Isingeniso: Inselele Yobugebengu Basemadolobheni Nendima Yomphathi Wedolobha

Ubugebengu basedolobheni buhlala buyinkinga engapheli neyinkimbinkimbi ethinta izinga lokuphila, amandla ezomnotho, kanye nokuhlangana kwezenhlalo kwamadolobha emhlabeni wonke. Kusukela ebugebengwini bempahla kuya emacaleni obudlova, ithonya lobugebengu lidlulela ngalé kwazo zonke izisulu kuyo yonke indawo, ukuncipha kokuthemba ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi nokuphazamisa intuthuko yomphakathi. /abaphathi bedolobha abamisiwe abanomthwalo wokuhlela imisebenzi yosuku lwezinsuku zohulumeni bamasipala − banezikhundla ezivelele zokuhlela ukuncitshiswa kobugebengu obudlulela ngalé kwemithetho engokomthetho engokomthetho. Baqondisa izimali, basebenzisane neminyango yomphakathi, bafaka izikhungo zomphakathi, futhi bagunyaza izinqubo zemininingwane ezikhuluma ngazo zombili izimpawu nezimbangela zobugebengu.

Ukwehliswa kobugebengu okuphumelelayo kudinga indlela ehlanganiswe [[[FLT: 1] ehlanganisa ukugcinwa, ukuvinjelwa, ukuklanywa kwendawo ezungezile, ukuhlelwa kwezenhlalo, nokubambisana komphakathi. Ukucwaninga kulokhu kubonisa ukuthi akukho ukungenela okusebenzayo okusebenza ngokwehlukana; kunalokho, impumelelo ixhomeke ekuthatheni inqubo esekelwe kubufakazi obuvumelana nezimo zendawo. Lesi sihloko sihlola amasu ayinhloko abaphathi bedolobha abangadwebela ukunciphisa amanani obugebengu, ukudwebela ezibonelweni zangempela zamadolobha, ukuhlola, izifundo ezingokoqobo, nokutusa kochwepheshe. Icebo ngalinye lihlolwa ngokujula, ukuqokomisa ukuhlelwa kwayo okungokolwazi, ukusetshenziswa kwayo okusebenzayo, imiphumela esebenzayo, nemivubukulo esemthethweni.

Imithetho Yomphakathi: Ukwakha Ukwethembana Nokubambisana

Amaphoyisa omphakathi angenye yezinqubo ezithandwa kakhulu zokunciphisa ubugebengu kuyilapho ethuthukisa ubuhlobo bamaphoyisa. Emzamweni wawo, amaphoyisa omphakathi agxila ekubekeni imingcele yomthetho owenziwa ngokuphambanisa, izikhulu zibe amalungu ayinhloko ezindawo ezikhonza kuzo. Abaphathi bamadolobha bafeza indima ebucayi kule shente ngemithombo edinga ukuphakela, ukuqeqesha izisebenzi, nokukhuthaza ukuthengwa kwezindawo.

Izimiso Nemikhuba

Ifilosofi ihlala ezinsikeni ezintathu: imikhumbi ehlangene phakathi kwamaphoyisa nomphakathi, ushintsho oluhlelayo [ oluhlanganisa ukwenza izinqumo, kanye [[FLT]] nokususa amakhekheli [i-problem-intectm ahambelana nezimo ezingaphansi kobugebengu. Abaphathi bakhuthazwa ukuba bangene ezinyaweni, baye emihlanganweni yangakini, futhi baxhumene nezakhamuzi ukuze baqonde izinto eziza kuqala zendawo. Lokhu kwakha ukuthemba, okuthi ekuthuthukiseni amathuba okuthi kuyobika ubugebengu, ngokubambisana nokucwaninga, nokuvimbela ubugebengu.

Ubufakazi Bokuphumelela

Isibonakaliso esiphawulekayo sokubekwa i- Inhlangano yesizwe yeJaji yathola ukuthi amaphoyisa omphakathi anganciphisa ukwesaba ubugebengu, athuthukise ukwaneliseka kwezakhamuzi, futhi anciphise amazinga obugebengu ngokuzithoba, ngokulandelana nokugcinwa kwemithetho. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Chicago Alternative Policision Strategy (CPU) eyasungulwa kuma-1990 aholela ekuncipheni okukhulu kobugebengu obunobudlova ezifundazweni zabashayeli. Ngokufanayo, i-Newark’s projectives zomphakathi, yafunda ngomongomongo we- BUREUmoual yeMitekiso yeMibaliso ye-mthetho [[FLT]], yabonisa ukuthuthukiswa okusobala kwezenzo zobudlova ezindaweni zomphakathi ezinamandla.

Ukugcwalisa Izinselele

Naphezu kwezinzuzo zayo, amaphoyisa omphakathi abhekene nezithiyo. Ukumelana neminyango yamaphoyisa ejwayelene “nezingqondo” ezingokwesiko, ukulinganiselwa kwezimali zokuthola inzuzo yomphakathi, nobunzima bokulinganisela imiphumela engathandeki enjengokuthembana kungabhuntshisa imizamo. Abaphathi bedolobha kumelwe baqinise ukusekela okuqhubekayo kwezombangazwe kanye nokungokwezimali, banikeze ukuqeqeshwa okuqhubekayo, futhi bathuthukise izimiso ezilandela kokubili inqubo kanye nemiphumela. Ngaphandle komholi owengeziwe, izingozi zokuhlola umphakathi zibe ukuthuthukisa ubudlelwane obungakholekiyo kunokuba kube ukuguqula okuqotho.

Ukuklanywa Kwendawo Ezungezile Nokuhlelwa Kwamadolobha: Ukuvinjelwa Kobugebengu Ngendawo Ezungezile Ukwakheka (CPTED)

Isimiso esingokomzimba sinethonya elikhulu ekuziphatheni kobugebengu. uCrime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) luyisimiso sezimiso ezilawula indawo ezungezile ukuze zinciphise amathuba obugebengu. Abaphathi bamadolobha, abengamele ukuhlelwa kwezakhiwo neminyango yemisebenzi yomphakathi, bangasebenzisa ngokuqondile iCPPAT ngokuhlela izindawo ezithile, ngokuklama ipaki, ngokukhanyisa imigwaqo, nangezinhlelo zokunakekela.

Amasu Acishile

[[FLT: 0] Ukuqapha okuvamile kuhlanganisa ukuklama izikhala ukuze izelelesi zizizwe zibukwa. Lokhu kungafezwa ngokubeka amafasitela abhekene nomgwaqo, ukusika izihlahla ezivala izibani, nokuqinisekisa izibani ezifanele ezindaweni zomphakathi. [[FLT:] [FLT]] [FLT]] imingcele isebenzisa iziphawulo ezingokoqobo] ezingokoqobo (eziyizingcingo, izinti, izinti, nezingalomo zendlezelele (iphawu), nokunqanda ukuphaza. [[FLT:] [FLT]] [impathiwe] izimpawu ezisobala, uma zingekho, ukuvanisa imingcele ekungeneni kwezakhiwo, ukwenza ukuba izigebengu zingene futhi ziphumele.[Foctive] [6] [5] [extimenting] [flet , noma umbiko ongathikameleze ubugebengu obungathi obungathi obungaphezulu, uma ububanzi, uma unyuko, uma u

Izithobo zangempela zohlelo

EDolobheni laseNew York, izimpawu zokusungulwa kwezindlu zomphakathi ezinezibani ezithuthukisiwe, amageji alondekile, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwendawo okuvamile kwanezela ekuncishisweni kobugebengu obunobudlova obungamaphesenti angu-30 kweminye imisebenzi, ngokwe- i-Interrach ucwaningo lwe-[. Ngokufanayo, “uhlelo lweLiverpool lwamagente" olulondekile olungemva kwemigqa yezindlu, [1] Ukuncishisela amazinga okugqekeza ngobubanzi obungu ngu-50% ezindaweni ezikhona. Abaphathi beDolobhana bathola ukuthi i-interlate enyust ihlangene nokulahla izikhali ezidubulayo kanye nokuceka kwezikhali ePhiladelphia.

Ukuthuthela Ekuhleleni Idolobha

Ukuze kwandiswe ithonya, i-CPTED kufanele ifakwe ekuqaleni kwenqubo yokuhlela kunokuba ilungiswe ngemva kokuvela kwezinkinga zobugebengu. Amamenenja amadolobha angamisa ikomiti yokuhlola i-CPTED ehlanganisa amaphoyisa, abahleli, abaklami, nabameleli bomphakathi. I-ICMA (International City/Corentiy Management Association) inikeza isiqondiso nokuqeqeshela abaholi bamasipala ekusebenziseni la masuntswana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusebenzisa imininingwane ephethe “izindawo ezinezikhungo” kungasiza ukuba izindawo ezithola imingcele yokuqala, iqinisekiswa ukusetshenziswa kahle kwemali elinganiselwe.

Inqubo Yokwaziswa: Ukuphumelela, Ukwaneliseka, Nezibikezelo

Ukukhushulwa kokwaziswa kwezokuncishiswa kokwaziswa kuye kwaguqula ukunciphisa ubugebengu kusukela ekusebenziseni umkhuba wokusebenza kwezenqubo yezekhono kuya kusayensi ephambili. Amaphoyisa okwaziswa asebenzisa izibalo zobugebengu, izimiso zokwaziswa (GIS), kanye nezimiso zokubikezela ukuhlelwa kwezindawo ukuze kunikeze ingcebo ngokuphumelelayo. Amamenenja asedolobheni angasekela le sayensi ngokusekela izakhiwo zemininingwane yezezimali, ukusekela ukuhlanganisa ulwazi oluphathelene nezindawo eziphambanayo, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhlaziya kuzisa izinqumo zokwenza.

Ukuhloba Nokudla Okushisayo

Isimiso sokuphatha se-data-erriven ye-New York Police Department ye-CompStat , elawula ubugebengu esikhathini sangempela futhi igcina abaqondisi begceke benobuphindu futhi benobuphindu obuthiwe ```````````''''' beyisibonelo emhlabeni wonke.' iCompstat' yaholela ekunciphekeni okukhulu kobugebengu ngo-1990 nango- 2000, nakuba abagxeki beqaphela ukuthi futhi ikhuthaza ukuphoqelelwa kobudlwanopholi bomphakathi obune. [[FLT:] ukuhlola okwengeziwe okuhlonzekile, [[FLT:]] i-athobout projective , kubhekisa imithombo yezindawo ezishisayo ngaphandle kokuzibeka izivumelwano eziseduze kanye nezindawo zomphakathi.[FLT:]

Izimiso Zokubikezela Nezimiso Zomthetho

I-polic ebikezelayo isebenzisa imininingwane engokomlando nomshini ukufunda ukubikezela ukuthi ubugebengu bungavelaphi futhi nini. Nakuba lendlela ithembisa, iphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngobandlululo, ukungafihli, kanye nokukwazi ukuqinisa izindlela zobupolisa zobushiqela. Amamanejala amadolobha kumelwe aqinisekise ukuthi imifanekiso exekiwe isobala, ihlolwe njalo ngenxa yokungakhethi, futhi isetshenziswa njengethuluzi elilodwa phakathi kwabaningi . [__hayi nje kuphela isisekelo sokuqinisekisa.] Ngokwesibonelo, uhlelo lwe-Los Angeles Police Department’s PredPol lubhekene nokuhlolwa ngemva kokuhlola okungalawuleki kwezindawo ezimbalwa. Ekuphenduleni, amadolobha amaningana aye amukela udwebo oluyedwa [[FLT:][FLD][FLD1] [FLG]] [121]] njengesisekelo sokusebenza kwemininingwane yomphakathi ne-mediose-ose-sethiempty.

Ukwakha Izakhiwo Zokwaziswa

Ukugcwalisa umsebenzi wokwenza umsebenzi wokwaziswa kudinga okungaphezu kwe-software. Abaphathi bomuzi kudingeka bafake imali ezindaweni zokuhlanganisa ukwaziswa ezihlanganisa amarekhodi amaphoyisa nemininingwane yempilo yomphakathi, indlu, nezinkonzo zomphakathi. Lokhu kuvumela ukusondela okuphelele kukahulumeni [ lapho abahlaziyi bangabona khona izimo ezingaphansi kwe-software, ezinjengazo ezezezezenezelelwe noma ukuntula izinkonzo zentsha. Isikhungo se-URBAN inikeza imithombo yezindlela zokuxhumana kokuthikalela ulwazi lungahlonipha khona ukuvikela imfihloko yomphakathi lapho kuthuthukisa ukuphepha komphakathi.

Izinhlelo Zomphakathi Nentuthuko Yezomnotho: Ukusingatha Izimbangela Eziyisisekelo

Abukho ubungako bamaphoyisa noma ubuchwepheshe bendawo ezungezile obungaxazulula ubugebengu ngokugcwele uma abashayeli bezezomnotho abampofu, abaswele umsebenzi, abantu abanemfundo, ukugula ngengqondo, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezidakamizwa (hhayi ungenawo amakheli) abaphathi bedolobha bangasebenzisa izinkonzo ezigcwele ukuze bathuthukise amathuba kanye nokusekela okunciphisa isisusa nokuphelelwa ithemba okuholela ekuziphatheni kobugebengu.

Ukungenela Kwangaphambili Nezinhlelo Zobusha

Ukugada izingane nentsha kungelinye lamasu angenisa izindleko ezinkulu zokuvimbela ubugebengu esikhathini eside. Izinhlelo ezinjengemisebenzi yangemva kwesikole, uthisha, nemisebenzi yasehlobo ziye zaboniswa ukunciphisa ukuboshwa kwezingane futhi kamuva abantu abadala bacasula. I-National Crime Prevention Council iqokomisa impumelelo yenhlangano engathandi iBoston “Indlela Yokwenza Imisebenzi”, eyanikeza izinkulungwane zentsha engokuhlangenwe nakho komsebenzi okukhokhelwayo futhi yabona ubudlova obusebusha obuwayo phakathi nenkathi yohlelo. Abaphathi beDolobhathi bangafaka isteleka imali yezindlela ezinjalo kanye nezinhlangano ezingazuzisimali ukuze zikwazi ukuzilinganisa.

Ukuphazanyiswa Kobudlova Nezibonelo Zempilo Yomphakathi

Ukubheka ubudlova njengesifo esithathelwanayo kuye kwaholela ezinhlelweni ezintsha ezifana ne-Curive Violence (ekuqaleni iChicago’s LettleFire). Lezinhlelo zisebenzisa “abaphazamisa ubudlova” "_izilwi eziqeqeshiwe", ngokuvamile ababeyizaphula-mthetho , abahlanganisa abantu abaphezulu ababoshelwe ukubuswa izinkonzo, nokushintsha izimiso zomphakathi ngokuphindisela. Ukuhlolwa kuye kwabonisa ukwehla okukhulu ekudukeni nasekubulaleni emadolobheni anjenge New York, iBaltimore, neSan Francisco. Izikhulu zedolobha zingasekela lezinhlelo ngokunikeza izimali eziqinile, zibahlanganisa ezindleleni ezinkulu zokuvikela umphakathi, futhi zifaka imingcele ezindaweni zokuziphindisela.

Ukuthuthuka Kwezomnotho Nokuhlala Ngokumanyene

Ubugebengu buyanda endaweni ebhekene nokungabi nazinzuzo. Izinhlelo zokuqeqesha umsebenzi, ukusekelana kwezebhizinisi, kanye nezindlela zokuthola indawo ezibizayo zokuhlala zingamisa izindawo ezisezindaweni ezizungezile futhi zinciphise ubugebengu. Ukuhlola okukhishwe ezindaweni zokucwaninga [FLT: 0] Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquised[ kwathola ukuthi amathuba engeziwe emisebenzi yendawo ahlobene nokwehla kwezindawo ezingu-7% empahleni. Ngokufanayo, ukunikeza izindlu ezinamagemfunda ngokusiza imikhaya ukuba ithuthele ezindaweni eziphansi zezentengo ezindaweni eziphansi kakhulu kunciphe kakhulu. Izikhulu zeDolottes ziyakwazi ukunciphisa ukuboshwa kwezingane. Izikhungo zomthetho ezikhokhwasa intela, nezinkambiso zendawo zendawo ekwakhele amathuba okuthuthukisa izomnotho ngesikhathi ubugebengu obuzinze izimbangela ngokuqondile.

Izinselele Zokusebenza Nokuzinakekela

Naphezu kwamasu amaningi asekelwe kubufakazi akhona, abaphathi bamadolobha babhekana nezithiyo ezinkulu ekunciphiseni ubugebengu basemadolobheni. Ukuqonda lezi zinselele kubalulekile ekuklameni amasu angokoqobo, aqinile.

Ukucindezelwa Kwemithombo Yezinto Nezingcindezi Zezombangazwe

Amadolobha amaningi asebenza ngezimali eziqinile, futhi imizamo yokunciphisa ubugebengu ivame ukuncintisana nezinye izidingo eziphuthumayo ezinjengezesisekelo, imfundo, kanye nokunakekelwa kwempilo. Umphathi-maya noma umkhandlu angase afune imiphumela esheshayo, eholela ekulungiseni isikhashana (isibonelo, ukugawulwa okukhulu) kunokusekela izimali zesikhathi eside ezihlelwayo ezinhlanganweni zezenhlalo. Abaphathi bedolobha bangasiza ngokuthuthukisa ukuncishiswa okungantengantengi okubonisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa okungantengantengi ekuvimbeleni imali egciniwe, ekuvaleni izithutho, izithumbi, nezinkonzo ezikhotho ezisemgqeni. Ukwakha imifelandawo yebhizinisi, inzuzo, namaqembu omphakathi kungandisa izimali eziyisisekelo.

Ukungathembi Nokwephula Imithetho Komphakathi

Emadolobheni amaningi, ikakhulukazi labo abanemilando yonya lwamaphoyisa noma ukuncishiswa kwezinhlanga, ukungathembani okukhulu kululaza ukubambisana. Ukuthatha izinhlelo zomphakathi kanye nemininingwane kungahluleka uma izakhamuzi zizibona njengeziqaphayo kunokuba zisebenzisane. Amamenenja amadolobha kumelwe abeke kuqala ukwahlulela okungaqondi kahle [[FLT:]] . [_____ukugxeka ukugcinwa komthetho nezinye izinhlangano ziphatha abantu ngokufanele, ngenhlonipho, nangokubonisa ngokusobala. Lokhu kungahilela izibhodi eziqondisa izakhamuzi, ukuphenya okuzimele, kanye nomphakathi ovamile lapho izakhamuzi zingakhuluma khona ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuphindisela.

Amacebo Ezelelesi Ahlanganisa

Izigebengu zivumelanisa namasu amasha okuqinisekisa ukuthi izakhiwo zisebenza. Njengoba amadolobha efaka amakhamera futhi esebenzisa izinto eziwahlolile, izigebengu zingaphendukela ezindaweni ezingaqashelwanga kakhulu noma zisebenzise izindlela ezintsha (umzz., ubugebengu nge-inthanethi noma ngokwebishi). Abaphathi bedolobha kudingeka bahlale beshesha, belokhu belungisa izingqapheli zabo, izikhulu zokuqeqesha, futhi befaka ukuveza izigijimi ezivela kuzisebenzi zomphakathi. Icebo elicacile libhuntsha.

Ukungalingani Nemiphumela Engahlosiwe

Ukugcinwa kwemithetho eqinile kungaba nemiphumela engenakulinganiswa emiphakathini encishisiwe, eholela ekwakheni izimali eziphezulu, ukunqanyulwa kwesikole, kanye nemiphumela ehambisana nokuqhubekela phambili kwemijikelezo yobumpofu nobugebengu. Abaphathi bamadolobha kumelwe bahlole noma isiphi isilinganiso sokuncishiswa kobugebengu, bebuza ukuthi ubani osizayo futhi okhokhela izindleko. Izicelo ezifana ne “ingcebo ehlangeneyo.”[ [intuthuko yezezomnotho ihlobene ngokuqondile nezakhamuzi kanye nomsebenzi wazokusiza ukuba zibone ukuthi ukuphepha kuzuzisa ngokwenani.]

Iziyalezo Zesikhathi Esizayo: Ubuchwepheshe Obuthutha Abantu, Umphakathi, Nomthetho Wokwakha

Uma ubheka phambili, amasu athembisa kakhulu okunciphisa ubugebengu basemadolobheni ahlanganisa ukuhlanganiswa okujulile kobuchwepheshe, ukusekelwa kwezindawo zomphakathi, nokubambisana kweqembu. Abaphathi bamadolobha basesimweni esikhethekile sokuholela kulolushintsho.

Izindlela Zobuchwepheshe Zasedolobheni Ezihlakaniphile Nemininingwane Yesikhathi Sangempela

Intuthuko ezinzweni zomuntu, ubuhlakani obungelutho, kanye nezikhungo zobugebengu zangempela zivumela ukusabela okusheshayo nokungenela okuqondile. Ngokwesibonelo, izimiso zokuthola ukudutshulwa zingawaqaphelisa amaphoyisa ngemizuzwana elandelanayo, kuholele ekuqoqweni kobufakazi obusheshayo nasebunhlanganweni. Nokho, le mishini yobuchwepheshe kumelwe isetshenziswe ngezimiso ezicacile zokugcinwa kwemininingwane, ukutholakala komphakathi, nokwengamele ukuvimbela ukuthunywa okusheshayo. Abaphathi bedolobha bangamisa izinqubo zokulawula ukwaziswa okuhlanganisa ukuqoqa inkululeko yomphakathi nesayensi yobuchwepheshe kusukela ekuqaleni.

Izinyathelo Zokuphepha Ezinemvume Yomphakathi

Amadolobha aya eshintsha kakhulu imithwalo yemfanelo yokuphepha yomphakathi kusukela emaphoyiseni kuya kubantu abangahlomile abaphendulayo ngezinkinga zempilo yengqondo, ukugcinwa kwezimoto, noma izingxabano zomakhelwane. Izinhlelo ezinjengekharooTS e-Eugene, e-Oregon, zithumela izisebenzi zezempilo esikhundleni samaphoyisa ezingcingweni ezingenabudlova ezingu-911, zinciphisa ukuboshwa namaphoyisa akhululwe ukuba agxile ebugebengwini obunobudlova. Abaphathi bedolobha bangaqondisa izinhlelo ezinjalo, balinganise ithonya lazo ngokuzikhandla, futhi balinganise lokho okusebenzayo. Inhlangano yeJaciota yeJaji [ inikeza amathuluzi okusebenza ukuze kusetshenziswe iziphetho zokusabela ezingemthetho.

Ukuvuselelwa Komakhelwane Okunesizathu

Ukungenela kwezindawo ezihlukene ngokuvamile akuphumeleli ukwenza ushintsho oluhlala njalo. Amadolobha aphumelela kakhulu athatha indlela elula kakhulu esekela ukuhlelwa kwemisebenzi yomphakathi, intuthuko yendawo ezungezile, izinkonzo zezenhlalo, nentuthuko yezomnotho ezindaweni ezifanayo eziphezulu. Le “ndlela esekelwe", eboniswa [yi- i-Placesss-sensitives [[ ezisekelwe yi-umphakathi we-Urban Institute, idinga isibopho esiqhubekayo iminyaka eminingi. Izikhulu zedolobha zingasebenza njengendawo ephezulu, ziletha ndawonye izindlu, impilo, imfundo, neminyango yomphakathi ekuhleleni imali kanye nemiphumela ehlanganyelwayo.

Isiphetho: Ngasemadolobheni Aphephile, Anokulingana Okukhulu

Ukunciphisa ubugebengu basemadolobheni akuyona indlela elula, idinga ukuzama ngokuqhubekayo, ukukwazi ukuvumelana, nokuzimisela ukuxoxa ngamaqiniso angathandeki ngokungalingani nokuhluleka kwezimiso. Ubufakazi busobala ukuthi alikho isu elilodwa elisebenzayo; abaphathi bamadolobha abaphumelela kakhulu kuyoba yilabo abahlanganisa amaphoyisa omphakathi nomklamo wezemvelo ohlakaniphile, ulwazi olunempumelelo ngokutshala imali, nokuvimbela ukuvimbela. Ngokwakha ukuthembana, ukusungula izinto ezintsha, nokuthatha imvume yokuzenzela, abaphathi bedolobha bangadala indawo lapho kungekho khona nje ukuphepha kodwa kungabi khona nje ukungabi khona kwethuba, i-coshion, ne-consion, nobulungisa. Inseleleko inkulu, kodwa ikhona inselele ekushintsheni kobuholi, ubufakazi, nokuhlanganisa umphakathi.