Ukuqonda Ukuhlongozwa Kwezinzwa

Ukungagunyazi kwemithetho-mthetho kuyindlela yomthetho-sisekelo eklanyelwe ukuba iziphathi ezinkulu zikahulumeni zithwale icala lokuziphatha okubi okukhulu lapho zisehhovisi. Ngokungafani nokungagunyazi kukahulumeni, okulandela inqubo efanayo ebekwe eMthethweni-sisekelo wase-U.S., uhulumeni ngamunye ubeka imithetho yawo siqu phakathi kwesimiso somthetho-sisekelo womthetho-sisekelo kanye nomthetho-mthetho. Lendlela ehloniphekile ehlelekile yenza ukuhlelwa kwezimiso nezindinganiso ezicebile okubonisa amasiko angokomthetho namasiko ahlukahlukene ezombangazwe kulo lonke elaseUnited States. Ukulawula isebenza kungesona nje isilinganiso sempumelelo kodwa futhi njengesihlolo esibalulekile emandleni esikhundla somphakathi, igcina ubuqotho besikhundla somphakathi nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ababusi bahlala bethembekile ezifungweni zabo. Kubafundi, ochwepheshe bezomthetho, abaphethe izakhamuzi, abaphethe le nqubo engokomthetho yokubusa inqubo.

Izisekelo Ezingokomthetho Zokuhlobisa Ngezikhundla Zokubusa

Isisekelo esingokomthetho sokugunyaza umbusi cishe njalo sitholakala kumthetho-sisekelo wezwe. Lamaphepha aveza isisekelo sokususwa, amaqembu agunyazwe ukusungula nokukhipha inqubo, kanye nezinyathelo ezingokomthetho ezidingekayo ukuze kufezwe imvume. Ezizweni eziningi, indlu yomthetho womthetho ifeza indima eyinhloko: indlu ephansi evotayo (ukuze ithathe icala), futhi zonke izigaba zomzimba ziphethe icala futhi zinqume ukuthi isigwebo siphethwe yini. Nokho, ezinye zithi, zichezukile kulesibonelo, [[FLT:][FLT] [FLT:] [FLT]] [5] [effect:] [5] [effect:1] i-unctal , lapho inkantolo ekhethekile isebenzisa khona ukuvinja.[FLT]

Imithetho-mfuno-mfuyo idinga ukuvota okukhulu kakhulu − kabili-ntathu (ngokokuqiniseka kwe-senate, kubonakalisa umnyango kahulumeni. Nokho, izimfuneko eziqondile ziyahluka. [ TEXAS[, iningi elivamile eNdlungwini lingakuvota, kodwa ukuphikisana okungaphezulu kungathinta kakhulu ukuvota kwamalungu amabili akhona ukuze athole isigwebo. ] [ku-FLT:], umthetho-onke okugunyaza okumelwe kuvotelelwe ukuba kuthathwe iziboshwa. Lokhu kungathinta kakhulu ukususwa kwemiyaniso. [FFF]]]

Imithetho Nencazelo Yokwahlulela

Ngaphandle kombhalo womthetho-sisekelo, izifundazwe eziningi ziye zamisa imithetho ehlanganisa imininingwane eyimfihlo, njengemithetho yokuthatha ubufakazi, ukubiza ofakazi, nokuphatha izikhalo. Izinkantolo zifeza indima ekuchazeni la malungiselelo. Ngokwesibonelo, kumphathi futhi (icala eliqanjiwe elibekwe kwezinye izifundazwe), inkantolo ephakeme ingalinganisela ukuthi ihlelwe yinqubo efanele noma ukuthi isisekelo semithetho yezomthetho ngokomthetho singukuziphatha okungamelwe kwenziwe. Amanye amagobe sivumela ukubukezwa okucacile kwenqubo yokungathathiwe ngokomthetho, kuyilapho amanye abheka indaba yezombangazwe njengengahlangene nenkantolo engekhona okungangenelwa kuyo. Le mithetho engokomthetho, imithetho engokomthetho, imithetho elawulayo, nokuqondisa inqubo eyinkimbinkimbi engokomthetho engokomthetho.

Izindawo Zokufuna Imali

Imikhuba ethile engaholela ekuhlolweni kwe - gubernatial iyahlukahluka ngokwezwe, kodwa izimbangela ezivamile zihlanganisa lezi zigaba ezilandelayo:

  • Ubugebengu obuphakeme kanye namaphutha: Leligama elibanzi, elibolekiwe kumthetho kahulumeni, lihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kabi okungathi sína kwegunya, ukukhashelwa komphakathi, namanye amacala amakhulu. Akudingi ukwephulwa komthetho wobugebengu; ukuziphatha okubi njengokungalungi, ukukhwabanisa, noma ukungawunaki ngamabomu umsebenzi womthetho-sisekelo ngokuvamile kuyafaneleka. Ngokwesibonelo, ukungagunyazi kuka Rod Blagovich ka-Illinor ulandela iziphakamiso zokumangalelwa ngokuthi wazama ukuthengisa isihlalo somthetho-mthetho, isenzo sokonakala okuye kwaso sonke lesisigaba.
  • Ukuzihlela: kuhlelwe ngokwemithetho-mthetho yombuso eminingi, ukonakala kuhlanganisa ukufumbathisa, ukuphambanisa, nokunye ukusetshenziswa kabi kwesikhundla ukuze kuzuze. Ezinye izizwe ziphatha ukonakala njengesizathu esihlukile, kuyilapho ezinye zikwenza ngaphansi "kobugebengu obukhulu nokungaqondi kahle". Kuyi-Arizona[, ukungavumelani nomthetho ka-Gavana u-Evany Mecham (umbuso).
  • Ukungaqondi umsebenzi: Ukwehluleka ukwenza imisebenzi ebalulekile yehhovisi nakho kungaba okungakholeki. Lokhu kungahlanganisa ukushiya imisebenzi yehhovisi, ukwenqaba ukuphoqelela imithetho kahulumeni, noma ukungaqiniseki okukhulu. Oklama, uMbusi uJohn C. Walton wabekwa imvume ngo-1923, phakathi kwezinye iziphakamiso, udebese umsebenzi wakhe wokuhlela nokuvikela izakhamuzi phakathi nenkathi yobudlova bezinhlanga.
  • Ukufakwa kwamalungiselelo omthetho-sisekelo: Umthetho-sisekelo wombuso omningi usho ngokucacile ukuthi ukwephula umthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni kuyicala elingenakulahlwa. Lokhu kungahlanganisa igunya elikhulu kakhulu lokulawula, ukungayinaki imithetho egunyaziwe, noma ukuhluleka ukulandela izinqubo ezifanele zokumisa. Isibonelo esiphawulekayo ukulawulwa uGovernor William W. Randen weNyakatho Carolina [, owakhomba ukusebenzisa kwakhe amabutho empi ngaphandle kwegunya elingokomthetho elingokomthetho.
  • Isimiso sokuphatha noma ezinye izisusa: Izindawo ezimbalwa, njenge Pennsylvania ne i-Alaska[, zihlanganisa izisekelo ezifana "nesimiso semisebenzi yemisebenzi" (noma ukuphatha) noma "ezinye izici" njengezakhamayelazo zonke izinhlelo. Lamagama avula izakhiwo eziqinile kodwa aphakamisa nokukhathazeka ngamathuba okungasetshenziswa kabi kwezombangazwe. Ezinye izazi zemithetho-mthetho-siseko ziphikisa ngokuthi izihloko ezingacacile zingavumela ukuhlelwa kwezizathu ezingasho lutho, okunga kungani amazwe amaningi edinga ukuxhumana okucacile ekuxhaphaka amandla amakhulu.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi indinganiso yobufakazi esetshenziswa phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala iyahluka. Ezinye izifundazwe zidinga ubufakazi obungangangatshazwa (indinganiso yobugebengu), kuyilapho ezinye zisebenzisa ubufakazi obucacile nobukholisayo noma ngisho ukubunaka kusengaphambili ubufakazi. Umthwalo wobufakazi ngokuvamile ubhekiselwa kubaphathi (abameleli bendlu abamangalela icala) ukuze zibonise ukuthi umbusi wenza amacala amangalelwe.

Inqubo Yokuzifunela

Nakuba ukulandelana kwezinyathelo eziqondile kuhlukahluka ezifundazweni, inqubo evamile yokuzivumelanisa nemithetho ilandela indlela efana ngayo neyombuso:

  1. Inqubo iqala ngokuphenya noma ngokukhononda okungokomthetho. Kwezinye izizwe, noma isiphi isishayamthetho singaqala isinqumo sokungagunyazi; kwezinye, ikhomishane ekhethekile noma ummeli jikelele angaqala ukubuza. Ngokwesibonelo, , [[FLT]], iNdlu yabameleli ingaqala ukuhlola ngekomiti yayo yokungagunyazi.
  2. I-Investigation: Ikomiti yemithetho (i-project) (ngokuvamile ikomiti yamajaji) ihlola, iqoqa ubufakazi, futhi igcine ukuthethwa. Ikomiti ingaba ofakazi abangaphansi kwe-poena nezincwadi. Umbusi omangalelwe unelungelo lokumelelwa ngeseluleko nokusabela. Ikomiti ikhipha umbiko otusayo ukuthi iqhubeke ngezihloko ze-ateachment.
  3. ukuvota ngendlu ephansi: Indikimba egcwele yezishayamthetho (kakhulukazi indlu engezansi) izimpikiswano namavoti esihloko ngasinye sokungagunyazi. Abaningi ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ukuba bavume isihloko ngasinye. Uma isiphi isihloko sidlula, umbusi akakhokelelwa ngokomthetho, usho ukuthi bayamangalelwa kodwa abakasuswa. Kwezinye izizwe, umbusi angasuswa ehhovisi lapho kuqulwa icala, kuyilapho kwezinye zihlala ehhovisi.
  4. Icala eliyi-senate (noma inkantolo ekhethekile): I-senate (noma inkantolo ekhethekile) ithatha icala. Ezizweni eziningi, umahluleli omkhulu wenkantolo ephakeme wezwe uyabusa. Abaphathi bezindlu banikeza ubufakazi futhi babize ofakazi, kuyilapho iqembu lomphathi ongokomthetho liphakamisa isivikelo. Icala lilandela imithetho yobufakazi obufana nenkantolo eqhubekayo, nakuba izinga lemithetho yezeluleko lihlukile.
  5. Icala nokususa: Ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala, izikhulu zivota ngamabomu futhi esihlokweni ngasinye. I-supermajority (ngokuvamile izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zamalungu akhona noma akhethiwe) iyadingeka ukuba iboshwe. Uma igwetshwe kunoma yisiphi isihloko, umbusi ususwa ngokushesha ehhovisi. Ezinye izizwe zivumela futhi umnyango ukuba ungamvumeli umbusi ukuba afaneleki ukuba agcine isikhundla sakhe sesikhathi esizayo.

Ukwehlukahluka Kwamazwe Ahlukahlukene

Kukhona ukuhlukahluka okuningana okubalulekile. [Ku- New York, ngemva kwe-Assembly, icala liya eNkantolo yecala le-Impeacheach, ehlanganisa abahluleli bamazwe nabahluleli abavela eNkantolo Ephakeme yaseNew York, i-Appelte Division. Lendikimba exubile inikeza ukuvinjelwa okwengeziwe komthetho. [[FLT:] [FLT:] UNEbraska, isigeqe sendlu yomthetho ethatha amavoti futhi ifuna kokubili ukuvota nokuqulwa, ngokunye ukukhonzwa okunga. [Nkunye ukukhonzwa okunga], njengoba kuvuma: [FLT]

Imingcele yesikhathi futhi iyahluka. Ngokwesibonelo, izinombolo zifuna indlu ukuba ivote ngokungagunyazi phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-30 ngemva kokuba ikomiti itusa, iqinisekise isinyathelo esisheshayo. Ezinye izifundazwe azinawo umsebenzi onjalo owenziwe ngesikhathi, ongaholela edrameni yezombangazwe enwetshiwe. Ukuqonda lezizimo ze-procedturations kuyagxeka ochwepheshe bezelule ababusi noma abamisi.

Isivikelo Esingokomthetho Nokulinganiselwa

Izinqubo ezingokomthetho ezilawula ukujezisa i - gubernacation zihlanganisa isivikelo esibalulekile kulowo omangalelwayo nasemigomweni yokuvimbela ukuxhashazwa.

  • Esokudla ekuqulweni kwecala elilungile nasemelelweni engokomthetho: Ababusi abamangalelwe banelungelo lenqubo efanele, kuhlanganise nelungelo lokumelelwa ngeseluleko somthetho, ukunikeza ubufakazi, nokunqamule ofakazi be-extamine. Umthetho-sisekelo wombuso uqinisekisa lamalungelo. Ngokwesibonelo, uMthetho-Constitution [ unikeza ukuba umbusi abe nelungelo lokuvela, avikele, futhi azwakale ngeseluleko phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala.
  • izincazelo ezicacile zobubi obungavunyelwanga: Izindawo eziningi zifuna ukuba isisekelo sokungagunyazi sichazwe ngokuqondile kumthetho-mthetho wazo. I-Pue noma ulimi olubanzi kakhulu lungamema ukusetshenziswa kwezombangazwe, ngakho kushiwo njengaye [ Calinia[ ekheke ngokwezindinganiso eziqinile, ifuna ukuba amaphutha abe "akhulu" futhi "ahlobene ngokucacile nehhovisi"" ukubukeza isahlulelo kwezinye izindawo kuqhubeke kucwe izindinganiso, kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuziphatha okubi okungathandekiyo kuphela.
  • Imithetho eshoshoshozelwe yokuvimbela ukuxhashazwa: Amazwe amisa imithetho elandelanayo njengezimfuneko ezinkulu zokuvota, izindinganiso ezibophayo, nemithetho enqabela ukufakwa kwezici ezimbili eziyingozi (ukuhlohlwa kokuziphatha okufanayo ngemva kokulahlwa). [[FLT:]] Ku-New Jersey[[FLT:] [[FLT]]], umthetho-mgani udinga ukuvumelana kwezimfuneko ezimbili-isithathu zamalungu onke e-sensena ngenxa yokuqiniseka, hhayi nje leyo ekhona. Abanye bathi, njenga[FLT:] [FLT] [FLT] [FLT], idinga ukuba inqubo yokungalungisiyo ihlelwe phakathi nesimiso esivamile, inqanyuliwe phakathi nezinye izinjongo ezikhethekile ezibizwa ngokuthi ezinye izinjongo ezikhethekile.
  • Ukungavumelani kokwahlulela: Ezizweni ezimbalwa, izinkantolo zingahlola inqubo yokungagunyazi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inamathele ezimfunekweni zomthetho-sisekelo. Ngokwesibonelo, Kansas[, inkantolo ephakeme yezwe iphethe ukuthi ingahlola ukuthi isishaya-mthetho sendlu yomthetho silandela inqubo efanele yini, nakuba ingeke ibukeze imiphumela eyiqiniso ye-senate. Le komiti yokwahlulela inezela ungwele olwengeziwe lwesivikelo ekuvikelini i-provition.
  • Ukuqashelwa kwesijeziso: Ukukholelwa ekuqulweni kwecala kuphumela ekususweni esikhundleni nasekukhutshweni okunokwenzeka ehhovisi elizayo; akuvaleli ukumangalelwa kobugebengu ngenxa yokuziphatha okufanayo. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwecala lezombangazwe nomthetho wobugebengu kuyisici esiyinhloko sesimiso. Nokho, abanye basho ngokucacile ukuthi ukungagunyazi akusithatheli isikhundla sezenzo zobugebengu, okusho ukuthi umbusi kamuva angabhekana nokuqulwa kwecala enkantolo ngenxa yobugebengu obuyikho.

Naphezu kwalezisivikelo, abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukungalaleli kuseyinqubo ephakeme yezombangazwe lapho ukwethembeka kweqembu ngokuvamile kuthonya khona amavoti. Isiqinisekiso esiphakeme sokuqiniseka (""""""effectrial") isiqinisekiso sokuthi i-bipartisanment iyadingeka ukuze isuswe, okungavikela ababusi ekuphoqelelweni okungenangqondo kodwa futhi kwenza kube nzima ukususa ngisho nabaphathi abanecala elisobala uma iqembu labo lilawula i-senate.

Izinhloso Zesimiso Sokusebenza Esiphawulekayo Emlandweni WaseMelika

Ukuhlola izenzakalo zomlando kusikhanyisela indlela uhlelo olungokomthetho olusebenza ngayo ezingxabanweni zezwe langempela zezombangazwe. Iziphakamiso ze-gubernariarial eziningana zivelele:

Lamacala abonisa indlela uhlelo olungokomthetho oluzivumelanisa ngayo nezimo ezihlukile, futhi asebenza njengezindaba ezixwayisayo kubabusi nakubaphathi bezindlu zomthetho ngokufanayo. Aphinde agcizelele ukuthi akukho ukuphikisana okubili okufanayo; umthetho-sisekelo wombuso ngamunye nesimo sezulu sezombangazwe kuguqula umphumela.

Isiphetho

Izinqubo ezingokomthetho zokulawula ukubekwa kwecala ezingokomthetho ziyingxenye ebalulekile yomthetho-mthetho wezwe. Ilinganisela isidingo sokulandisa ngezindlela eziqinile ngokuvikela izikhali ekushushisweni kwezombangazwe. Ngokuqonda isisekelo sokugunyaza, izinyathelo zokulawula, nokuvikela okungokomthetho kwabamangalelwa, izakhamuzi nochwepheshe bezomthetho bangaqonda kangcono ukuthi ohulumeni basekela kanjani ukubusa komthetho. Nakuba inqubo yombuso ngamunye iyingqayizivele, intambo evamile iyisibopho sokuqinisekisa ukuthi ababusi abakhaphela ukwethemba komphakathi bangabekwa icala. Njengoba ukubekwa kwezombangazwe kuqhubeka kulungisa izishayano zemithetho, ukusebenza okufanelekile kwezimiso zokungathathi mthetho kubaluleke kakhulu ekulondolozeni ukubusa kwentando yentando yeningi nokuthemba umphakathi okukhethiwe.