Uphenyo lwezokwelapha luhlanganisa ulwazi olusheshayo lwesineke, lwenze inqubo engokomthetho yokufinyelela amarekhodi anjalo abe yisivikelo esibucayi samalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Ukugcinwa komthetho nochwepheshe bezomthetho kumelwe basebenzise uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwezimfuneko ezigunyaziwe ezisekelwe eSimisweni sesine. Amaphutha kulenqubo anganikeza ubufakazi obungenakufinyelelwa futhi afake engozini ubuqotho babo bonke uphengululo. Lesi sihloko sinikeza ukuhlola okusheshayo kwezindinganiso ezingokomthetho zokufuna izimfuneko ezingokomthetho ekuphenyeni okungaphikiswa, ukuvala isisekelo sokufuna nokuthatha umthetho owenzile, imfuneko yesizathu, ngaphandle kokwenza umthetho, ukuhlola kwenkantolo, nokuhlola okuwusizo kochwepheshe bezokwelapha kanye nabaphengulukisi.

Isichibiyelo Sesine Nemibhalo Egciniwe Yezokwelapha

ISichibiyelo sesine se-United States soMthetho-sisekelo sivikela abantu ekuphenyeni okungenangqondo nasekuqulekeni. Siveza ukuthi imvume kumelwe itholakale kabanzi ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni afune noma athathe impahla yomuntu, kuhlanganise namarekhodi abo ezokwelapha. INkantolo Ephakeme iqaphele isikhathi eside ukuthi abantu balindele imfihlo enengqondo elwazini lwabo lwezokwelapha. Katz v. United States[FLD] [1967] [19], iNkanto esungula ukuhlolelwa kokunquma ukuthi ingesikhathi sokuhlola kwenzeka: okokuqala, umuntu kumelwe abonise ukuma okungokoqobo kwemfihlo; futhi okwesibili, ukuthi ulindele ukuba umphakathi ukulungele ukuqaphela ngokunengqondo. Imibiko yezokwelapha yanelisa kalula, njengoba iziguli zihlanganyela imininingwane ehlangene neyo eyimfihlo mayelana nokuqondana kahle.

Kulenkathi yanamuhla yezibalo, ukuphatha amaCarcenter v. United States kuyafundisa futhi (208). Nakuba icala elithinta indawo yamangqamuzana-encwadi, iNkantolo igcizelela ukuthi abantu banokulindela okukhulu kobuso bomuntu phakathi kwazo zonke izinto zabo ezingokomzimba, futhi ukuqonda okufanayo kudlulela kuwo wonke umlando wezokwelapha. Amarekhodi empilo (EHR) aqukethe ukwaziswa okubanzi okuthi uma i-expagrate, kungaveza izici eziningi eziyimfihlo zokuphila komuntu. Njengomphumela, izinkantolo ziye zakholelwa njalo ukuthi isiqinisekiso esisekelwa yisizathu esilindelekile sidingeka ngokomthetho ukuze kugcinwe irekhodi yokwelapha, ngaphandle kokwenza.

UMnyango Wezempilo Nezinkonzo Zobuntu (HHHS) uye waqinisa lesi simiso futhi ngaphansi komthetho weHealth Inshuwarence Portability and Accountability Act (HIPA) Umthetho wobumfihlo, ovame ukuvimbela izakhi ezimbozwe ukufihla ukwaziswa okuvikelekile kwempilo (PHI) ngaphandle kwemvume yesineke, ngaphandle kokuba idingelwe umthetho, futhi uma kuvunyelwa kuphela ngemvume, ipena, noma enye inqubo esemthethweni. Lokhu kuhlanganisa isimiso somthetho wemithetho nemithetho evimbelayo kugcizelela ukuyinkimbinkimbi kwezimfuneko ezigunyaziwe ekuhloleni kwezokwelapha.

Izindinganiso Ezinengqondo Zezokwelapha Eziwumlutha Wezokwelapha

Imbangela efanelekile indinganiso yomthetho-sisekelo okumelwe yaneliswe phambi kwejaji noma imantshi ingakhipha imvume yokufuna ukugunyazwa komthetho ukuba ungene emarekhodini ezokwelapha. Uma kubhekiselwa ekuhloleni kodokotela, kungenzeka ukuthi kudinga ukuba uhulumeni anikeze amaqiniso anele nezimo ukuze abangele umuntu onengqondo akholelwe ukuthi ubufakazi bokungalawuleki noma ukuziphatha okubi okuhlobene nakho bukhona emarekhodini afunwayo. Lokhu kuyisithimbe esiphezulu kunokusola nje noma ukuqashelwa.

I-ffidavit esekela isicelo sokuhlinza kumelwe isungule i-nexist phakathi kwe-accom eshiwo ukuthi ayisebenzi kahle nemibhalo egciniwe ukuze ihlolwe. Ngokwesibonelo, uma uphenyo luphathelene nodokotela ohlinzayo owenza inqubo ebangela ukulimala kweziguli, i-ffidavit kumelwe ichaze ukuthi kungani imibhalo yezokwelapha yesiguli, izingodo zodokotela zokuhlinza, noma imibhalo elawula izinga lesibhedlela idinga ubufakazi bokunganaki, ukwenza okubi ngamabomu, noma ukwephula izinga lokunakekela. Izinkantolo ziqaphe ngokukhethekile lapho izinhlu zifuna iziguli ezingazitholi izisulu zokuhlola. Ezimweni ezinjalo, uhulumeni kumelwe ubonise ukuthi imibhalo yemibhalo ibalulekile ekufakazeleni inkolelo yokuhlola nokudoba nje.

Imbangela eqinisekile ingamiswa futhi ngezinkulumo zobufakazi, imibono engochwepheshe, ukuthatha amavidiyo, noma ukuphikisana kwemibhalo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma umhlengikazi ofushanizi ikhwelo ebika ukuthi udokotela oqanjiwe ngemva kokusebenza kwangemva kokuhlinzwa ufihla iphutha, leyo nkulumo, kanye nokuncipha kwesiguli ngokungalindelekile, inganikeza imbangela elindelekile. Imvume futhi kumelwe ichaze amarekhodi ukuba abanjwe ngokuqondisisa, ukugwema ukuchaza okuningi kakhulu noma okuvamile okungasakaza ukwaziswa okungangaqondani. Lemfuneko ivimbela ukukhokhwa okuvamile — uhlobo olufuna ukwenqatshelwa ngokucacile.

UMnyango wobulungisa wase-U.S. (DOJ) unikeza iziqondiso ezihlelekile ezisemphumeni wokuhlola amarekhodi ezokwelapha , ugcizelela isidingo sokudweba ngokucophelela ukuze umelane nokuhlolwa komthetho. Abangenisi belulekwa ukuba bathintane nabashushisi noma abaqondisi abangokomthetho ngaphambi kokunikeza ifomu eligunyaza imvume kumajaji, ikakhulukazi lapho besebenzelana nomongo ocacile wendlela yokwelapha.

Abahlukile Endinganisweni Eqaphile

Nakuba iSichibiyelo Sesine ngokuvamile sifuna imvume, izinkantolo ziye zaqaphela okuningana okuye kwavumela ukugcinwa komthetho ukuba kutholakale amarekhodi ezokwelapha ngaphandle kokuthola kuqala.

Usizo

Uma isiguli sivuma ngokuzithandela ukuvezwa kwamarekhodi aso ezokwelapha, akukho mvume edingekile. Kumelwe sivume ukwazi, sihlakaniphe, futhi sizimisele — hhayi ngokuphoqelelwa yimithetho elawulayo. Ekuhloleni kwezokwelapha, abacwaningi bangase bacele imvume yokuthola amarekhodi. Ababezokwelapha kufanele babhale noma isiphi imvume ebhalweni, ngokuvumelana ne-HIPAA. Nokho, imvume ingalinganiselwa ngokobungakanani; ngokwesibonelo, isiguli singavuma ukukhipha amarekhodi esikhathi esithile noma isimo esithile, ilinganisele ukufinyelela kwaleyo mininingwane kuphela.

Izimo Ezibi

Izimo ezixoxiwe zithethelela ukuphenya okungenasiqinisekiso lapho kunokusongela ukuphila okusheshayo, ingozi yokucekelwa phansi kobufakazi, noma ingozi ukuthi umsoli angase abaleke. Ekuhloleni kwezokwelapha okungahleleki, kungase kuvele ukuqubuka uma kungenzeka kunesizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi amarekhodi ezokwelapha asezoguqulwa noma abhujiswe.Ngokwesibonelo, uma umphathi wesibhedlela efunda ngokumangalelwa okusondelayo futhi eqala ukuchithwa kwezincwadi, umthetho ungathatha lawomarekhodi ngaphandle kwemvume yokuwalondoloza. Nokho, inkantolo ngokucophelela izimpawu zokungagunyazi, futhi uhulumeni uthwele umthwalo omkhulu wokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuthola isiqinisekiso akunakwenzekanga ngaphansi kwezimo.

Imibono Esobala Nevulekile

Umbono ocacile uvumela isikhulu ukuba sithathe ubufakazi ngaphandle kobufakazi obusobala uma isikhulu sikhona ngokomthetho futhi isimo esicatshangelwe sobufakazi sisobala ngokushesha. Esimweni sasesibhedlela, lokhu kungasebenza uma umhloli ekhona ngokomthetho (umz., ngaphansi kwesiqinisekiso esingokomthetho ngenye injongo) futhi sibone amashadi aguqukile asobala afihlekile. Nokho, isimo esiyimfihlo semibhalo yezokwelapha sisho ukuthi umbono ocacile awuvamile ukuhlukani — imibhalo igcinwe ngokwesiko emakhabetheni, ezimisweni zobuchwepheshe, noma kwezinye izindawo ezingabonwa kalula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, “amasimu avulekile” imfundiso ngokuvamile ayisebenzi ezikhungweni zempilo, okungasetshenziswa ezikhungweni zokunakekela impilo, ezingekho imvume yokusebenza kwezolimo.

Izinduna Nezisebenzi Eziphethe

Kwezinye izinqubo zezokwelapha ezingekho semthethweni, ikakhulukazi lezo eziqondiswa yizindikimba zezezokwelapha zezwe noma ze-Dervince of Health, imvume yokulawula noma uphenya ingasetshenziswa esikhundleni semvume yokuhlola ngokwesiko. Imvume yomthetho ayidingi cishe izimbangela zobugebengu; kunalokho, zifuna indinganiso ephansi — ukucabangela okumelwe kusekelwe ebufakazini obuqondile bokuthi ukuphenya kugunyazwe umthetho futhi amarekhodi abalulekile. Nokho, ekuhloleni izigebengu zezokwelapha okungaholela ekumangaleleni, iSichibiyelo sesine esibangela ukuba indinganiso sisebenze. Umgca phakathi komphathi nobugebengu ubalulekile: uma ukuphenya okusemthethweni ukuhlola umthetho, umthetho ungakwazi ukusebenzisa ukuqondisa ukuthatha imibandela engaphansi ukuze kudlulisele imfuneko.

Izindawo Zokuxilonga Ezivunyelwe

HIPAA uvumela ukuvubukulwa okuthile kwe-PHI ngaphandle kwemvume yokugcinwa komthetho ngesineke, kodwa ngaphansi kwezimo eziqinile. Ngokwesibonelo, izinhlangano ezifihlweyo zingadalula i-PHI ngokusabela kumthetho wenkantolo, i-topiena, noma isicelo sokuphatha uma kuhlangatshezwa izimfuneko ezithile, njengokunikeza isaziso esiyisiguli noma ukuthola uhlelo olufanele lwesivikelo. Nokho, lezi zindawo ze-HIPAA aziyidluli iSimemezelo sesine. Isiqinisekiso esiwukwephula iSiphendulo sesine singasene sesenzwe, ngisho noma kuhlangane nezimfuneko ezithile ne-HIPAA. Ngakho, abaxhasi bezokwelapha akumelwe bathembele kuphela ekubhaleni ngaphandle kwe-HIPAA ngaphandle kwemvume esobala, ngaphandle kokuba isimo sivele phakathi kwemvume engokomthetho noma imvume.

Inqubo Yokusebenzisa Ephuthumayo

Ukuthola isiqinisekiso sokuthola amarekhodi ezokwelapha ekuhloleni okungahleleki kuhilela izinyathelo eziningana eziklanyelwe ukuvikela amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu nokuqinisekisa ukuqondisa kokwahlulela. Lenqubo iqala ngokuhlela umseshi ofungele imbangela engenzeka. I-affidavit kumelwe inikeze imininingwane, inikeza amaqiniso asekela inkolelo yokuthi ubufakazi bokungahleleki bukhona nokuthi amarekhodi afunwayo aqukethe ubufakazi obunjalo. Kumelwe futhi ichaze amarekhodi ngokukakhulu — ikhomba izimpawu zesikhathi, izinhlobo zemibhalo, amarekhodi, amanothi ezisebenzi, asebenzayo, amaphuzu okunakekela, kanye nezinhlangano eziwagcinayo (umk.g., isibhedlela, isibhedlela, noma ihhovisi lodokotela).

I-affidavit inikezwa umahluleli noma imaji, ohlola ukuthi izimbangela kungenzeka zikhona yini. Uma umahluleli ethola imbangela eyanele, unikeza imvume egunyaza ukuseshwa nokuthathelwa phansi kwala marekhodi achazweyo. Imvume kumele ikhishwe ngendlela enengqondo, ngokuvamile ifuna ukuba abacwaningi banikeze isaziso kumgcini-khaya noma isiguli phakathi nesikhathi esithile, ngaphandle kokuba iziqondiso zenkantolo zibambezele ngezizathu ezinjengokuvimbela ukubhujiswa kobufakazi noma ukuphenywa okuqhubekayo. Kwezinye izifunda, lapho imibiko igcinwa khona iqembu lesithathu elingangenisiyo (njengesibhedlela esingadingi indaba yokuphenyiswa), lo bufakazi bungasho “inqubo enengqondo yokuhlola i-" uma ingekhona.

Ngemva kokukhishwa komthetho, ubufakazi buqoqwa futhi bungase buncishiswe uma ummangalelwa ephikisa ngokuthi lomthetho wakhishwa ngokungafanele noma wakhishwa. Abameli bavikela izikhali bavame ukuhlola izimpawu zokungatholi sizathu, ukudlulisa, noma ukuphelelwa ulwazi. Ezimweni zezokwelapha ezingahambi kahle, imininingwane yezobuchwepheshe ingaba buthaka ngokushesha njengoba amarekhodi ehlelwa, ngakho ama-affidavit kumelwe ukuba akhona manje.

Ubufakazi Obutholakala Enkantolo

Izinkantolo zisebenzisa ukucubungula ngokunemba ekuhloleni okungenamvume nasekubulaweni kwezincwadi ekuhloleni kwezokwelapha okungagunyaziwe. Uma umbhalo kamuva utholakala ungasebenzi kahle — ngokwesibonelo, ngenxa yokuthi ukusekela i-paffidavit kwakungenambangela onokwenzeka noma ngenxa yokuthi lobu bufakazi babubanzi kakhulu — ubufakazi obubambekayo bungase buvinjelwe ngaphansi kokubusa okungagunyaziwe. Ukuzilawula kuvimbela ukuphenywa komthetho ngokusebenzisa ubufakazi obutholakele beSichimende Sesine. Ekuphenyeni okungafanelekile, ukuvimbela kungabhubhisa, njengoba icala lingase lincike emarekhodini ezokwelapha atholakala ngokungafanele.

Kukhona okuhlukile okuphawulekayo kumthetho wokuhlukanisa. Ukuhlukanisa okuhle kokholo, okumiswe ku-United States v. Leon (19984), kungasebenza uma ukugcinwa komthetho kuxhomeke ngokunengqondo esivumelwaneni esazenziwa ayize kamuva, uma nje isiqinisekiso singakhanyiswanga. Nokho, uma isiqinisekiso sasisekelwe ku-ftidavit esekelwe ku-inter noma enganaki, noma uma isiqinisekiso sifeziwe ngendlela engekho nengqondo, ukholo oluhle alusebenzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukutholakala okungenakugwenywa kungavumela ubufakazi ukuba uhulumeni ubonise ukuthi ubufakazi bebungatholakala ngokomthetho ngezindlela ezizimele.

Abameli abavikelayo ezicatshangelweni zezokwelapha abaphili bempi ngokomthetho bavame ukubekela inselele izizathu ezifanele zokusetshenziswa, bephikisa ngokuthi izinkulumo ezivela kuzisebenzi ezingonelisekanga noma ukukhononda okungahleleki azikhuphuki ngokwezinga lesizathu esithile. Bangase futhi baphikise ukuthi uhulumeni wehlulekile ukubonisa i-nexus phakathi kwendlela eshiwo ukuthi ayilungile nemibhalo egciniwe. Ngokwesibonelo, uma imvume ifuna wonke amarekhodi azo zonke iziguli ezilashwa udokotela othile ohlinzayo eminyakeni emihlanu, inkantolo ingathola lesi siqinisekiso esivamile esiphula imfuneko ethile. Izinkantolo ziyohlola ukuthi ingasetshenziswa yini kuqala, njengaleyo efunwa yi-poena noma i-athonsi noma i-asecurish — nakuba ngokuvamile izicelo ezingaphansi ze-athopoes abaphathi begunyaziwe njengaleyo.

Ithuluzi elihle lokuqonda lezizici zomthetho i- Legal Information Institute eCornell Law School, enikeza izincazelo ezigunyaziwe zeSichibiyelo sesine somthetho kanye nomthetho wokuhlukanisa.

Ukuhlolwa Kochwepheshe Nezokwelapha

Ochwepheshe bezokwelapha nezikhungo zokunakekela impilo kumelwe baqaphele izindinganiso ezingokomthetho ezihlobene nemithetho ezigunyaza ukuvikela iziguli nokuma kwazo siqu okungokomthetho. Uma ukugcinwa komthetho kunikeza isiqinisekiso, ummeli wezokwelapha kufanele aqinisekise ukuthi lesi sivumelwano sisayinwe kahle umahluleli, ukuthi sichaza imibhalo efunwayo ngokukhethekile, futhi ukuthi iphakathi kwesibopho sabo esingokomthetho sokudalula. Abaniki-mthetho banesibopho sokufuna imvume esemthethweni ngaphambi kokukhulula uPHI, ngaphandle kwalapho kuqashelwa noma izimo eziphuthumayo. Ukubambisana nomthetho kubaluleke kakhulu, kodwa kumelwe kube okulinganiselwe ngokumelene nemithwalo yabo engokomthetho ngaphansi kwemithetho ye-HIPAA nezindaba zomuntu siqu.

Izindawo zosizo lwezempilo kufanele zimise imithetho yokusabela ekufuneni imvume, kuhlanganise nokuhlela isikhulu sezindaba zomuntu siqu noma iseluleko somthetho ukuze sibukeze izicelo. Ukubhalwa kwemvume nezinyathelo ezithathwayo kufanele kugcinwe. Uma umbhalo ubonakala ungenaphutha noma ubanzi, umnakekeli angase — futhi ngokuvamile — alethe ukukhathazeka enkantolo yokukhipha noma ukufuna ukuhleleka okuvikelayo. Kwezinye izimo, inkantolo ingasifaka phansi noma ilungise isiqinisekiso uma siphazamisa ukuxhumana okuhloniphekile, njengalezo eziphakathi kwesiguli nodokotela wengqondo, noma uma ifuna imibhalo evikelwe ilungelo lokubonana nontanga.

Kubacwaningi, isihluthulelo siwukuthi ukulungiselela nokunamathela ngokuqinile ezindinganisweni zomthetho-sisekelo akunakwenzeka. Ukusika amagumbi ngokuncika ekwayaleni okunephutha noma ekuthatheni isigwebo okungafanelekile kungaphumela ekulahlekelweni kobufakazi obugxekayo ngisho nokulahlekelwa umphakathi ngenxa yokwephula amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo. Abangenisi kufanele basebenze eduze nabashushisi abanolwazi olunzulu noma abaqondisi abangokomthetho ukuba benze isiqinisekiso esinembile, esikhona manje, futhi esisekelwe kuso. Futhi kufanele bacabangele ukuthi inqubo engaphansi kwe-temposo enikeza ukwaziswa okunesineke, ingaba nento eyanele, ikakhulukazi uma uphenyo lungahileli ingozi noma ubufakazi obungabuchazi.

UMnyango wezempilo nezezinkonzo zabantu wase-U.S. ukhiphe iphepha [[FLT: 0] le-HIPAA kanye nokugcinwa komthetho , elinikeza isiqondiso esisebenzayo kubo bobabili abacwaningi nabanakekela impilo.

Umthetho KaHulumeni Uyashintshana Futhi Ungenele IHIPAA

Izimfuneko eziqinile zemibhalo yezokwelapha ziyahlukahluka futhi ngokwesifundazwe. Nakuba iSichibiyelo sesine sibeka indawo kahulumeni, imithetho-mthetho nezimiso ngokuvamile zinikeza isivikelo esikhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ezinye izifundazwe zidinga ukugcinwa komthetho ukuze zithole imvume yamarekhodi agcinwe abagcini bempilo ngisho nalapho i-HIPAA ivumela ukuthululwa nge-hipaena ngaphandle kwemvume. Lawo mazwe angaba nezivikelo eziningi eziyimfihlo zomthetho, ikakhulukazi ezokwaziswa okuthinta ingqondo, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwemidwebo noma ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo. Ukuhlola i-hipaa kuyinkimbinkimbi: ngokuvamile, umthetho wezwe awuyifuni imithetho enikeza isivikelo esiyimfihlo kakhulu. Ngakho, ekuhloleni ezobudokotela, abacupheli kumelwe bavumelane nazo zombili izindinganiso zomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho, noma yiziphi ezinye izimfuneko ezidinga ukugcinwa kwe-PII.

Uphenyo lwezokwelapha olungasebenzanga kahle oludlula imigqa kahulumeni lwenza kube nzima nakakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, uma isiguli sihlala kwesinye isifundazwe futhi selashwa kwesinye, imvume kumelwe ivumelane nemithetho yendawo lapho amarekhodi ekhona — ngokuvamile isifundazwe lapho umnakekeli wezokwelapha esebenza khona. Izinkampani kufanele zithintane neseluleko somthetho kulelogunya lokuqinisekisa ukuvumelana nemithetho yenkantolo yendawo nemithetho yezindaba zomuntu siqu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izifundazwe zinemithetho esingatha ngokukhethekile ukuvubukulwa kwamarekhodi ezokwelapha ukuze kubukezwe ontanga noma izinjongo ezisezingeni eliphezulu, ngokuvamile zinikeza amalungelo angokomthetho avikela imibhalo enjalo ekutholweni. Isiqinisekiso esizama ukufinyelela lezimpahla eziyigugu singabekelwa inselele, futhi izinkantolo kumelwe zihlole ilungelo elimelene nesidingo sikahulumeni sobufakazi. Ezindabeni eziningi, amarekhodi ontanga awakho ngaphansi kokuthola amacala angekho kahle omphakathi, futhi izimvume azivamile ukusetshenziselwa amarekhodi anjalo ekuphenyeni ngezenzo zobugebengu, nakuba zikhona imingcele.

Imikhuba Emihle Kakhulu Yamaqembu Angokomthetho Ezokwelapha Izinkinga Zezomthetho

Uma kucatshangelwa izigxobo eziphakeme ezihilelekile, amaqembu angokomthetho amele uhlangothi ngalunye ekuhloleni okungahleleki kwezokwelapha kumelwe asebenze kahle ekusingatheni izimpikiswano ezigunyaziwe. Kubashushisi nabezomthetho, umkhuba ongcono kakhulu ukulungiselela i-partet ebanzi ecacisa ngokucacile amaqiniso aveza imbangela engenzeka, imibhalo eqondile efunwayo, kanye ne-nexus phakathi kwemisebenzi engasebenzi kahle nezincwadi. Gwema ukubhakuza ulimi oluqinile futhi uqinisekise ukuthi ulwazi lusha ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngaphambi kokuba ufeze lesi siqinisekiso, cabangela ukuthi isiphi ilungelo noma i-stautition isivikelo siyasebenza, futhi uma kunjalo, ukuthi ungathola kanjani ukufinyelela ngokomthetho, njengokufuna uhlelo lwenkantolo oluqondile lokusingatha ilungelo.

Abameli abavikelayo, kufanele bagxile ekubekeni isiqinisekiso inselele ngokomthetho ngesikhathi esincane kakhulu. Uma isiqinisekiso singenziwa, iseluleko sokuvikela kufanele sithole ikhophi ngokushesha, sibukeze ukusekela okusekelayo kokusho okungamanga noma ukushiyeka, futhi sifake umshini wokunqanda uma isisekelo sikhona. Ukuhlasela okungaphezu komthetho, ukuphikisa ngokuthi isiqinisekiso siwugunyaza wonke. Futhi, hlola ukuthi imvume ikhona futhi ingabe umthetho uthole uhlelo olufanele lokuqinisa noma ubambezele isaziso uma kufanelekile. Ezimweni lapho uhulumeni uthembele khona ezimweni ezihlukile, ufuna ukuba uhulumeni ufakazele ukuthi ukugcinwa komthetho kukhona.

Kudunyiswa futhi ukuba iseluleko sokuzivikela sinikeze i-pacena kumphathi wezokwelapha ukuba athole amarekhodi ngokuzimele, okungase kubangele ukungenwa kwezindaba uma uhulumeni ethola amarekhodi ngokuzithandela ngemvume noma ngesivikelo.

Isiphetho

Izindinganiso ezingokomthetho zokugunyaza izimfuneko zokufuna ukuvunywa kwenqubo yezokwelapha engekho emthethweni zisekelwe ekuvikelweni kweSichibiyelo sesine sokuhlola okungacabangeli. Isizathu esizwakalayo kumelwe simiswe ngaphambi kokuba kunikezwe imvume, futhi izinkantolo zihlolisise ngokungenaphutha noma yikuphi ukufinyelela komthetho okungaqiniseki, ukubeka uhulumeni ngaphandle kokuthi kuwumngcinga futhi akunakwenzeka. Abacwaningi nochwepheshe bezokwelapha kumelwe basebenzise lezi zindinganiso ngokucophelela ukuze basekele amalungelo omthetho kuyilapho ukuqhubekela phambili okusemthethweni kokugcinwa komthetho. Ngokuthuthukisa ulwazi lwempilo nobuchwepheshe obuyinkimbinkimbi bokwelapha, ukuphenya kobugebengu nempilo nokunakekela imfihlolo yezomthetho kuqhubekela phambili njengendawo enzima. Abaqondisi bemithetho eqonda futhi bahlonipha lezimfuneko ezingokomthetho kuyoba ngcono kakhulu ukuvikela ubuqotho bophenyo kanye namalungelo abo bonke abahilelekile.