Table of Contents
UMthetho-sisekelo we-United States ungenye yezincwadi zomthetho ezinethonya elikhulu emlandweni wanamuhla, kodwa ukuchaza kwawo kuseyindaba yempikiswano eqhubekayo phakathi kwezazi zomthetho, abahluleli, nabakhiqizi bezimiso. Ukuqonda indlela uMthetho-sisekelo ongachazwa ngayo kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda indlela umthetho waseMelika osebenza ngayo nozenzakalela ngayo. Izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza umthetho ziguqula yonke into kusukela ezinqumweni zeNkantolo Ephakeme kuya ekusetshenzisweni kwemithetho yansuku zonke ethinta izigidi zezakhamuzi. Lezi zikhangiso zimelela amafilosofi ahlukene kakhulu ngokuphathelene nohlobo lomthetho, indima yabahluleli, kanye nobudlelwane phakathi kwesikhathi esidlule nobunye.
Kuyini Ukuchazwa Komthetho - sisekelo?
Incazelo yomthetho-mthetho ibhekisela enqubweni abahluleli, izazi zomthetho, nabanye abadlali abanquma incazelo yombhalo woMthetho-sisekelo futhi bawusebenzise ezicabeni ezithile nasezimweni ezithile. Izindlela ezivame kakhulu zokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo zisetshenziswa yiNkantolo Ephakeme ukubonisa ukusebenza kwalezi zindlela, futhi indlela ngayinye iveza imibono ehlukile mayelana nendlela imibhalo engokomthetho okufanele iqondwe ngayo.
Umbuzo wokuthi ungawuchaza kanjani uMthetho-sisekelo awuyona nje imfundo engokwemfundo, usho okukhulu ngamalungelo abantu, imibuso kahulumeni, nokulingana kwegunya likahulumeni nombuso. Izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza zingaholela emiphumeleni ehlukene kakhulu ezimweni ezihilela ukukhuluma ngokukhululekile, amalungelo ezindaba zomuntu siqu, amandla okulawula, neminye imibuzo eminingi engokomthetho.
Impikiswano ngencazelo yomthetho - sisekelo yakhula ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama - 20 futhi iyaqhubeka nanamuhla, njengoba amajaji nezazi ezisekela izindlela ezihlukahlukene.
Ukuchaza Umthetho - sisekelo Ngokusho Kwawo Kwasekuqaleni
Inkolelo - sisekelo iwumbono ongokomthetho e - United States osekela ukuchazwa kombhalo ngokwemithetho - sisekelo, kwezokwahlulela, nokuvumelana nomthetho ngesikhathi sokuwuthola. Lendlela iye yaba nethonya ekwakhekeni komthetho - sisekelo waseMelika, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabahluleli ababambelele ezimisweni ezivamile nezazi ezingokomthetho.
Izimiso Eziyingcaca Zokukholelwa Ebunsusweni Bemvelo
Abaqondisi bemfundiso yokuqala bakholelwa ukuthi umbhalo womthetho-sisekelo kufanele unikezwe incazelo yomphakathi yokuqala yokuthi wawuyoba khona ngesikhathi sokuba umthetho. Lendlela isekelwe embonweni wokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo unencazelo engaguquki engashintshi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngaphandle kokuba ilungiswe ngokusemthethweni ngenqubo echazwe eSiphakamisweni V soMthetho-sisekelo.
Incazelo yokuqala yemibhalo yomthetho-sisekelo ingaqondwa ngezichazamazwi, izincwadi zolimi, nakwamanye amabhukwana omthetho okungaboleka kuwo umbhalo. Ingathathwa futhi ezingqondweni zomthetho eziyisisekelo nasengxoxweni yomphakathi eyabangela ilungiselelo lomthetho-sisekelo. Abaqali bezindaba zakudala babheka lokhu kubuza okungokomlando njengokubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe umthetho futhi kuvinjelwe amajaji ukuba angabeki imithetho yabo siqu.
Incazelo Yokuqala Neyabantu Bakuqala
Imfundiso yokuqala ngokwayo ihlanganisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene. Ezinye izazi ezivelele zaphikisa ngokuthi lapho kuchazwa uMthetho-sisekelo, umuntu kufanele abheke enhlosoni yokuqala yabantu abafaka uhulumeni, abahlongoza, abawuthathayo, noma abawugunyaza uMthetho-sisekelo ukuze kunqunywe ukuthi yini labo bantu ababefuna ukuyidlulisa ngombhalo.
Nokho, lapho ubuKhomanisi bokuqala buhlongozwa njengendlela engcono yokuphila ngomthetho - sisekelo, bachazwa ngokwenhloso yokuqala yabasunguli. Kodwa lapho bebhekene nobunzima, futhi ngempela nokungafaneleki, kokuzama ukufunda izingqondo zabadwebi boMthetho - sisekelo, abasekeli bobuKhomanisi bakuqala ngokushesha bayeka ukukhuluma ngenhloso yokuqala, futhi kunalokho bagxila encazelweni yokuqala yamazwi oMthetho - sisekelo.
Phakathi nenkathi kaMahluleli uAntonin Scalia eneminyaka ecishe ibe ngamashumi amathathu eNkantolo Ephakeme, yena nezazi eziningana ezivelele bachaza ukuthi, njengabafundi bokuqala, babezimisele ukufuna ukuqonda incazelo yokuqala yomthetho-sisekelo. Lendlela ibheka incazelo ecacile yombhalo woMthetho-sisekelo njengoba yayiyoqondwa umphakathi, noma umuntu onengqondo, owayephila ngesikhathi uMthetho-sisekelo uvunyelwe.
Izimpikiswano Ezihambisana Nokuqamba Kwakuqala
Abasekeli bobukhoma banikeza izaba eziningana zalendlela yokuchaza. Abasekeli bemfundiso yokuqala baphikisa ngokuthi ukumiswa kwemithetho esemthethweni kuvimbela abahluleli ekunqumeni amacala ngokuvumelana nemibono yabo siqu yezombangazwe. Ngokusekela incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ekuqondeni okungokomlando, abasekeli bemvelaphi baphikisa ngokuthi amajaji acindezelwa okuthile okungaphandle kubo kunokuba akhululeke ukuphoqelela izindinganiso zabo zomuntu siqu.
Enye impikiswano igxile ekugunyazweni kwentando yeningi. abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ukubhalwa kwemibhalo kuthuthukisa izindinganiso zentando yeningi ngoba kunamathela emazwini oMthetho - sisekelo owamukelwa abantu ngokuphambene nalokho amaJaji acabanga noma akukholelwayo. UMthetho - sisekelo wagunyazwa ngenqubo yentando yeningi, futhi ushintsha incazelo yawo ngaphandle kokuhlenga okungokomthetho leyonqubo.
Ukuqala kusekelwe emzabalazweni weminyaka emibili ophakathi womthetho-sisekelo, futhi usekela uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. sonke leseluleko sisekela umsunguli we-prigin kunokuba ichazwe ngomthetho-mthetho ophilayo wombhalo woMthetho-sisekelo, ngokwezisekeli zawo.
Ukugxekwa Kokuqamba Iziqu
Naphezu kwethonya layo elikhulayo, ubuProfethi bokuqala bubhekene nokugxekwa okukhulu. Abagxeki abaningi bayakungabaza ukuthi inkolelo yokuqala iyimfundiso esebenzayo yencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo. Baphikisa ngokuthi u-ronary iyindlela eqinile, eyiphutha yokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo, iphikisa ukuthi abantu besikhathi samanje bengeke bakwazi ukubhekana nezinye zezimo ezizovela ezikhathini zanamuhla.
Abagxeki bayaqhubeka bephikisa ngokuthi ukuchaza uMthetho - sisekelo osekelwe encazelweni yokuqala kungase kuhluleke ukuvikela amalungelo amancane ngoba abesifazane namadlanzana ayengenawo amalungelo afanayo ngesikhathi sokuFunyaniswa kwawo namuhla.
Isazi sezemithetho saseHarvard Law School uRichard H. Fallon Jr. siphikisa ngokuthi amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme athi akholelwa ekudalweni empeleni asebenzisa ubu - reatrist ngendlela ekhetha kakhulu, esikisela ukuthi lenkolelo - mbono ingase ingakuphoqeleli ukunquma kokwahlulela njengoba abasekeli bayo besho.
Ukuthuthuka Okungokomlando Kwemfundiso Yokuzisungulela
UJuri Robert Bork ubizwa ngokuveza imfundiso yokuqala yanamuhla yobuSulumane esihlokweni sakhe sonyaka ka-1971 sokubukeza umthetho. UBork wasikisela enye indlela esekelwe ohlelweni ukuze agweme ukukhetha kokwahlulela: ukuze abahluleli bathathe izindinganiso eziqondile zemibhalo noma umlando obonisa abadwebi ukuba babe nezinhloso. Lokhu kwaphawula ukuqala kokuqala kobudala njengendlela yokuzichaza ngokuzichaza.
Le nkolelo - mbono yathola incazelo ephawulekayo yezombangazwe ngawo-1980 njengendlela yokusabela kulokho abantu ababambelele emacaleni avamile abakubheka njengokuphanjwa yiNkantolo yaseWarren kanye nabalandeli bayo. Ukuvuselelwa kobuShinalele kudala ngawo-1980 kwakuyisinyathelo emfundisweni ye-"Umthetho-sisekelo Ophilayo", eyayisenethonya phakathi kwabahluleli abakhululekile nabafundi.
UMthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo: Ukuvumelana Nenhlangano Yanamuhla
Umthetho-sisekelo ophilayo, noma ukulawulwa kwemithetho yokwahlulela, ungumbono wokuthi umthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. unencazelo enamandla ngisho noma le ncwajana ingalungiswanga ngokomthetho. Abasekeli babheka umthetho-sisekelo njengowakheka kanye nezidingo zomphakathi futhi unikeza ohulumeni ithuluzi elithambile.
Ifilosofi Engokwesiko YobuConstitution Obuphilayo
UMthetho-sisekelo ophilayo ungowokushintsha, ushintshe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi uzivumelanise nezimo ezintsha, ngaphandle kokulungiswa okungokomthetho. Lendlela iqaphela ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo wabhalwa eminyakeni engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili edlule nokuthi izwe liye lashintsha kakhulu kusukela ngalesosikhathi ngezindlela amaFramers aye angenakulindela.
Umthetho-sisekelo obhaliwe wathathwa eminyakeni engu-220 edlule. Ungalungiswa, kodwa inqubo yokulungisa inzima kakhulu. Okwamanje, izwe lishintshe ngezindlela ezingachazeki. Izazi zomthetho-sisekelo eziphilayo ziphikisa ngokuthi ukunamathela okuqinile ekuqondeni kwekhulu le-18 kungenza uMthetho-sisekelo uphelelwe isikhathi futhi ungakwazi ukuxazulula izinselele zanamuhla.
Umbono we-pragmatist uphikisa ngokuthi ukuchaza uMthetho-sisekelo ngokuvumelana nencazelo yawo yokuqala noma inhloso ngezinye izikhathi akumukeleki njengendaba yenqubo futhi ngakho incazelo eguquguqukayo idingekile. Umbono wesibili uphikisa ngokuthi abahleli bomthetho-sisekelo babhala uMthetho-sisekelo ngokuqondile ngamagama avulekile navumelanayo ukuze bakhe ibhukwana elinamandla, "eliphilayo".
Indlela Umthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo Osebenza Ngayo
Indlela ngempela eyisisekelo sesiko lethu eliphilayo lomthetho - sisekelo iyindlela ethathwe emthethweni ovamile futhi esekelwe esibonelweni esivamile nasesikweni. Kunokuba ibhekwe ngokuyinhloko ekuqondeni umlando, izazi zomthetho - sisekelo eziphila zigcizelela indima yesimiso sokwahlulela nezindinganiso ezishintshayo zezenhlalo.
Umbhalo woMthetho-sisekelo uzoba nendima yemikhosi. Umsebenzi omningi wangempela uzakuthathwa ngokuhlaziywa kweNkantolo ngezinqumo zayo zangaphambili. Lokhu kubonisa indlela umthetho womthetho-sisekelo okhula ngayo ngenqubo yokushintsha nokuzivumelanisa.
Lombono ugcizelela ukuthi umbhalo woMthetho-sisekelo kufanele uqondwe ngokomongo womphakathi wanamuhla, uvumela izincazelo ezikhuluma izindaba zamanje ezingahlanganisiwe ngokucacile embhalweni wokuqala. Ngokwesibonelo, iSichibiyelo sesine seSiphendulo sokuvikela ekuphenyeni okungenangqondo nokuquleka kuye kwasetshenziswa kubuchwepheshe obufana nokuthungatha ucingo, ukulandelela i-GPS, kanye nokwaziswa kobuchwepheshe okungekho lapho ukubuyiselwa kwenguquko kugunyazwa.
Izimpikiswano Ezisekela Ubumthetho - sisekelo Obuphilayo
Abasekeli boMthetho-sisekelo ophilayo baphikisa ngokuthi lendlela ibalulekile futhi iyafiseleka. Akukho sizathu esingokoqobo sokukhetha uMthetho-sisekelo ophilayo, onikezwe ubunzima benqubo yokulungisa kanye nezinguquko ezinkulu emphakathini, kwezobuchwepheshe, kanye nezindinganiso kusukela enkathini yokuFunyaniswa.
Abaqondisi bemvelaphi yesonto abanayo impendulo kumbuzo odumile kaThomas Jefferson: kungani kufanele sivumele abantu abaphila kudala, ezweni elihlukile, ukuba banqume imibuzo eyisisekelo ngohulumeni wethu nangomphakathi namuhla? Izazi zomthetho sisekelo eziphilayo ziphikisa ngokuthi isizukulwane ngasinye kumelwe sibe nekhono lokusingatha izinselele zaso futhi sibonise izindinganiso zaso siqu.
Amalungelo amaningi angokomthetho ajatshulelwa izakhamuzi zaseMelika njengamanje abangelwa inkolelo - mbono ephilayo yoMthetho - sisekelo, ehlanganisa amalungelo okufihla ikhanda, ukuvikelwa kwabesifazane abalinganayo, nezinye izenzakalo zomthetho - sisekelo eziye zandisa inkululeko yomuntu siqu ngaphezu kwalokho okwaqashelwa eMbusweni.
Ukugxekwa Kobumthetho Obuphilayo
Abaphikisi bavame ukuphikisa ngokuthi uMthetho-sisekelo kufanele ushintshwe inqubo yokulungisa ngoba ukuvumela amajaji ukuba ashintshe incazelo yoMthetho-sisekelo kululaza ukubusa ngentando yeningi. Lokhu kugxeka kuhlasela umnyombo woMthetho-sisekelo ophilayo, ukungabaza ukuba ngokomthetho kwamajaji angagunyaziwe awenza ushintsho olufana nomthetho-sisekelo.
Enye impikiswano emelene noMthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo iwukuthi ukumiswa kwemithetho, kunokuba kube izinqumo zokwahlulela, kumelela kangcono intando yabantu eUnited States eriphabliki elingokomthetho.
Izinqumo zokwahlulela ezenziwa ngomqondo woMthetho-sisekelo ophilayo zixhomeke ekuchazeni okusheshayo kwamajaji ahlobene. Ezindabeni eziningi, abahluleli eNkantolo Ephakeme benza izinqumo ezisekelwe ezincazelweni zabo zomuntu siqu zoMthetho-sisekelo. Ezikhathini zanamuhla, lomkhuba uye wahlolwa ngenxa yokwanda kobuzwe phakathi kwabahluleli. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi amajaji abusa kakhulu ngemibono yezombangazwe kunokuba achazelwe ngokomthetho.
Impikiswano Phakathi Kokukholelwa Ebuntwaneni NobuProthestani Obuphilayo
Imfundiso yokuqala ivame ukuqhathaniswa njengenkolelo - mbono yokuchazwa komthetho - sisekelo nencwadi ethi Living Constitution. Izazi zomthetho - sisekelo eziphilayo zikholelwa ukuthi incazelo yombhalo womthetho - sisekelo iyashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, njengoba isimo sengqondo sezenhlalo sishintsha, ngisho noma kungavunyelwa ukuguqulwa komthetho - sisekelo okungokomthetho.
Abaqondisi bezomthetho-sisekelo baphikisa ngokuthi incazelo yombhalo womthetho-sisekelo imisiwe futhi kufanele ibophe abadlali bomthetho - sisekelo. Abahleli bomthetho - sisekelo abaphilayo baphikisa ngokuthi umthetho womthetho-sisekelo ungaphenduleka futhi kufanele uphendule ngenxa yezimo nezindinganiso ezishintshayo. Lemibono ephikisanayo ibonisa ukuqonda okuhlukene kokubusa komthetho, ukubusa ngentando yeningi, kanye nokubusa komthetho.
Impikiswano phakathi kwalezi zindlela inemiphumela ewusizo. Abaholi bomthetho - sisekelo abaphila ngenqubo bakholelwa ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga kwakungokomthetho - sisekelo kusukela ngo - 1877 kuya ku - 1954, ngoba umbono womphakathi wawukuvuna, futhi kwaba okungavumelani kuphela nesinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme kuBrown v. iBrown. Ngokungafani, izazi zokuqala zicabanga ukuthi iSichibiyelo se - 14 seSichibiyelo sasikuvimbela ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuhlukaniswa ngokohlanga, okubonisa indlela izindlela zokuchaza ezihlukene kakhulu ezingaholela eziphethweni ezihlukene ngomthetho - sisekelo.
Ukubhala Ngemibhalo: Ukugxila Encazelweni Eyingcaca Yamazwi
I-textalism iyindlela yokuchaza egxila encazelweni ecacile yombhalo wencwadi engokomthetho. Nakuba ihlobene nokubhalwa kombhalo wokuqala, ukubhalwa kwemibhalo kunezici zayo ezihlukile nendlela yokusebenza.
Lokho Okushiwo Ukubhala
Ukubhala kuyinkolelo - mbono esekelwe emfundisweni engokomthetho lapho ukuchazwa kwalo mbhalo kusekelwe ngokuyinhloko encazelweni evamile yombhalo ongokomthetho ngesikhathi sokumiswa kwawo, lapho kungacatshangelwa khona kangako imithombo engewona umbhalo, njengenhloso yomthetho lapho udluliswa, inkinga owawuhloselwe ukuxazulula, noma imibuzo ngokuphathelene nobulungisa noma ukufaneleka komthetho.
I-textalism iyinkolelo-mbono yokuthi kufanele sichaze imibhalo engokomthetho, kuhlanganise noMthetho-sisekelo, esekelwe kwincazelo evamile yombhalo. Umlobi wemibhalo ushaya indiva izici ezingaphandle kombhalo, njengenkinga umthetho okhuluma ngayo noma lokho okungenzeka ukuthi abadwebi bomthetho bahlose ngakho. Kodwa kusho ukuthi sicabangela ukuthi amagama namagama abhalwe embhalweni asho ukuthini lapho ilungiselelo elithile lomthetho lithathwa.
Izincwadi zivame ukugcizelela indlela amagama asemthethweni ayeyoqondwa ngayo abantu ngesikhathi egunyazwa, kanye nomongo lawomagama avela ngawo. Ngokuvamile ababhula ngemibhalo bakholelwa ukuthi kunencazelo enenjongo yombhalo, futhi ngokuvamile ababuzi imibuzo ngokuphathelene nenhloso yababuthi, abazuzi, noma abashayeli boMthetho - sisekelo.
Ubuhlobo Phakathi Kokufunda Nokuqala
I - textalism iyisici esingaphansi semfundiso yokuqala futhi yasungulwa ukuze igweme ezinye zezici eziphazamisayo zobuProthestani bokuqala njengoba kwakuchazwe okokuqala.
Umehluko phakathi kwazo ungowokusebenza, hhayi ifilosofi: UbuShona bubhekisela ngokuqondile ekuchazeni uMthetho - sisekelo ngokusekelwe encazelweni yamazwi ayenawo ngesikhathi sokubhala, kuyilapho ukuhumusha imibhalo kubhekisela ekuchazeni yonke imibhalo engokomthetho ngencazelo evamile yombhalo, kubeke eceleni izici hhayi embhalweni ngokwawo.
Lendlela icabangela incazelo ecacile yombhalo woMthetho-sisekelo njengoba ibingaqondwa umphakathi jikelele, noma umuntu onengqondo, owayephila ngesikhathi uMthetho-sisekelo ugunyaziwe. Lendlela ifana kakhulu nemibhalo, kodwa ayifani. Indlela yokuqala yomphakathi yokuqonda uMthetho-sisekelo ayisekelwe embhalweni kuphela, kodwa kunalokho, idweba incazelo yasobala yombhalo njengesiqondiso sokuchaza.
Ukubhala Ngokungafani Nokwakha Okunezimiso
Kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa u-textism no-Scalia shoshoshold. Scalia waveza ukuthi waye "ayisona isazi sokwakha esiqinile, futhi akukho-yedwa okumelwe abe"; uqhubekela phambili, abize ukwakhiwa kobungqongqo "uhlobo olulula lombhalo".
Akufanele kuthathwe kahle umbhalo, futhi akufanele kuthathwe kalula; kufanele kucatshangelwe ngokunengqondo, ukuze kugcinwe konke okushiwo yiwo.
Indlela Izazi Zemibhalo Ezisingatha Ngayo Imibuzo Yomthetho - sisekelo
Abalobi baphikisa izinkantolo ukuba bafunde amazwi ombhalo ongokomthetho njenganoma iliphi ilungu elivamile loMkhandlu. Bafuna incazelo "yokuthi umuntu onengqondo angaqoqa embhalweni womthetho". Lokhu kugxila emfundweni evamile ukuze kunikezwe incazelo eqondile futhi igcizelelwe ekuchazeni kokwahlulela.
Lo mbhali akanikezi sisekelo izinto zomlando zomthetho lapho ezama ukuthola incazelo yombhalo. Lokhu kuhlukanisa imibhalo nezinye izindlela zokuchaza ezingase zithintane nemibiko yamakomiti, izimpikiswano zasesitezi, noma ezinye izinto ezizoqonda injongo yomthetho.
Inkantolo ivame ukubheka umbhalo kuqala ngaphambi kokuba ihlole eminye imithombo engase ibe nencazelo, yenza ukuba ukubhalwa kwemibhalo kube yisiqalo ngisho nakumajaji angazibheki njengababhali abaqinile.
Izimpikiswano Zokubhala Nokumelana Nokubhala
Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi ukubhalwa kwemibhalo kuvimbela abahluleli ekunqumeni amacala ngokuvumelana nemibono yabo yezimiso, okuholela ekubikezeleni kakhulu ekwahlulelweni. Ngokugxila encazelweni evamile yombhalo, abaqondisi bemibhalo bathi banikeza indlela eqonde ngokwengeziwe nengathathi hlangothi yokuchaza.
Nokho, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukubhalwa kwemibhalo kungaba okuqinile kakhulu futhi kungase kuhluleke ukuveza izinjongo ezibanzi kanye nomongo wezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo. Ukugxila okukhethekile ebhalweni ngezinye izikhathi kungaholela emiphumeleni ebonakala ingqubuzana nokwakheka nezinjongo zoMthetho-sisekelo.
Ukwakhiwa: Ukucabangela umsebenzi womthetho-sisekelo wesakhelo sonke
Isakhiwo simelela enye indlela ebalulekile yokuchaza umthetho-sisekelo, ebheke ngalé kwamalungiselelo omuntu ukuba acabangele umklamo nokwakhiwa koMthetho-sisekelo wonke. Lendlela ihlola indlela izingxenye ezihlukene zomthetho-sisekelo ezihlobana ngayo nezinye nokuthi bubonisani ngokubaluleka komthetho-sisekelo.
Indlela Yokuhlela
Incazelo yokwakha ihlanganisa ukuhlukanisa izimiso zomthetho-sisekelo ehlelweni loMthetho-sisekelo kanye nobudlelwane obumiswa yiwo phakathi kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni ezihlukene. Kunokuba bagxile kuphela kumalungiselelo athile ombhalo, abakhi bahlola uhlelo lonke olwakhiwa nguMthetho-sisekelo, kuhlanganise nokuhlukaniswa kwemibuso, uhulumeni, kanye nesimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela.
Lendlela iyaqaphela ukuthi uMthetho-sisekelo wakha isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi sikahulumeni esinamagatsha amaningi kokubili emazingeni kahulumeni nakahulumeni. Ubuhlobo phakathi kwalezizinhlangano, nezimiso ezisekela umklamo wazo, kungazisa ukuchazwa komthetho - sisekelo ngisho nalapho amalungiselelo athile ombhalo engacacile noma engasho lutho ngemibuzo ethile.
Izisebenziso zokuhlela
Izimpikiswano eziyisisekelo ziye zaba ezibaluleke ngokukhethekile ezimweni ezihilela ukwahlukana kwemibuso nohulumeni.
Indlela yokwakha ingahlanganisa nezinye izindlela zokuchaza. Umahluleli angaqala ngombhalo, ahlole incazelo yokuqala, abese acabangela ukuthi incazelo ethile iyavumelana yini nokwakheka koMthetho-sisekelo wonke kanye nobuhlobo obukheka phakathi kwezinhlangano zikahulumeni.
Ukuzitika: Ukucabangela Imiphumela Ewusizo
Izinqubo eziguquguqukayo zokuchaza umthetho - sisekelo zigcizelela imiphumela engokoqobo yokukhetha okuhlukahlukene okuchazayo. Kunokuba bagxile kuphela embhalweni, encazelweni yokuqala, noma ehlelweni, izazi zesayensi zicabangela indlela izincazelo ezihlukene eziyosebenza ngayo kanye nemiphumela eziyoba nayo emphakathini.
Indlela Engavamile
Incazelo ebanzi ihlanganisa ukuhlola imiphumela esebenzayo yokufunda okuhlukile komthetho-sisekelo. Abahluleli abasebenzisa le ndlela bacabangela izici ezinjengokusebenza, imiphumela yezenhlalo, nemiphumela yangempela yezwe yezinqumo zabo. Lendlela ihlobene kakhulu nendlela yoMthetho-sisekelo ophilayo, njengoba zombili zigcizelela ukuvumelana nezimo zamanje.
Izazi zesayensi yokuzivumelanisa nezimo zithi ukuchaza umthetho - sisekelo akunakuba okusekelwe emiphumeleni ewumthetho noma okudivosayo.
Ukugxekwa Kwezenzo Zobuhlanya
Abagxeki bencazelo ecacile bathi inikeza amajaji ukuqonda okukhulu futhi ivumela ukuba abeke imithetho yawo ngaphansi kokuchaza umthetho - sisekelo. Ngokugxila emiphumeleni kunokubheka umbhalo noma incazelo yasekuqaleni, ukuvumelana komthetho nokulandisa ngentando yeningi kungalulaza umthetho nokuziphendulela kombuso.
Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi ukucabangela okunengqondo akunakuphikwa futhi kuphikisana nalokhu. okubonakala kuwumphumela omuhle owusizo komunye umahluleli kungase kubonakale kuyinkinga komunye, okwenza ukuba ukuvumelana nesimiso kube yisiqondiso esingathembekile sencazelo yomthetho - sisekelo.
Ezinye Indlela Zokuchaza
Ngaphandle kwemibono eyinhloko okuxoxwe ngayo ngenhla, kufanele kushiwo ezinye izindlela eziningana zokuchaza. ngezinye izikhathi lezi zindlela zisetshenziswa ngokuhambisana nezici eziyinhloko noma zisetshenziswe ezinhlotsheni ezithile zemibuzo yomthetho - sisekelo.
Ukuthenga
I-Purosivism igxila ezinjongweni ezisekelwe emalungiselelweni omthetho-sisekelo. Kunokuba babheke nje kuphela ekuqondeni umbhalo noma kuqala, abahlaziyi babuza ukuthi yiyiphi ilungiselelo elithile elihloselwe ukunikeza incazelo nokuthi kufanele lichazwe kanjani ukuze kufezwe leyonjongo. Lendlela ihambisana nokuvumelana komthetho-sisekelo kodwa igcizelela kakhulu izinjongo zomthetho-sisekelo ngokwawo kunokuba igcizelele imigomo yenkambiso yamanje.
Ukufunda Ngokuziphatha
Ezinye izazi zisekela ukufundwa koMthetho - sisekelo, ochaza izimiso ezingekho ngokomthetho ezisekelwe kuyifilosofi engcono kakhulu yokuziphatha nengokwezombangazwe ekhona. Lendlela ihlobene ngokukhethekile nesazi sefilosofi uRonald Dworkin, esaphikisa ngokuthi amalungiselelo omthetho - sisekelo aqukethe izimiso zokuziphatha kufanele achazwe ukuze kuboniswe ukuqonda okungcono kakhulu kwalezozimiso.
Abagxeki bokufunda kokuziphatha baphikisa ngokuthi ivumela amajaji ukuba aphoqelele imibono yawo siqu yokuziphatha futhi alulaze ukubusa kwentando yeningi. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi uMthetho - sisekelo ngokwawo uhlanganisa izimiso zokuziphatha nokuthi ukuzichaza kudinga ukucabanga okungokokuziphatha.
Iqhinga Nestartic Deccis
Imfundiso yokubuka ngokujezisa − isimiso sokuthi izinkantolo kufanele zilandele izinqumo zazo zangaphambili — ifeza indima ebalulekile ekuchazeni umthetho-sisekelo kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyiphi indlela eyinhloko umahluleli athanda ngayo. I-precedent inikeza ukuzinza nokubikezelwa komthetho-sisekelo, nakuba abahluleli bengavumelani ngokuthi izinqumo ezingakanani okufanele zithathwe, ikakhulukazi uma kungenzeka ukuthi zinqunywe ngokungalungile.
Indima yesibonelo idala ukungezwani kwabaqali, okumelwe banqume ukuthi bangalandela yini izenzakalo ezingase zingqubuzane nencazelo yokuqala. Abanye abaqambi benkolo baphikisa ukunamathela ngokuqinile kwezandulela naphezu kwezinkinga zobuqaba, kuyilapho abanye bezimisele kakhulu ukuguqula izandulela abazibona ziphikisana nencazelo yokuqala yoMthetho-sisekelo.
Indima Yokuchaza Umthetho - sisekelo Embusweni Wentando Yeningi WaseMelika
Impikiswano ngencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ayisho nje ukuthi “‘ isho okukhulu ngedemokrasi yaseMelika nangemithetho yomthetho. izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza zibonisa imibono ehlukene yokufaneleka kokwahlulela, ukwahlukana kwemibuso, kanye nobuhlobo phakathi komthetho nezombangazwe.
Umthetho Wokwahlulela Nokubusa Ngentando Yeningi
Embusweni wentando yeningi, kungani amajaji angakhethwanga kufanele abe namandla okukhipha impoqo enikezwa abameleli abakhethiwe? Imibono ehlukahlukene echazayo inikeza izimpendulo ezihlukene kulombuzo.
Abasekeli bomthetho baphikisa ngokuthi ukubukezwa kokwahlulela kungokomthetho lapho abahluleli beqinisekisa incazelo yokuqala yoMthetho-sisekelo, eyamukelwa ngedemokrasi ngokusetshenziswa kwedemokrasi. Abaphili bomthetho-sisekelo abaphilayo baphikisa ngokuthi ukufaneleka kuvela ekuvumeni okuqhubekayo kwezimiso zomthetho-sisekelo abantu baseMelika nokuziphendukela komthetho ngokomthetho ngezindlela zomthetho ofanayo.
Inqubo Yesichibiyelo Noshintsho Lomthetho - sisekelo
UMthetho-sisekelo unikeza inqubo engokomthetho yokulungisa eSigabeni V, okudinga ukusekela okukhulu kakhulu eSishaya-mthetho nasekuhlanzweni okuvela kubantu abathathu bombuso. Lenqubo enzima ngamabomu iphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokuthi incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo kufanele ishintshe kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Abaqondisi bemfundiso yokuqala baphikisa ngokuthi ushintsho lomthetho-sisekelo kufanele lwenzeke kuphela ngokulungisa okungokomthetho, kugcine ukufaneleka kwentando yeningi kombhalo woMthetho-sisekelo. Abahleli bomthetho-sisekelo baphendula ngokuthi inqubo yokulungisa inzima kakhulu nokuthi ukushintshwa komthetho-sisekelo ngokuchazwa kudingekile futhi kungokomthetho.
Izinga Lezombangazwe Lemfundiso Echazwayo
Incazelo yomthetho-mthetho iye yashintsha kakhulu, enezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza ngokuvamile ezihlangene nemibono ethile yezombangazwe. Umthetho wokuqala uhlotshaniswa nokulawula okungaguquguquki, kuyilapho ukuphila ngomthetho-mthetho wezomthetho-sisekelo kuvame kakhulu phakathi kwabahluleli nabafundi abakhululekile. Nokho, lezi zinhlanganiselo aziphelele, futhi izindlela zokuchaza zingaholela emiphumeleni engalindelekile.
Ukuchazwa kwenkolelo - mbono yokuchaza kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokuthi lezi zindlela zivimbela ngempela yini ukuhluzeka kokwahlulela noma zimane nje zinikeze isifuba esingadingi mpendulo ezinqumweni ezisekelwe kwezombangazwe.
Izimpikiswano Zangesikhathi Esizayo Nentuthuko Yamuva
Incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo iyaqhubeka iguquka, kanye nokushintsha okusha kwezinqubo ezingokwesiko nezimpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngokuphathelene nokusetshenziswa kwazo. Izinqumo zeNkantolo ya Muva nje ezibekwe eNkantolo Ephakeme ziye zaqokomisa ukubaluleka okungokoqobo kwalezimpikiswano ezicatshangelwayo.
INkantolo Ephakeme Yamanje
INkantolo ePhakeme yamanje ihlanganisa abahluleli abaningana abachaza ukuthi abalobi bemibhalo yokuqala noma abafunda imibhalo, benza lezizindlela ezichazayo zibe nethonya ngokukhethekile emthethweni womthetho-sisekelo wamanje. Nokho, ngisho nabahluleli abahlanganyela isibopho esivamile ekuziphendukeleni kokuqala bangase bangavumelani ngokusebenza kwabo ezimweni ezithile.
Izinqumo zeNkantolo ezindaweni ezinjengelungelo lokudubula, ukukhipha isisu, inkululeko engokwenkolo, nomthetho wokuphatha ziye zabonisa indlela izindlela zokuchaza ezingafani ezingaholela ngayo emiphumeleni ehlukene kakhulu. Lamacala abonisa ukuthi ukukhetha indlela yokuchaza akuyona nje imfundo kodwa kunemiphumela yangempela yamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo kanye nemibuso kahulumeni.
Ukushintshashintsha Kwezindlela Ezintsha Nezindlela Zokwelapha Isikhumba
Ezinye izazi ziye zahlongoza izindlela ezixubile ezihlanganisa izici zemibono ehlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, "ubukhoma obuphilayo" imizamo yokuhlanganisa ukuqonda kokuqala nobemithetho elawulayo ngokuhlukanisa phakathi kwencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo (ukuchaza incazelo yokuqala) nokwakhiwa komthetho-sisekelo (ukusebenzisa leyo ncazelo ezicatshangeni ezithile).
Lezi zinqubo ezixubile ziyaqaphela ukuthi ukuchazwa komthetho - sisekelo kuyinkimbinkimbi nokuthi ayikho indlela eyodwa engase yanele kuyo yonke imibuzo engokomthetho - sisekelo.
Izicelo Eziwusizo Zezakhamuzi Nabenzi Bomthetho
Ukuqonda incazelo yomthetho - sisekelo akubalulekile nje kuphela kubameli nakumajaji kodwa nakuzakhamuzi nabenzi bemithetho.
Ithonya Elungelweni Lomuntu Ngamunye
Izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza zingaholela eziphethweni ezingafani ngokuphathelene namalungelo omthetho - sisekelo.
Lokhu kungavumelani kunemiphumela engokoqobo ezimpikiswaneni kusukela kumalungelo okuzala kuya ezindabani zobuchwepheshe kuya ekumiseni imithetho yezezimali. Amalungelo omthetho-sisekelo wezakhamuzi anganwetshwa noma ancike kuhlobo lwendlela yokuchaza enkantolo.
Izicelo Zokwakhiwa Kahulumeni Nemibuso
Incazelo yomthetho-mthetho ithinta futhi imibuzo mayelana nohlelo lukahulumeni nokwabiwa kwemibuso ezinhlanganweni ezihlukene. Izimpikiswano mayelana namandla aphethe, igunya lombuso, nombuso kahulumeni zivame ukuphendula imibuzo echazayo ngencazelo yokuqala yoMthetho-sisekelo noma indlela okumelwe ivumelane ngayo nezimo zanamuhla.
Kubenzi bemithetho, ukuqonda lezi zimpikiswano ezichazayo kubalulekile ekusunguleni umthetho oyomelana nokucusumbulwa komthetho - sisekelo nasekulindeleni indlela izinkantolo ezingase zibuse ngayo ekuphikiseni imibuzo yegunya likahulumeni.
Imithombo Yemfundo Eqhubekayo
Kulabo abanesithakazelo ekuhloleni incazelo yomthetho-sisekelo ngokujule kakhulu, kunemithombo eminingi. ISikhungo soMthetho-sisekelo sesizwe inikeza izinto zokufundisa kanye nezimpikiswano phakathi kwezazi ezimelela izindlela ezihlukene zokuchaza. i-Contitution Antated[, eshicilelwe i-Library of Congresspont, inikeza ukuhlaziywa okubanzi kwezimiso zomthetho nencazelo yeNkantolo Ephakeme.
Omagazini abafundisayo njenge - Harvard Law Review, Yale Law Journal, neStanford Law Review banyathelisa njalo izihloko ezikhuluma ngencazelo engokomthetho - sisekelo.
Ukuze iqonde ngokujule kakhudlwana ubukhona benkolo, izincwadi zezazi ezinjengoRandy Barnett, uLawrence Solum, noMahluleli wamuva u - Antonin Scalia zinikeza iziqondiso eziningiliziwe zalendlela. Ukuze uthole imibono emayelana nokuphila komthetho - sisekelo, imibhalo kaDavid Strauss, uJack Balkin, noJacler William Brennan ongasekho kunikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile.
Isiphetho: Ukubaluleka Okuqhubekayo Kokuchazwa Komthetho - sisekelo
Umbuzo wokuthi ungachazwa kanjani uMthetho-sisekelo ulokhu ungenye yezimpikiswano ezibaluleke kakhulu neziphikiswanayo emthethweni waseMelika. Izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuchaza inqubo yendabuko .
Ayikho indlela yokuchaza eye yafinyelela ukwamukelwa emhlabeni wonke, futhi izimpikiswano phakathi kwalezi zinqubo ziyaqhubeka zihlela umthetho womthetho - sisekelo nentando yeningi yaseMelika. Ukuqonda lezizindlela ezihlukene kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukuqonda ukuthi uMthetho - sisekelo usebenza kanjani njengencwadi engokomthetho ebusa isizwe sanamuhla kuyilapho ihlala igxilile embhalweni owabhalwa emakhulwini amabili eminyaka adlule.
Njengoba umphakathi uqhubeka uguqula futhi kuvela izinselele ezintsha, akungabazeki ukuthi kuyoqhubeka ukuphikisana ngencazelo yomthetho-sisekelo. Indlela yokuchaza ekhona ezinkantolo iyosiza ekunqumeni izinga lamalungelo omthetho-sisekelo, imingcele yamandla kahulumeni, kanye nencazelo yezimiso eziyisisekelo njengenkululeko, ukulingana, nentando yeningi. Ngalesizathu, ukuchazwa komthetho ngokomthetho akuseyona nje indaba engokomthetho kodwa indaba ebaluleke kakhulu kuwo wonke amaMelika.
Ukuthi umuntu uvumela ukugcizelela kobuKhomanisi bakuqala incazelo eqinisekile, ukuphila kokuvumelana nomthetho-sisekelo, ukugxila kombhalo ovamile, noma ukuxubana kwezimo, ukuhileleka kulezimpikiswano kubalulekile ukuze umuntu abe nesizwe esinolwazi futhi athathe i-demokrasi esemthethweni yaseMelika. Ukuchaza koMthetho-sisekelo kuguqula imithetho esiphila ngaphansi kwayo, amalungelo esiwajabulelayo, nohulumeni esiwakhayo, kuyenze ibe indaba efanelwe ukuhlolwa ngokucophelela nokucatshangelwa okuqhubekayo.