma izicelo ezingokomthetho) kumelwe zihloniphe kokubili izicelo zomthetho ezifaka imvume yomthetho nezomthetho owenqabayo. Imicimbi ezindaweni zokungamele izibalo zibekwe ngaphandle kwemishwa ukuba imibandela ezingokomthetho ezingokomthetho zezindawo ezingokomthetho, kodwa ngaphandle kweminye ezindaweni eziphambili, futhi zingavunywayo

Ubufakazi Obutholakala Ngemithetho Ephula Amalungelo Abantu

Indaba enzima kakhulu ihlanganisa ukusebenzisa ubufakazi obatholwa ngokuphula izimfuneko ezingokomthetho, noma ukuhlukumeza. Izinkantolo zobugebengu zomhlaba wonke, njengeNkantolo yamalungelo abantu (ICC), ngaphansi kwemfundiso yesihlahla iveza ukuthi ubufakazi obutholakalayo belungelo labantu eliqashelwayo emhlabeni wonke abunakungamukeleki uma ukungabaza ukukhohliswa kwalo noma ukuvinjelwa kungenziwa ngokumelene nokuthembeka kwayo noma uma ukuvunyelwa komthetho kumelene nokugcinwa kwecala okungokomthetho. Imithetho yomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho owezwe lonke (ICCCCC), iveza isimiso esinamandla sokulwa kwamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke, uma kungenziwangatshalwa kwemithetho engokomthetho engokomthetho engokomthetho engokomthetho, futhi kuvunywa ngokungemthetho oqinile.

Ukulandisa Nezixazululo

Ukusekela izindinganiso ezigunyazwayo kudinga okungaphezu nje kokwenza imithetho ngokucophelela; kudinga isimiso sokulandisa esinikeza amakhambi okuphulwa kwemithetho futhi siqede ukuxhashazwa kwesikhathi esizayo.

Umthwalo Wemfanelo Womuntu Ngamunye Nombuso

Uma imvume ikhishwa ngokungafanele noma ikhishwa, umuntu othintekile unelungelo lokubekela inselele ukukhokhwa kwakhe komthetho phambi kwenkantolo futhi afune isinxephezelo sokulimala. Ngaphansi kweSiphakamiso 2(3) se-ICCPR, amaqembu asho ukuthi noma ubani omalungelo akhe aphulwayo athole ikhambi eliphumelelayo. Lokhu akuhlanganisi nje kuphela ukulahlwa kophendlo olungekho emthethweni noma ukuboshwa kodwa ukufinyelela ekwahluleleni izigilamkhuba eziphethe uma izenzo zawo zizenza ngamabomu noma zidebeva kakhulu. Izinkantolo zamalungelo abantu ziye zakhokha imbuyiselo enkulu yemali ebangelwe ukuphelwa nokupheliswa okungekho emthethweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbuso ngokwawo ungabekwa icala lokungahleleki kwemithetho yawo ezimisweni, njengasemthethweni kwecala [FLD:][FLD][2] [2]

Ukuhlolwa Nokubikwa Kwamazwe Ngamazwe

Izinqubo zamalungelo abantu emhlabeni wonke, njenge-Universal Peace Recenter Review, indikimba yesivumelwano kubika, kanye nezinqubo ezikhethekile, zihlola njalo ukuvumelana kwezwe ngezimfuneko eziyimfuneko. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuphawula kokugcina kweKomiti yamaLungelo e-Human kuvame ukudinga ukushintshwa komthetho ovumela ukuqashwa okubanzi, okungenazibophi ezigunyazayo noma okungenazo izikhululo ezanele zokwahlulela. Izinhlangano ezingakhokhi zikahulumeni, njenge-Human Rights Watch ne-International Commission of Jurists, zikhipha imibiko eningi ngokuhluleka kwenqubo engokomthetho, okungabangela ukucindezela kwezokuxhumana nokusebenzisa imibandela yezelulekwa kwezeluleko. I-UN ekhethekile Rapporteturkertur (irvey) ikhiphe iziqondiso zemithetho yokuhlola imithetho yesizwe, igcizelela ukuthi noma isiphi isigaba se-ogcompaneze futhi kumelwe sihona ihlelwe yindikimba esizimele.

Isiphetho

Izindinganiso ezingokomthetho zokugunyaza izimfuneko ezingokomthetho ezisemthethweni wokwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu aziyona izifiso ezingekho noma inqubo. Zingamathuluzi asebenzayo aklanyelwe ukulinganisela umsebenzi kahulumeni wokuhlola nokusingatha ubugebengu obukhulu ngelungelo lomuntu lokungaphazanyiswa ngokungenangqondo. Umthetho wezizwe zonke ufuna ukuba iziqondiso zishiywe ngegunya elingokomthetho, zikhishwe yisikhulu esizimele, kodwa zicatshangelwe ngokwezimo ezidingekayo, futhi zifanele ukuhlelwa ngokwezimo ezingokomthetho. Izimiso zikhona ngenxa yezimo eziphuthumayo, kodwa zilinganiselwe kakhulu futhi kumelwe zihambisane nezindlela eziqinile. Uma kusetshenziswa inqubo, lezizindinganiso zivame ukuvinjelwa yisijeziso, ukucushwa kwemibandela, ukucushwa kwemithetho, kodwa ukusebenza okusebenzayo, kuhlanganise nemithetho ehlukene, imikhambiso, ukuhlelwa kwabantu ngabanye, nokuhlelwa kwezizwe ngezindawo ezinikezwayo ngempela, futhi kuvinjelwe abantu.

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka i-Pangano yezizwe zonke yamalungelo omphakathi nawezombangazwe , iKomiti yamaLungelo Angabantu ye-UN iphendula uNo. Ngokuvamile elungelweni lokufihla, neNkantolo YaseYurophu Yamalungelo Abantu e [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [[FLT:]] [[5] .ROMALT] u-Zokharony v. Russia[[FLT]], i- African Commissionsion [[FLT:]] inikeza iziphakatho ezibalulekile ezidingweni zokuhlola.[FLT]