Ukuqonda Isigungu Esiyinhloko: UMongameli Nezinhlangano Zezombangazwe

Isimiso sikahulumeni waseMelika sisekelwe esimisweni sokuhlukanisa amagunya, igatsha eliphethe lisebenza njengenjini efeza imithetho edluliswa yiKhongolo futhi ichazwe izinkantolo. Ngezinga eliphezulu leligatsha limi uMongameli, lisekelwa iqoqo elikhulu lezinhlangano eziphethe. Izakhamuzi, ziqaphela indlela lezinhlangano ezisebenza ngayo ukuze ziqonde indlela okwenziwa ngayo isimiso sombuso, indlela imithetho ethinta ngayo ukuphila kwansuku zonke, nendlela uhulumeni asabela ngayo ezinkingeni. Lesihloko sinikeza ukubheka okunegunya, ukunwetshwa kwezindima zikaMongameli nezinhlangano zezikhulu, izisekelo zazo zomthetho-sisekelo wezwe, nokusebenzelana okushukumisayo phakathi kwazo.

Indima Yomthetho - sisekelo KaMongameli

UMongameli we-United States uyinhloko kahulumeni kanyekanye futhi umholi kahulumeni, indima emba enika amandla ombuso obalulekile nomthwalo wemfanelo. ISiphakamiso II sezingubo zoMthetho-sisekelo “umbuso ophethe” kuMongameli, emisa isikhundla njengomphoqeleli oyinhloko womthetho kahulumeni. Lokhu kuhlanganisa umsebenzi “wokuqaphela ukuba iMithetho iqedwe ngokwethembeka,” isigqebhezana esinika uMongameli amandla oqondisa i-buthonga futhi siqinisekise ukuthi imithetho ye-Congressionation isetshenziswa ngokuphumelelayo.

Amandla Nemithwalo Yemfanelo

Imibuso yomthetho - sisekelo kaMongameli ibanzi futhi ingena ezigabani eziningana eziyinhloko:

  • ukugcinwa komthetho kanye nokuphatha: UMongameli uqondisa zonke izinhlangano eziqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho kahulumeni, kusukela eFederal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) ukuya e-Drugn Inforcement Administration (DEA), futhi ubeka izinto eziza kuqala.
  • Inkambiso nezingxoxo zobuzwe: Njengomphathi wezwe omkhulu, uMongameli uxoxa ngezivumelwano (ezingaphansi kokwandiswa kweSigele), umisa amanxusa, futhi uqaphela ohulumeni bakwamanye amazwe.
  • uMyaleli-kakhulu: uMongameli unegunya eliphethe iMikhosi ehlomile yase-U.S., kuhlanganise namandla okuthumela amabutho, ukuhlasela kwempi, kanye necebo eliqondise ukuzivikela kwesizwe.
  • Ithonya lokulawula: Ngamandla, uMongameli angalahla izikweletu ezidluliswa yiSishaya-mthetho, afune ukuba inani eliyisithathu sombili emagumbini omabili lishaywe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMongameli angamisa umthetho, iziyalo zezikhulu, futhi adlulise i-State of the Union ukumisa uhlelo lwezishayamthetho.
  • Amandla okumisa: Ngesiqinisekiso seSigele, uMongameli umisa onobhala beKhabhinethi, amajaji kahulumeni (kuhlanganise amajaji eNkantolo Ephakeme), amanxusa, kanye namanhloko ezinhlangano ezizimele.
  • [ Izabelo kanye nokubuya: uMongameli anganikeza ukunxenxa ebugebengwini bukahulumeni, amandla angasetshenziswa angasetshenziswanga nhlobo kamuva.

Ukukhetha, Ukulinganisela Kwezinombolo, Nokushintsha

Abameli bakhethwa njalo ngemva kweminyaka emine nge-Electoral College, isimiso esilinganisela isimo kanye nokumelelwa kodumo. Njengoba ukumiswa kweSichibiyelo sama-22 ngo-1951, akukho muntu ongakhethwa njengoMongameli ngaphezu kokuphindwa kabili. Lokhu kulinganiselwa kuqinisekisa ukuguqulwa kwasikhathi sonke kobuholi futhi kuvimbele ukugcwala kwamandla aphethe. Inkathi yokushintsha phakathi kokuphatha [1] cishe amasonto angu-11 (awunyaka angu-11) igxeka ukulondeka kwesizwe nokuqhubeka kokubusa, ilawulwa yi-General Services Administration ne-House Transoniciation Coordinating Cooding Councing Councing Councie.

Ama - exment Amandla Kamongameli

Nakuba uMongameli enegunya elikhulu, isimiso sokuhlola nokulinganisela sibeka imingcele. Ukulawula kwezimali zezimali, kungadlula ama-veto, futhi kunegunya lokunikeza imvume. Ijaji lihlola ukufaneleka komthetho-mthetho wezenzo zobuphathi. Umbono womphakathi nemithombo yezindaba kusebenza futhi njengokuhlola ngokwethukela. Ukuqonda lamandla kubalulekile ekusebenziseni amandla kamongameli nokulandisa.

Ukwakhiwa Kwezinhlangano Eziqondisayo

Izinhlangano eziphethe ziyizinhlangano ezikhethekile ezakha inhlangano kahulumeni. Zisebenza ngaphansi kwegunya likaMongameli futhi zinomthwalo wemfanelo wokusebenzisa imithetho, ukunikeza izinhlelo, nokuqondisa izimboni. Inhlangano kahulumeni ayiyona inhlangano ezimele kodwa iyinhlangano eyinkimbinkimbi yeminyango, izinhlangano ezizimele, izinhlangano zikahulumeni, kanye namakhomishane okuqondisa.

Izinhlangano Zekhabethe

Iminyango yeKhabhinethi engu-15 yakha umnyombo wegatsha eliphethe. Ngamunye uholwa unobhala (ngaphandle koMnyango Wobulungisa, oholwa u-Attorney General) oyilungu leKhabhinethi kaMongameli. Leminyango isingatha izinhlelo ezibanzi:

  • Isethulo sovikelo – ukulondeka kwempi nesizwe
  • Izindawo ze-Moota – inqubo ye-Fiscal, imali, kanye nokuqoqwa kwentela
  • [ Isifundazwe [[[QULT:1] -izindaba zakwamanye amazwe kanye nezingxoxo zezingxoxo
  • [[Umthetho:0] ISivumelwano soMahluleli[[QUL:1] – ukugcinwa komthetho nezindaba zomthetho
  • [ Isekethi yezempilo nezokusekela abantu – impilo yomphakathi, iMedicare, ne-Medicaid
  • Ingxenye yemfundo – izinhlelo zemfundo nenkambiso yezemfundo kaFederal
  • Isekethi leNsirhelelo ye Homeland – ukulondeka komngcele, ukufuduka, nokusabela enhlekeleleni

Umnyango ngamunye uqukethe izinhlangano eziningi ezisezingeni eliphansi, amabhumini, namahhovisi. Ngokwesibonelo, iDepartment of Homeland Security ihlanganisa i-Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), i-Cstoms and Borders Protection (CBP), kanye ne-Forgatection Administration (TSA).

Izinhlangano Ezizimele Neziyalezo Zokuqondisa

Akuyona yonke izinhlangano zikahulumeni eziwela ngaphansi komnyango weKhabhinethi. Amanxusa azimele, njenge- Entron Protection Agency (EPA) ne-[[FLT]] Contigatence Intelligence Agency ([FLT][FLT3]]], asebenza ngesilinganiso se-igemfecture. Baqondiswa yi-Profesteretator eyodwa noma umqondisi omiswe nguMongameli oyedwa. [FLT], futhi bagunyazwe njenge [[FLT:]] i-Sacurities and Exchange Commission (FC) [FC] [FFFC]) eklatences] [FULT], ukucindezela [FOT] okungunyakazelelwe yize kusebenze kwezombangazwe, futhi kusebenze ngokusekela kwezombangazwe.[Foctives]

Izinhlangano Zikahulumeni

Isigaba esincane yizinhlangano zikahulumeni, ezinikeza izinkonzo zemakethe ezifinyelelwe. Izibonelo zihlanganisa i- U.S. Service (USPS) ne[FLT][FLT]]Tennesse Valley Authority (VA). Lezinhlangano ziveza inzuzo ngenkokhelo futhi zilindeleke ukuba zisebenze ngokunempumelelo, nakuba zihlala zingaphansi kobuphathi be-ogalelo.

Indlela Umongameli Aqondisa Ngayo Izimo Eziqondisayo

Ubuhlobo phakathi kukaMongameli nezinhlangano eziphethe bungobesiqondiso, umqondisi, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukucindezela. Nakuba uMongameli emisa uhlelo, izisebenzi zezemisebenzi zivame ukuba nobuchwepheshe obujulile nenkumbulo yezinhlangano. Ukubusa okuphumelelayo kudinga ukulinganisela izinto eziza kuqala kwezombangazwe kanye nekhono lobuchwepheshe.

Ukumiswa Nezisebenzi

UMongameli umisa izikhundla zezombangazwe ezingaba ngu-4 000 kuhulumeni kahulumeni, kuhlanganise nonobhala beKhabhinethi, isekela lonobhala, abasizi, kanye neziphathi zezinhlangano. Lezi zikhulu zimisa isiqondiso futhi ziqondise izisebenzi zomphakathi ezisebenzayo. ISishaya-mthetho kumelwe siqinisekise eziningi zalezi zibopho, sinikeze ishekethi ethonyeni likamongameli. Izimo zisebenzisa amakhulu ezinkulungwane zezisebenzi ezisebenzayo eziqashiwe ngesimiso semisebenzi yomphakathi esincintisanayo, esivikelwe ekuxoshweni kwezombangazwe yi-Pendleton Act.

Ukusetshenziswa Kwemali Nokusetshenziswa Kwemali

Ukulawula uhlelo lokusetshenziswa kwemali kuyithuluzi elinamandla lokulungisa izinto eziza kuqala. UMongameli ufaka isiphakamiso semali yaminyaka yonke kuKhomishane, ehlanganisa izicelo zokusetshenziswa kwemali eningiliziwe engosini ngayinye. Nakuba ekugcineni i-Congress iyazifanelekela izimali, iHhovisi Lokuphathwa Kwemali (OMB) ifeza indima eyinhloko ezicelweni zemali ezihlolwayo zezinhlangano, ukuhlola imali esetshenzisiwe, nokuqinisekisa ukuhlelwa kwemigomo yenqubo. I-OMB ibuye ibukeza zonke iziqondiso ezihlongoniswayo kanye neziyalo zegunyazo ngaphambi kokuba kuqalwe.

Isiyalo Esiphethe Nombhanda

Abaholi bavame ukusebenzisa iziyalezo zezikhulu nomongameli ukuze baqondise izinhlangano ngaphandle komthetho omusha. Lezi ziqondiso ziphethe umthetho wegatsha eliphethe kodwa kumelwe zibekwe egunyeni elikhona manje lomthetho noma kuMthetho-sisekelo. Izibonelo zihlanganisa umyalo kaMongameli Biden wokuthuthukisa ukufaneleka kwezinhlanga nomongameli uTrump ngokugunyaza ukufuduka. Izinkantolo zingashaya iziqondiso zezikhulu ezidlula igunya lomongameli.

Igunya Elilawulayo Nokubusa

Izinhlangano eziningi zisebenzisa amandla omthetho agunyaziwe ukuze zakhe imithetho esetshenziswayo. Inqubo yokushaya umthetho, elawulwa yi- Administrative Procedure Act , ifuna izinhlangano ukuba zikhiphe imithetho ehlongozwayo, zimemeze ukukhulumela umphakathi, futhi zikhiphe imithetho yokugcina ngokulungisa okucaciswe. UMongameli uthonya lenqubo ngokubukeza nangendlela yokumisa amanxusa amisa izinto eziza kuqala. Ngokwesibonelo, i-EPA ngaphansi kwezimiso ezihlukahlukene izinhlobonhlobo zezimiso zendawo ezungezile.

Izibonelo Eziyinhloko Zezimo Eziqondisayo Ezisebenzayo

Ukuze siqonde ukuthi izinhlangano eziphethe zisebenza kanjani ngempela, kusiza ukuhlola indlela izinhlangano ezithile ezisebenza ngayo ngaphansi kokuqondisa komongameli.

I - Agency Yokuvikela Indawo Ezungezile (EPA)

I-EPA, eyasungulwa ngo-1970, inomthwalo wokuvikela impilo yabantu nendawo ezungezile ngokumisa imithetho enjenge-Ceather Air Act ne-Cecter Water Act. UMongameli umisa i-EPA profector, futhi uhlelo lwezenqubo yokuqondisa luvame ukuveza izinto eziza kuqala kubaphathi bendawo ezungezile. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Obama’s Clean Power Plan ihlose ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-carbon ezimbonini ezisebenza kumandla, kuyilapho i-Trump iwuthathela indawo ngemithetho ye-Affordble Ener Ener E. Ukubusa kwe-EPA kuveza kakhulu ukucwaninga kwezesayensi nenhlazinsolo yezomnotho.

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

ICIA iqoqa, ihlaziya, futhi isakaza ukuhlakanipha kwangaphandle ukuze yazise izinqumo zesizwe zezokuphepha. Njengenhlangano ezimele, ibika kuMqondisi wesizwe Intelligence futhi ekugcineni kuMongameli. Imisebenzi ye-CIA ihlanganisa isenzo esicashile, esidinga ukutholwa komongameli nesaziso sobukhomanisi. Indima yenhlangano iyisisekelo samandla okulawula emithethweni yangaphandle, futhi ukuphumelela kwayo kuxhomeke ekuxhumaneni okuseduze neWhite House.

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

I-FBI, ingxenye yoMnyango Wezobulungisa, isebenza njengenhlangano eyinhloko yomthetho kahulumeni wezwe nenhlangano yezobuhlakani. UMongameli umisa uMqondisi we-FBI eminyakeni eyishumi ukuze avikele isikhundla esisemngciphekweni wezombangazwe. I-FBI ihlola ubugebengu bamazwe, kuhlanganise nobuphekula, ubuphekula, i-ibrockycrime, kanye nenkohlakalo yomphakathi. Izenzo zayo ziqondiswa yi-Congresssion, uMnyango wobulungisa, kanye nezinkantolo zikahulumeni.

UMnyango Wemfundo

UMnyango Wemfundo unikeza usizo lwabafundi bamazwe, uqoqa ukwaziswa ezikoleni, futhi uphoqelela imithetho yamalungelo omphakathi emfundweni. Idalwe ngo-1979, kuye kwaphikiswana ngendima yayo; abanye baphikisa inqubo yemfundo kufanele ihlale endaweni. Izinhlelo zemfundo zikaMongameli zigxile ekukhetheni isikole, i-Title IX jogie, noma ukuboleka imali yabafundi ngenguquko yezemfundo. UNobhala wemfundo uyilungu eliyinhloko le-Camprisbane elisebenza noKhosipala nezikhulu zikahulumeni.

Ukuziphendukela Okungokomlando Kwegatsha Eliphethe

Igatsha eliphethe lesimanje likhulu kakhulu futhi liyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunelo abasunguli ababecabanga ukuthi likhona. Uhulumeni wokuqala wagunyaza amakhulu ambalwa abantu eminyango yoMbuso, iNdawo yezimali, iMpi, nobulungisa. Ukwanda kwegunya likahulumeni phakathi neNew Deal, iGreat Society, kanye nenkathi yangemva kwe-9/11 kwandisa kakhulu ubukhulu nobukhulu bezinhlangano eziphethe.

Abaholi baye bandisa izisebenzi zabo ngeHhovisi Eliphethe loMongameli (EOP), elakhiwa ngo-1939. I-EOP ihlanganisa iHhovisi Lendlu Emhlophe, i-National Security Council, iHhovisi Lokuphathwa Kwemali ne-Hlomelo, ne-Council of Economic Adviers. Lesisekelo sesisekelo sivumela uMongameli ukuba axhumanise izikhulu ezikhudlekayo futhi aphendule ngokushesha ezinkingeni zasekhaya nezezizwe zonke.

Okubalulekile, ubuhlobo phakathi koKhongolo nomongameli buye bashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Nakuba uMkhandlu ubunike izikhulu igunya elibalulekile, uyaqhubeka uqondisa ngokuzwa, ngokuphenya, nangobumandla bemali. INkantolo Ephakeme, ezimweni ezifana S v. Chadha [19983] kanye [FLT] [] NFIB v. Selius [202], uye wacacisa imikhawulo yenhlangano namandla kamongameli.

Izinselele Nezimpikiswano Zesikhathi Esizayo

Izinkinga eziningana eziqhubekayo ziqokomisa izingxabano nokuyinkimbinkimbi kokubusa kweziphathimandla.

Imfundiso Yokubusa Kweqembu Eliphethe Abaqondisi Abaphakeme

Abanye omongameli nezazi ezingokomthetho baphikisa “inkolelo - mbono yesikhulu esiphethe”, ethi uMongameli unegunya eliphelele egatsheni eliphethe futhi angaxosha noma isiphi isikhulu senhlangano uma sithanda. Abagxeki baphikisa ukuthi lokhu kusongela ukuzimela kwezinhlangano ezinjenge FBI ne-SEC. isinqumo seNkantolo sokuhlala ngokuhlala ndawonye siye saxubana, sishiyela inkundla impikiswano eqhubekayo.

Ukushintsha Nokuvinjelwa Kwemithetho

Kuzo zonke izibukezo nokubukezwa kwezimiso ezikhona. I-Conregional Review Act (CRA) ivumela uKhongolose ukuba lujikije imithetho emisha yezinhlangano neningi elilula, ithuluzi elisetshenziswa njalo ezinyangeni zokuqala zokuphatha kwe-Trump. I-Biden iye yagxila ekwandiseni imithetho elawulayo ezindaweni ezifana nokushintsha isimo sezulu kanye nesivikelo sabathengi. Ukulinganisela ngokulawula ngokuvikela umphakathi kuseyinselele.

Ubuchwepheshe, Ukwaziswa, Nendlela Yanamuhla

Izinhlangano eziphethe zincika kakhulu ebucikwenini bezobuchwepheshe, kusukela ezimisweni ze-IRS zokulungisa intela kuya ezinhlelweni ze-inthaneti ye-inthaneti. Geople Service Administration (GSA) kanye ne- Office of Management and Driver ihola imizamo yanamuhla ngezindlela ezithathwayo njenge-technoloji Yokwethuthiza. Nokho, izimiso zefa ne-inthanetibiliki zisethi zisenezingozi ezinkulu.

Ukuzimela Kwabemi Nengcindezi Yezombangazwe

Uphenyo lwezikhungo zezomthetho ezingathi zingene ezinhlanganweni zezezombangazwe njengoMnyango woBulunga ne-EPA luye lwabangela ukukhathazeka ngokuwohloka kwezimiso zobuchwepheshe. IHatch Act ivimbela umsebenzi wezombangazwe oncishiswa izisebenzi zikahulumeni, kodwa ukucindezela komongameli ezinqumweni zezinhlangano kungaba okungaqondakali.

Okwenza Izakhamuzi Ziziqonde Lezi Zinqubo

UMongameli nezinhlangano eziphethe zithinta cishe zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika: umoya esiwuphefumulayo, ukudla esikudlayo, ukuphepha kwezindawo zethu zokusebenza, ukulondeka kwesizwe sethu, nemfundo yezingane zethu. Uma izakhamuzi ziqonda ukuthi lezizinhlangano zisebenza kanjani, zingahileleka kangcono enkambisweni yomphakathi, zisekele ushintsho, futhi zisekele izikhulu ezikhethiwe ukuba zilandise. Ukuhlanganyela enqubweni yokubusa ngokulalela izinkulumo zasobala, ngokuvota, nangokuxhumana nabameleli bakhona kuyizindlela eziqinisekile zokuthonya izenzo eziphethe amagatsha.

Kulabo abafuna ukwaziswa okwengeziwe, lezi zinto ezilandelayo zinegunya:

Ukuqonda indima kaMongameli nezinhlangano eziphethe akuyona nje indlela yokufunda; kuyisidingo somphakathi.