Izisekelo Zesimiso Sokwahlulela

Umthetho uncike ekubusweni okuhleliwe, okungakhethi lapho izingxabano zilungiswa khona futhi kunikezwa khona ubulungisa. Izinkantolo zisebenza njengaleyo, zisebenza phakathi kwesimiso sezinqubo ezimisiwe nemithetho elandelwayo. Kubafundi bomlando nemfundo engokomthetho, ukuqonda lezi zinqubo kubalulekile. Isimiso senkantolo asikho esimweni esingenalutho; sibunjwa amakhulu amaningi eminyaka amasiko angokomthetho, izimiso zomthetho, futhi siveza izimiso zomthetho. Lesihloko sinikeza ukucaciswa okucacile kwezakhi eziyinhloko, izinqubo, nemithetho echaza indlela izinkantolo ezisebenza ngayo, kusukela ekudluliseni kwesahlulelo sokugcina nangaphezulu.

Ukumiswa Kwenkantolo Necala

Izimiso eziningi zomthetho zanamuhla, ikakhulukazi lezo ezisekelwe emthethweni wesiNgisi, zihlela izinkantolo zibe yisigaba sabefundisi. Lesi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuthi amacala azwakala ngamazinga afanele futhi amaphutha angabukezwa. Juriscion(igunya lenkantolo lokulalela icala). Liyinkolelo eyisisekelo. Lihlukaniswa libe amandla aphezulu (iziphi izinhlobo zecala inkantolo engazezwa) kanye negunya lomuntu siqu (igunya phezu kwamaqembu ahilelekile).

Izinkantolo Zokuqulwa Kwamacala

Izinkantolo zenkantolo ziyindawo yokungena kwezimpikiswano eziningi ezingokomthetho. Zilapho kunikezwa khona ubufakazi, ofakazi, namajaji (kwizikhundla eziningi) akhipha izinqumo. E-United States, lezi zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo zesigodi ezisezingeni lezwe nanezinkantolo eziphakeme noma ezijikelezayo ezisezingeni lombuso. Izinkantolo zisingatha kokubili amacala (iziphakamiso phakathi kwabantu noma izinhlangano, njengeziphazamiso eziphula noma izikhalazo zomuntu) kanye namacala amacala amacala angokomthetho [[FLT] [FLT] [[FT:3] (icala lokuqulwa nguhulumeni ngenxa yokugqekekwa umthetho).

Izinkantolo Eziphakamiso

Izinkantolo ezihlola izinqumo zezinkantolo zokuqulwa kwecala. Aziqhubeli ukuqulwa kwamacala okusha noma zizwe ubufakazi obusha. Kunalokho, zihlola umbhalo ogciniwe wokuqulwa kwecala ukuze zithole ukuthi amaphutha angokomthetho athinte umphumela. Indima yazo iwukuqinisekisa ukuthi umthetho usetshenziswe kahle futhi ungaguquki. Ku-U.S., izinkantolo eziphakathi ngokuvamile zibizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo zokudlulisa izikhalo, kuyilapho inkantolo ephakeme iyinkantolo ephakeme kakhulu ephethe. Indinganiso yokubukeza iyahlukahluka: imibuzo yomthetho ibukezwa ngo-chachane [ awekho (antsha]]), nakuba imiphumela yamaqiniso ibukezwa ngenxa yephutha elicacile.

Izinkantolo Eziphakeme

Inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu ephethe inegunya lokugcina lokuchaza imithetho nomthetho-sisekelo. Izinqumo zayo zibeka isibonelo esibophayo kuzo zonke izinkantolo eziphansi kulelogunya. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. ikhetha amacala okuzwa (icala le-certiori) futhi ngokuvamile ixoxa ngezindaba ezibaluleke kakhulu zesizwe, njengamalungelo omthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, amandla ombuso, nezingxabano phakathi kwezinkantolo eziphansi.

Federal v. Izimiso zeNkantolo yoMbuso

Emazweni anezimiso zikahulumeni, njenge-United States, kunezimiso zenkantolo ezihambelanayo. Izinkantolo zeFederal zisingatha amacala ahilela umthetho kahulumeni, uMthetho-sisekelo, izingxabano phakathi kwezifundazwe, kanye nokulawula kwezindawo ezihlukahlukene (izigaba ezivela ezizweni ezihlukene). Izinkantolo zoMbuso zisingatha amacala amaningi, kuhlanganise namacala obugebengu ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni, izindaba zomkhaya, izivumelwano, ne-torts. Ukuqonda ukuthi inkantolo isiphi isigaba esinegunya lokuqala esisemthethweni esingokomthetho.

Izinqubo Ezingokomthetho: Kusukela Ekupholeni Kuya Ekwahluleleni

Izinqubo zomthetho ziyimithetho elawula indlela amacala ahamba ngayo phakathi kwesimiso senkantolo. Lezi zinqubo ziklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kulungile, inqubo efanele, nempumelelo.

Abayali Babangela Ukuntengantenga

Icala liqala ngokuncenga − ukuchaza amacala abhaliwe asho izikhundla zombango ngamunye. ufaka i-pasttiff (emacala omphakathi) noma ukumangalela (emacaleni ezigebengwini) ukuthatha isinyathelo. Inikeza isisekelo esingokomthetho sokumangalela noma ukumangalela nosizo olufunwayo. Ummangalelwa uphendula ngecala [, uvuma noma uphika izikhalo. Ezimisweni eziningi, ummangalelwa angase aphikise ama-clamsheli noma athathe izintambo zokulahla ukuswela ukugunyaza noma ukuhluleka ukuthatha isinqumo.

Inkonzo yenhlelo

Inqubo elindelekile idinga ukuba ummangalelwa atshelwe ngokomthetho ngecala futhi anikwe ithuba lokuphendula. Lokhu kwenziwa ngenqubo , lapho i-oda nekhophi yokukhononda kudluliswa kummangalelwa. Imithetho ichaza izindlela ezamukelekayo, njengenkonzo yomuntu siqu yesisekelo senqubo, iposi eligunyaziwe, noma izincwadi ezilinganiselwe. Inkonzo engaphumela ekuxoshweni.

Ukuthola

Ukuvubukulwa kuyindlela yangaphambi kokuhlolwa lapho abantu bebolekisana khona ngokwaziswa nobufakazi. Kuhloselwe ukuvimbela ukumangala ekuququzelweni kwecala futhi kukhuthaze izindawo zokuhlala. Izindlela zihlanganisa:

  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukubekwa:[ Ubufakazi obungangeni ngokomthetho ofakazi noma amaqembu, obubhalwe ngokusetshenziswa kwamuva.
  • Imibuzo elotshiwe okumelwe iphendulwe ngaphansi kwesifungo.
  • Izicelo zokuveza: Isidingo sezincwadi, ukwaziswa komshini, noma ubufakazi obungokoqobo.
  • [ Izimemo zokugunyaza: izinkulumo omunye okumelwe azivume noma aphike, zinciphe, zifake inselele yokuqulwa kwecala.

Isilinganiso sokuthola izinto sikhulu, kodwa izinkantolo zingakulinganisela ukuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kabi. Ukutholakala kwemishini (imininingwane) kuye kwaba isici esiyinhloko ekutholeni inzuzo yanamuhla.

Ukuhamba Kwangaphambili Nezindlebe

Ngaphambi kokuqulwa kwecala, amaqembu angase athathe amafasidi afuna izinqumo zenkantolo. Izenzo ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • Ukukhipha: Isu lokusho ukuthi ukukhononda akuqiniseki ngokomthetho.
  • [[UMTH:0] Umjovo weSiphetho sokwahlulela: Itshe eliqinisekisa ukuthi akukho ukuphikisana kwangempela yiqiniso eliphathekayo futhi iqembu elihambayo linelungelo lokwahlulela njengendaba yomthetho.
  • [[I-FLT:0]Motion in Limine: ifuna ukukhipha ubufakazi obuthile ekunikezelweni enkantolo.

Imihlangano yangaphambi kwenkantolo phakathi kwamajaji nabameli iyasiza ekusingatheni lelicala, ixoxe ngokuxazulula isimo, futhi ibeke isikhathi esinqunyiwe.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala

Icala liyinqunywa umphakathi lapho kunikezwa khona ubufakazi futhi kuphikiswana. Ecaleni labahluleli, amajaji anquma amaqiniso, kuyilapho ijaji linquma izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho. Ebhentshini, umahluleli wenza kokubili. Ukulandelana okuvamile yilokhu:

  1. Izinkulumo ezivulayo: Izinhlangothi zonke zihlela lokho ezihlose ukukufakazela.
  2. Ukunikezwa kobufakazi: I-paltiff/ingxubesho iveza indaba yayo kuqala, ibiza ofakazi nezindawo zokubonisa. Isivikelo singanqamleza i-examine. Khona - ke isivikelo siveza icala laso.
  3. Izimpikiswano ezichazayo: Izingxenye zonke zifingqa ubufakazi futhi ziphikisa isinqumo esihle.
  4. [[Umthetho:0] Imiyalo e-Jirf: Umahluleli uyala abasizi-jaji ukuba basebenzise umthetho.
  5. I-Deliberation and Verdict: Abahluleli bakhipha isinqumo ngamabomu futhi baphindisela isinqumo emacaleni obugebengu (ngokuvamile kumelwe kube nokuvumelana) noma isinqumo emacalani omphakathi (ngokuvamile abaningi noma abavumelanayo kuye ngegunya).

Ukwahlulela Nezinyathelo Zangemva Kokuthola Isigwebo

Ngemva kwesinqumo, inkantolo ithatha isahlulelo. Ecaleni lobugebengu, lokhu kungahlanganisa isigwebo sokuboshwa, ukuhlawuliswa, ukugwetshwa, noma ezinye izijeziso. Endabeni yomphakathi, isahlulelo singakhokha umonakalo, ukukhululeka, noma ukukhululeka. Izenzakalo zingahlanganisa ukuthatha isinyathelo ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala, njengokuthatha isinyathelo esisha noma ukuzama ukwahlulela ngaphandle kwesinqumo (JOV).

Ukukhanga

Uma iqembu elithile likholelwa ukuthi iphutha lomthetho lenzekile phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala, bangadlulisa icala enkantolo ephakeme. Inkantolo ihlola umbhalo wecala kanye neziphakamiso ezibhalwe ngamacala, futhi ngezinye izikhathi izwa izimpikiswano zomlomo. Inkantolo ingaqinisekisa, ibuye iphendule, noma iphinde idlulise icala ngecala eliqhubekayo. Ukudlulisa akwenzeki ngokuzenzakalelayo; kudinga ukuboniswa kwephutha lokugxeka.

Imithetho Yasenkantolo Nenhlanganisela

Imithetho elandelwayo yasenkantolo iyimithetho yokuziphatha elondoloza isithunzi, ukuhleleka, nenhlonipho ngenqubo yokwahlulela. Lemithetho isebenza kubo bonke abakhona, kusukela kubahluleli nabameli kuya emaqenjini nasezibukelini.

Iphunga Nokubukeka

Kudingeka ukugqoka ngendlela efanele. Ama - athorney avame ukugqoka amasudi asemthethweni; abahluleli ngokuvamile bagqoka izingubo ezivunulile, amadili nofakazi kulindeleke ukuba bagqoke ngendlela ehloniphekile.

Ukukhuluma Nenkantolo Nabahlanganyeli

Abahluleli kumelwe babizwe ngokuthi "Udumo Lwakho" e-U.S. (noma "INkosi Yami" noma "Inkosikazi Yami" kwezinye izimiso ze-Commonwealth). Ama-Athorney abizana ngokuthi "icebo" futhi akhulume namajaji ngokuqondile. Lapho ekhuluma namajaji, abameli basebenzisa "amalungu abahluleli" oFakazi babizwa ngamagama abo futhi bafunga noma bagomela ukuba basho iqiniso. kungabikho muntu ophazamisa noma okhuluma ngokujika.

Ukuziphatha Nokuhleleka

Kulindeleke ukuba kuthule enkantolo. Umakhalekhukhwini kumelwe uthule, ukudla, ukuphuza, nokuhlafuna ushungamu kuvame ukuvinjelwa. Ababukeli akumelwe baveze imizwelo noma basabele ngendlela esobala. Ukuziphatha okunendeleyo, kuhlanganise nokukhuluma ngentukuthelo noma ngokungenanhlonipho, kungaholela ekudeleleni amacala asenkantolo, okungase kuphumele ekukhokheleni noma ekuboshweni.

Ukusetshenziswa Kobuchwepheshe

Imithetho ephathelene nemishini ye-electronic iyahlukahluka. Izinkantolo eziningi ziyakwenqabela ukuqopha ama-CD noma amavidiyo nokuthatha izithombe, nakuba ezinye zivumela ukusakazwa kwezindaba ezithile. I-laptop no-tabbles kungavunyelwa ukuba kudluliswe amaphuzu, kodwa ngemithetho eqinile. Ama-Atttorney avame ukusebenzisa i-software yokubonisa nokuthwebula kobufakazi be-electronic.

Ubufakazi Bokusingatha Nokumangalela

Uma kunikezwa ubufakazi, imithetho eqinile ilawula indlela emiswa ngayo. Ama-athorney kumelwe alandele uhide lwemithetho yelungelo lokuhlala nabantwana ukuze athole ubufakazi obungokoqobo. Ubufakazi boFakazi bunikezwa ngesifungo. Uma olunye uhlangothi lukholelwa umbuzo noma ubufakazi obungafanele, bangase baphikise. Ukuphikisa okuvamile kuhlanganisa amahemuhemu, ukuhlanganisa, ukuhola kwemibuzo, nokuqagela. Umahluleli ushaya imithetho ngokushesha. Attorney akumelwe aphikisane nesinqumo somahluleli.

Abahlanganyeli Abayinhloko Enkantolo

Ukusebenza kwenkantolo ngokuphumelelayo kuxhomeke ezisebenzini eziningana eziyinhloko, ngasinye esinemithwalo yemfanelo ehlukile.

Abahluleli

Ijaji lengamela inkantolo, liqinisekisa ukuthi kuqulwa icala ngokomthetho, lishaya imithetho yokuthatha isinyathelo nokuphikisa, liyala abahluleli, futhi liphoqelela izigwebo.

Ama - attorney (Izintibane)

Abameli bamelela amaqembu. Ecalani lobugebengu, umshushisi umelela uhulumeni, ummeli umelela ummangalelwa. Emacaleni omphakathi, iqembu ngalinye linommeli walo. Ama-athorney anomthwalo wokuphenya amaqiniso, aphikisa izikhundla ezingokomthetho, anikeza ubufakazi, futhi asekela amakhasimende abo. Bayizikhulu zenkantolo futhi kumelwe banamathele emithethweni yezimiso.

Abenzi Bezentengiselwano Basenkantolo

Unobhala wenkantolo unakekela imisebenzi yokuqondisa: ukugcina amafayela amacala, ukuhlela ukuqulwa kwecala, ukuhlela izahlulelo, ukuphatha izikhungo zasenkantolo, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukwenza izifungo.

Amabhayiliff

Izisebenzi zezemithetho zigade inkantolo, imisebenzi yazo ihlanganisa ukugcina ukuhleleka, ukuphelezela iziboshwa emacaleni obugebengu, ukukhipha imvume enkantolo nokusiza ijaji.

IJuries

Amajaji angamaqembu ezakhamuzi afungela ukunikeza isinqumo esisekelwe ebufakazini. Ezicabeni zobugebengu, abahluleli banquma icala noma ubumsulwa; ezicabeni zomphakathi, banquma icala nengozi. Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala livikelwe ezimisweni eziningi zomthetho. Abameli bakhethwa ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-voir brain, lapho abameli namajaji bengabaza khona abajaji abangase baqinisekise ukungakhethi.

OFakazi Nabalobeli Bezinkantolo

Intatheli yenkantolo yenza inkulumo ecacile yayo yonke imicikilisho. Lombhalo ubalulekile ekunxuseni. OFakazi banikeza ubufakazi ngaphansi kwesifungo, futhi ukuthembeka kwabo kusemqoka emphumeleni. Ofakazi abaqotho banganikeza imibono ekhethekile ezindabeni zesayensi, ezobuchwepheshe, noma zezokwelapha.

Umlando Nokuziphendukela Kwemvelo

Izimpande zesimiso senkantolo yanamuhla zisukela emuva eNgilandi ephakathi. Isimiso somthetho ovamile sasungulwa ngezinqumo zezinkantolo zasebukhosini, sidala isibonelo esisaqondisa abahluleli namuhla. Izenzakalo eziyinhloko ezingokomlando zihlanganisa iMagna Carta (1215), eyamisa imingcele egunyeni lobukhosi nelungelo lokuqulwa ngokulunga, kanye nokusungulwa kwesimiso sabahluleli.

Izinkantolo zamakoloni eMelika zalandela amaNgisi ayizifekethiso. Ngemva kokuzimela, uMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S. wamisa inkantolo yenkantolo yecala likahulumeni eSigqebhezana III, neNkantolo ePhakeme njengenkantolo ephakeme. ISiphakamiso sika-1789 sasungula izinkantolo zikahulumeni eziphansi. Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka, imithetho yemithetho yemithetho iye yaqala ukuvela ekunxuseni okuqinile kwezaziso esivumelanayo, futhi manje kuya "ezingamukeleki" ezindinganisweni ezingaphansi kwezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme yamuva.

Amanye amasiko angokomthetho, njengomthetho womphakathi (ovamile ezwekazini laseYurophu naseLatin America), ancike emithethweni ebanzi nasezinqubweni zokuqulwa kwecala kunokuba athole izindlela zomthetho ezivamile. Ukuqonda lokhu kungafani kubalulekile ekuhloleni okungokomthetho okuqhathaniswa.

Izinselele Nentuthuko Yanamuhla

Izinkantolo zibhekene nezinselele eziqhubekayo. Icala elihambisana nomthetho nokwephuza kunganciphisa ukufinyelela ukwahlulela. Ukuvela kwesinqumo esihlukile sempikiswano (ukudluliswa, ukumiswa kwemininingwane) kunikeza impumuzo ethile. Ubuchwepheshe buyaqhubeka buguqula ukusebenza kwenkantolo, kusukela ekufakeni imishini yobuchwepheshe kuya ekwazini ukuzwa, okusheshiswa umqedazwe we-COVID-19. Izinkinga zemfihlo nemininingwane ziyanda.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimpikiswano ngokukhetha ukwahlulela (izinhlelo zokukhetha), ukugweba ukuhlukaniswa, nokuthola ukumelelwa okungokomthetho (ilungelo lokwelulekwa ezicaleni zobugebengu, nelungelo lomphakathi lokwelulekwa kwezinye izindawo) zihlala zimatasa. Imfundo engokomthetho igcizelela kakhulu amakhono asebenzayo ngaphandle komthetho omthetho ophansi.

Isiphetho

Isimiso senkantolo siyinhlangano eyinkimbinkimbi kodwa ebaluleke kakhulu yokusekela umthetho. Ukuqonda indlela ohlelwe ngayo, izinqubo, nemithetho elandelwayo kunikeza ukuqonda ngendlela ukwahlulela okuphathwa ngayo. Kubafundisi nabafundi, ukuqonda lemiqondo kukhuthaza ukucabanga okugxekayo ngamalungelo angokomthetho, izindinganiso zomphakathi, kanye nokulinganisela phakathi kokuhleleka nenkululeko. Izinkantolo ezisebenzayo akuzona nje izakhiwo noma izinqubo; ziwumfanekiso ophilayo wesibopho somphakathi sokuxazulula izingxabano ngokungakhethi nangokuthula. Ukutadisha ngokuqhubekayo kwalesimiso, umlando wamanje, imicikilisho, nokuziphendukela kwemvelo okuzayo. .

Ukuze ufunde ngokwengeziwe, bheka U.S. ukucubungula [, [[FLT]], Enclopædia Britannica ukungena ezinkantolo [[, kanye nemithombo evela IsiQhingi seMelika Bar[. Isisekelo sezomlando singahlolwa ngezinqolobane zezinqolobane zesizwe [.