Ukubusa komthetho akuyona nje indlela engokomthetho ecatshangelwayo; kuyisikhombe lapho imiphakathi yentando yeningi yakha khona ukwethembana, ukuhleleka, nobulungisa. Ngaphakathi, ifuna ukuba wonke umuntu nenhlangano yesizwe (kusukela kwesikhulu sikahulumeni esiphakeme ukuya kuyisa esakhiweni esingasese), kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqonda ukuthi amalungelo avikelwe kanjani, ukuthi ukuxabana kuxazululwa kanjani kahle, nokuthi ukulandisa kuphoqelelwa kanjani. Ngaphandle kokuba kuphoqelelwe, izinhlangano zifaka izingozi zobushiqela, ukonakala, futhi zidlange. Kulokhu kuhlola, incazelo engokomlando, izinselele, izinselele zezemfundo, izinselele zezemfundo, ibaluleke kakhulu, ukuzuza umthetho, ukunikeza isisekelo esibanzi, ukunikeza isisekelo esisekelwe ekufundiseni.

Uyini uMthetho?

Ukubusa komthetho kuyisimiso esibusayo esithi akukho muntu, uhulumeni, noma inhlangano engaphezulu komthetho. Iphambene nokubusa ngesinqumo, lapho kwenziwa khona izinqumo ngokuthanda kombusi oyedwa. Umqondo usekelwe ezimisweni eziningana ezincintisanayo ezihlanganisa ukwakheka komphakathi olungile. Lezi zihlanganisa:

  • Umthetho unegunya eliphethe, ubopha wonke amalungu omphakathi, kuhlanganise nalawo awenzayo futhi aqikelele. Akekho, ngisho nomongameli noma undunankulu, ongathatha isinyathelo ngaphandle kwemingcele yawo.
  • Ukulingana Phambi koMthetho: Wonke umuntu unelungelo lokuvikelwa okufanayo okungokomthetho futhi azithobe ezibophweni ezifanayo ezingokomthetho, kungakhathaliseki ingcebo, isimo, uhlanga, noma amandla ezombangazwe. Lesimiso sifuna ukuba izinkantolo zisebenzise imithetho ngokungaguquguquki futhi ngaphandle kobandlululo.
  • Ukulandisa ngaphansi koMthetho: Izikhulu zikahulumeni, izinhlangano zomphakathi, nabadlali bomuntu siqu kumele balandise ngezenzo zabo ngaphansi komthetho. AmaMechanis anjengempinda yokwahlulela, izindikimba ezizimele, nezinqubo ezibonisayo ziqinisekisa ukuthi ukulandisa kungokoqobo, hhayi okucatshangelwayo.
  • Fair and Public Livings: Ubulungisa kumelwe bunikezwe obala, ngaphandle kobandlululo, futhi ngaphandle kokulibala okungafanele. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinkantolo nezinkantolo kufanele zingene, amacala azo acace, nezinqumo zazo ezisekelwe ebufakazini nasempikiswaneni engokomthetho kunokuba zithonywe yithonya lomuntu siqu.
  • Ukuthola i-Innocence: ezindabeni zobugebengu, umuntu omangalelwayo ubhekwa njengongenacala kuze kube yilapho ethola icala ngenqubo elungile. Lesimiso sivikela abantu ekuboshweni nasekujezisweni okungenasizathu, ukudlulisela umthwalo wobufakazi kuhulumeni.
  • Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo ayisisekelo: Umthetho awukho onganelisiwe; kumelwe ulondoloze amalungelo abantu ayisisekelo njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, yokuhlangana, nenkolo, kanye nesivikelo ekuhlukunyezweni, ebugqilini, nasekuboshweni okungenamthetho. IMithetho-sisekelo nezivumelwano zomhlaba wonke ngokuvamile ziwafaka kulenkululeko, kodwa isivikelo sangempela sixhomeke ekwakheninini okuzimele okuzisekelayo.

Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke njengeZizwe Ezihlangene ne - World Justice Project azizona nje izinto ezifinyelelwe; ziyizimfuneko ezisebenzayo zanoma isiphi isimiso ezithi zilawulwa umthetho.

Ukubaluleka Komthetho

Ukuqonda ukuthi kungani umthetho wezindaba kubalulekile ekwakheni nasekulondolozeni umphakathi onobulungisa. Izinzuzo zawo zidlulela ngalé kwenkantolo, zithonya ukukhula kwezomnotho, ukuqina kwezombangazwe, nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye. Nazi izizathu eziningana umthetho obalulekile:

  • Isho iJaji noFair:[ Uma imithetho isetshenziswa ngokulinganayo, izakhamuzi zithemba ukuthi izikhalo zazo ziyozwakala futhi zixazululwe ngezimfanelo zazo kunokuba zixazululwe ukuthi obani abantu abahilelekile. Lokhu kuthemba kuyisisekelo sokubambisana kwezenhlalo.
  • Isekela lokusebenzisa kabi Amandla: ngokunikeza imishini yesikhulu, yemithetho, negunya lokwahlulela, ukubusa komthetho kulinganisela amandla okonakala, ukubhalisa, nokuhlasela ngempoqo. Iqinisekisa ukuthi labo abaphethe bangabi nakusebenzisa umthetho njengesikhali sokulwa nabaphikisi noma bazicebise ngokwabo ngezindleko zomphakathi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukusebenzisa imithetho ngokungaguquki kudala ukubikezela. Amabhizinisi angatshala imali, imikhaya ingahlela, futhi imiphakathi ingakhula ngaphandle kokwesaba ushintsho oluzumayo. Uma abantu bazi imithetho futhi bazi ukuthi izakuphoqelelwa ngokungakhethi, ukuhleleka kwezenhlalo kuyaqiniswa.
  • Isivikelo samalungelo nenkululeko:[ Ukubusa okuqinile komthetho kuqinisekisa ukuthi amalungelo ngamanye (ukukhuluma), ukukhulekela, ukuhlangana, nokuthola ukuqulwa kobulungisa) akuthembisi nje kuphela ephepheni kodwa izinto ezingokoqobo eziqikelelwayo. Izinkantolo ze-endecture zingawisa imithetho ephula isivikelo somthetho-mthetho.
  • I-Drives Economic Provice:[ Abangenisi bemali nabahwebi bakhetha amazwe anezishaya-mthetho eziqinile ngoba bangathembela ekubekeni izivumelwano zomthetho, ekuvikeleni amalungelo empahla, nasemcimbini wokufuna izinqumo. Ukuhlola kweBhange Lomhlaba kubonisa ukuvumelana okuqinile phakathi kwemithetho ye-odom ne-GDP.
  • Izindawo zokubusa ngedemocratic : Imibono iyodwa ayenzeli idemokrasi; ukubusa komthetho kuqinisekisa ukuthi izinqubo zokukhetha zilungile, ukuthi abanqobi babusa phakathi kwemingcele engokomthetho, nokuthi abahluli bangabekela inselele ngokuthula ngezinkantolo kunokuba babhekane nobudlova.

Lezinzuzo zigcizelela ukuthi kungani ukubusa komthetho kungesona isidingo sokunethezeka kodwa kuyisidingo sanoma imuphi umphakathi owazisa isithunzi somuntu nethuba elilinganayo.

Umlando Womthetho

Izazi zefilosofi kusukela ku - Aristotle kuya kuJohn Locke zachaza izimiso zalo ngendlela ecacile, kodwa izenzakalo ezivelele ezingokoqobo zaphawula ukumiswa kwazo kancane kancane.

IMagna Carta (1215)

Ngokuvamile kucashunwe njengenyathelo lokuqala elingokomthetho lokuqondisa umthetho ezweni lesiNgisi elikhuluma isiNgisi, iMagna Carta yayiwumthetho-mthetho ophoqelelwe iNkosi uJohn ngama-baron avukelayo. Inkulumo yayo edumile yamemezela ukuthi akekho umuntu okhululekile oboshwe, odingisiwe, noma ophucwe amalungelo akhe ngaphandle kwesahlulelo esingokomthetho sontanga yakhe noma umthetho wezwe. Nakuba ekuqaleni umbhalo wesibhakela, wamisa isimiso senguquko sokuthi inkosi ngokwayo yayingaphansi komthetho. Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, umoya wayo wathonya izincwadi zamuva zesiNgisi njengeSipho samalungelo Amalungelo abantu (1689) kanye noMthetho-sisekelo wezwe.

Umqondo Wokukhanyiselwa Nomthetho Wemvelo

Izazi zefilosofi ezinjengoJohn Locke (1689) zaphikisa ngokuthi abantu banamalungelo emvelo — ukuphila, inkululeko, nempahla — ukuthi ohulumeni kumelwe bahloniphe. Umqondo kaLocke wesivumelwano sezenhlalo, lapho abantu bevuma ukubuswa ukuze bavikele lamalungelo, waba yindawo yokulawula yefilosofi yokubusa umthetho. Baron de Montesquieu’s UMoya WoMthetho [1748]] (178]) ulwenziwa oludumile ukuhlukaniswa kwegunya phakathi kwezikhulu, ukumiswa kwemithetho, ukumiswa kwemithetho yomthetho.

UMthetho - sisekelo waseU.S. (1787)

UMthetho-sisekelo wase-United States awusungulanga nje kuphela uhulumeni wemibuso elinganiselwe, ebalayo kodwa futhi wamisa umthetho wejaji njengegatsha elilinganayo. Isimiso sokubukeza `````'''''' samenyezelwa ku- Marbury v. Madison [1803]] [izinkantolo ezinamandla (izinkantolo) zokushaya imithetho ephula umthetho womthetho-sisekelo. Lokhu kwenza uMthetho-sisekelo waba umthetho ophakeme wezwe, ubopha bonke abadlali bakahulumeni. I-Bill of Rights projective Protections Protections productivesss productivesss providecial productivess providecial providecial provideficial proving produant (ience).[F.F.f.f.f.all ofssssssssssssssssss admistrivertiver

ISimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu (1948)

Ngemva kwezenzo ezisabekayo zeMpi Yezwe II, umphakathi wezizwe zonke wanquma ukumisa umthetho ngokubusa kwembulunga yonke. ISimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu, esamukelwa yi-UN General Assembly, sithi “kubalulekile, uma umuntu engaphoqelelwa ukuba athathe isinyathelo sokugcina, sokuvukela ubushiqela nokucindezelwa, ukuthi amalungelo abantu kufanele avikelwe umthetho.” Lesi simemezelo sasungula indlela yezivumelwano zezizwe zonke nezinkantolo, njenge - European Convention on Human Rights ne - International Criminal Court, ephethe umthetho onecala.

Izimiso Eziyinhloko Zokubusa KoMthetho Ngokujule

Ukuze kuqondwe ngokugcwele umthetho, kuyasiza ukuhlolisisa izakhi zawo eziyinhloko, njengoba ebambisana ukuze akhe isimiso sobulungisa esinamandla.

Ukungawunaki Umthetho Nesiqinisekiso Esingokomthetho

Isimiso sokuthi umthetho uphakeme sisho ukuthi zonke izenzo ezithathwa izikhulu zomphakathi kumelwe zibe nesisekelo esicacile somthetho. Imithetho ngokwayo kumelwe ibe yi-odoli, umphakathi, icace, futhi iqinile. Isazi sefilosofi esingokomthetho uLon Fuller sabiza lezi zenzo ngokuthi “ukuziphatha okuhle kwangaphakathi komthetho” encwadini yaso [ Ukuziphatha koMthetho [ [1964]]. Uma imithetho iyimfihlo, iyavumelana, noma ishintsha kaningi, ngeke iqondise ukuziphatha, futhi umthetho uwe ngokuphazima kweso.

Ukufinyelela Ekulungeni

Umthetho awusizi uma izakhamuzi zingakwazi ukuphoqelela amalungelo azo. I-access to Justice idinga ukuba izinkantolo zikwazi ukukhokha imali, zingeneke ngokomzimba, futhi zikwazi ukunikeza izinqumo ngesikhathi esifanelekile. Kufuna futhi ukuba usizo olungokomthetho lutholakale kulabo abangakwazi ukukuthenga. Amazwe amaningi asebenzisa izimiso zosizo ezingokomthetho, izinkantolo ezincane, nezinye izinqubo zokuxazulula eziphikisanayo ukuze avimbele igebe phakathi komthetho futhi aphile ngokoqobo.

I - diary ezimele

Abahluleli kumelwe bangakhethi futhi bangabi nakucindezela kwezombangazwe noma ubandlululo. Lokhu kuzimela kuvikelwa phakathi kokuphila noma ukumiswa isikhathi eside, amaholo alondekile, nemithetho emelene nokususwa ngaphandle kwesizathu. Uma izinkantolo zizithoba kumphathi ophethe, baba amathuluzi okucindezela kunokuba avikele amalungelo. IKhomishane yezizwe zonke yabaxhasi be-JURT igcizelela ukuthi ukuzibusa kokwahlulela kuyinsika engenakulawulwa yemithetho.

Izinselele Zanamuhla Ebuthweni Lomthetho

Naphezu kwesimiso sawo sasendulo, umthetho ubhekene nezinsongo ezinkulu ekhulwini lama - 20 kuya kwelama - 24.

  • Ukukhomba kanye ne-Impruny: [izikhulu zomphakathi] lapho zingafumbathisa amajaji, zibalekela izintela, noma zesabisa abashushisi, umthetho uba yithuluzi elinamandla. Inkohlakalo ilulaza ukulingana phambi komthetho futhi iqede ukuthenjelwa umphakathi. Impatho ephakathi kwezwe [ Impatho - Index] yenkohlakalo ibonisa ukuthi amazwe anokonakala okukhulu ngokwezinga eliphansi ngokungaguquki ekulawuleni kwe-metrics.
  • I-Interference and Judicial Packing: Kwamanye amazwe, abaqondisi bazama ukubeka izinkantolo eziqophanayo nabaqotho, ukushintsha imingcele yenkantolo, noma ukungazinaki izimemezelo zenkantolo. iHungary, iPoland, neTurkey ziye zabhekana nokugxekwa kwezenzo ezinjalo. Uma ijaji liba yingalo yezombangazwe, umthetho uthathelwa indawo yiqembu.
  • [[NTL: 0] I-Disform and Digital Ugcunshuwation: I-Internet iye yenza ukuba kusakazwe ngokushesha ukwaziswa okungamanga okungabangela ubudlova, kululaza ukuthembeka kokhetho, futhi kuhlasele abahluleli. Amapulatifomu ezezokuxhumana avame ukusetshenziswa ukuhlasela izikhulu zokwahlulela noma ukusakaza ukungathembana ezimisweni ezingokomthetho. Ukulinganisela inkululeko ngokuvikela inkululeko yokwahlulela kungumngcele omusha.
  • Imingcele yobulungisa: Emazweni amaningi, amaqembu ahluliwe (ihlanganise amaqembu amancane ezinhlanga, abesifazane, ababaleki, nabampofu) izithiyo ezihlukanisayo zokungena ezinkantolo. Imingcele yolimi, izindleko zomthetho, nobandlululo isho ukuthi umthetho wezincwadi awuguquleli ekusebenziseni ubulungisa.
  • Ukungalawuleki kwamandla nokweqisa: Phakathi nezinhlekelele ezinjengezifo eziwubhadane, impi, noma ubuphekula, ohulumeni bangandisa ukuqapha, ukuvinjelwa, noma ukuvinjelwa ngaphandle kokuqulwa kwecala. Nakuba ezinye izinyathelo zidingekile, ngaphandle kokuqondisa okuqinile kwemithetho nokwahlulela, amandla aphuthumayo angaba izici ezihlala njalo eziqeda umthetho.
  • I-Crime yamazwe onke kanye ne-Jurisdiction yamanani: I-Cybercrige, imali, nokusetshenziswa kobugebengu obuhleliwe kusebenzisa izikhawu phakathi kwezimiso zomthetho zesizwe. Umthetho ulwela ukuzivumelanisa nezwe lapho ukwaziswa kugeleza khona emingceleni nezephulamthetho. Ukubambisana kwezizwe ngezivumelwano ezingokomthetho nezindikimba ezinjenge-Interpol kubalulekile kodwa ngokuvamile kuyacotha.

Umthetho Osekelwe Ezweni Lonke

Ukubusa komthetho akugciniwe phakathi kwemingcele yesizwe. Imithetho yomhlaba wonke ngokwayo isekelwe ezimisweni ezifanayo , i-UN Security Council kumele ithathe isinyathelo ngokuvumelana nomthetho wayo, futhi i-International Criminal Court imangalela abantu ngabanye ngokuqothulwa kohlanga, ubugebengu bempi, nobugebengu obumelene nesintu. Nokho, ukuphoqelelwa kwembulunga yonke akulingani. Ngezinye izikhathi amazwe anamandla angazishaya indiva izibo zomthetho zezizwe zonke ngaphandle kwemiphumela esheshayo, kuyilapho amazwe abuthakathaka angabekwa ezivumelweni. Ukubusa komthetho ezizweni zonke kudinga ukubambisana kokuzithandela nokwenza imithetho ehlukene.

Izinhlangano zezifunda zifeza indima enzima. INkantolo yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu eStrasbourg ilalela amacala abantu abathi i-European Convention on Human Rights. Izahlulelo zayo ziye zaphoqelela amazwe ukuba ashintshe imithetho kuzo zonke izinto kusukela ekuvotelweni kweziboshwa kuya emikhubeni yokuhlola. INkantolo yamazwe ase-Afrika eHlalunte yamalungelo abantu nayo isebenza ngendlela efanayo ukuze iqinisekise ukuthi ukubusa komthetho kuvikela izakhamuzi kulo lonke izwekazi.

Nokho izinselele ziyaqhubeka. Emibusweni ye-pholiathority, umthetho wezizwe zonke uvame ukulahlwa njengomthetho waseNtshonalanga. Ngisho nasebuthweni bombuso obubusayo, abaholi bobupopuli bangalahla igunya lezinkantolo zomhlaba wonke. Ukulwela ukubusa komthetho emhlabeni wonke kudinga ukuxhumana okungapheli, imfundo, nokucindezela komphakathi. Izinhlangano ezinjenge-World Justice Project [[FLT:] World Project Isilinganiso sokubusa komthetho ngokuvumelana nomthetho, inikeza ukwaziswa abameleli abangakusebenzisa ekufuneni izinguquko.

Ukufundisa Umthetho

Othisha banomthwalo wemfanelo ojulile wokusiza abafundi ukuba baqonde umthetho hhayi njengesimiso esingabonakali kodwa njengesimiso esiphilayo esilawula ukuphila kwabo kwansuku zonke. Amasu aphumelelayo okufundisa ahlanganisa abafundi abanezibonelo ezingokoqobo zezwe, ukucabanga okugxekayo, nemfundo efanelekile.

  • Ukuhlolwa Kwezindaba Zomuntu: Usebenzisa amacala angokoqobo asenkantolo − njengaye Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo[ ekulinganani kwezinhlanga noma Mira v. I-Arizona emalungani angempela ngokumelene nokwehlukana komthetho. [i-FLT] ingenza umthetho usebenze ngendlela ecacile. Abafundi bangenza amaqiniso abe lula futhi abafundi bavumele imiphumela ixabane.
  • [ Ukuqulwa kweMikhankaso neMiboniso: ukugcona ukuqulwa kwecala lapho abafundi benza khona njengabahluleli, abameli, ofakazi, nabasizi bokwahlulela babasiza ukuba babhekane nokulunga komthetho. Bazibonela mathupha indlela ubufakazi obushaya umthetho, imithwalo yobufakazi, nokungathathi hlangothi kokwahlulela.
  • Izenzakalo zamanje Ukuhlolwa: Abafundi baye bafunda izihloko zezindaba ezikhuluma ngezimemo eziphetheyo, izinselele zomthetho ezisemthethweni kahulumeni, noma ezinqunyweni zokwahlulela. Ingxoxo ingahlanganisa: “Ingabe lokhu kuyavumelana nokulingana phambi komthetho?” noma“ Ikuphi ukuhlola okungekho lapha?”
  • Izabela ngezihloko eziphikisanayo: Abafundi abacela ukuphikisana noma ukumelana nezimo ezinjengo-"Uhulumeni ungaba namandla okuvimbela ubuphekula usola ngaphandle kovivinyo?" noma “Ingabe kulungile ukuba umongameli ashaye indiva umyalo wenkantolo?” Izimpikiswano ziphoqelela abafundi ukuba baxabane nokulondeka nenkululeko, ukubusa okuningi namalungelo amancane.
  • Abakhulumeli abaphezulu abavela e-Oyagial Community: Abahluleli, abavikeli bomphakathi, abameli bamalungelo omphakathi, nabashushisi bangahlanganyela okuhlangenwe nakho kwabo futhi babonise indlela ukubusa komthetho okusebenza ngayo, noma okungafezwa ngayo. Abafundi bazuza ukuqonda ngezindlela zomsebenzi kanye nobubanzi bobulungisa bomuntu.
  • Imisebenzi yoMthetho engokomdlalo: Yabela abafundi ukuba bacwaninge indlela amazwe ahlukene asebenzisa ngayo umthetho. Qhathanisa nezimiso zomthetho zase-United States, intando yeningi yase-Nordic, kanye ne-pholiance mount njenge-North Korea. Kungani imiphumela ihlukile? Yiziphi izinto ezingekho?
  • [[INTLOBO] Amathuluzi awe-intelligic asebenzayo: I-website enjenge-iCBIC (esungulwe yiJaji leNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. uSandra Day O’Connor) inikeza imidlalo ehilelayo efundisa abafundi ngomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, ukuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, nokubukezwa kokwahlulela.

Isiphetho

Ukubusa komthetho akuyona indawo emisiwe kodwa umzamo oqhubekayo. Kudinga ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo kusona sonke isakhamuzi, hhayi kuphela abameli nabahluleli. Uma silalela umthetho, sibekela imithetho engalungile inselele ngezindlela ezingokomthetho, futhi sifuna ukulandisa komphakathi olungile. Kubafundi, ukuqonda umthetho kusho ukuqaphela ukuthi banamalungelo amelwe avikelwe, kodwa futhi nemithwalo yemfanelo kumelwe isekelwe. Kusho ukufunda ukuxazulula ukungavumelani ngokufakazelwa nangobufakazi, kunokusebenzisa amandla noma umusa. Ngokufundisa nangokubeka izimiso zomphakathi, sihlomisela isizukulwane esilandelayo ukuba sivikele idemokhrasi, simelane ubushiqela, futhi sakhe imiphakathi lapho ukubusa ngokulunga nenkululeko kuchuma khona. Ukubusa komthetho kudinga ukuba sisekele.