Isingeniso: Idwala Lobulungisa

Indima yezinkantolo enqubweni engokomthetho ibalulekile ekuqondiseni kobulungisa. Izinkantolo zisebenza njengendawo lapho izingxabano zixazululwa khona, imithetho ichazwa, futhi kunikezwa ubulungisa. Ukuqonda uhambo lwecala kusukela ekwahluleleni ukuya ekwahluleleni kubalulekile kokubili kubafundi nabafundisi emkhakheni womthetho. Lesi sihloko sihlola izinga ngalinye lohambo olujule kakhulu, siqokomisa izinkantolo ezigxekayo ezithatha izinyathelo zazo zonke izinyathelo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungumfundi wezomthetho, umthathi we-paralegali, noma uyisakhamuzi esifuna ukuqonda indlela isimiso somthetho esisebenza ngayo, ukuqonda ukugeleza kwe-procrave ukusuka ekudluliseni ukuya esinqumleni kuyisihluthulelo ukuqonda indlela izinkantolo ezigcina ngayo ukuhleleka futhi zisekela ukuhleleka komthetho.

Ukuqonda Isimiso Senkantolo

Isimiso senkantolo singaba yinkimbinkimbi, ngamazinga nangezigaba zenkantolo ezihlukahlukene. Inkantolo ngayinye inegunya layo nemisebenzi ethile. Ukuqondwa okucacile kwalesigaba sokubusa kwabefundisi kuyisinyathelo sokuqala ekuqondeni inqubo engokomthetho.

Isinqumo: Isisekelo Segunya Lenkantolo

Jurisdion ibhekisela egunyeni lenkantolo lokuzwa nokunquma icala. Linezakhi ezimbili eziyinhloko: ukulawulwa kwecala eliphansi (uhlobo lwecala inkantolo ingalizwa) kanye nokulawulwa komuntu siqu (igunya lenkantolo phezu kwamaqembu ahilelekile). Ngokwesibonelo, inkantolo yesifunda ingalalela amacala ahilela umthetho kahulumeni noma ukubusa ngokwehlukana, kuyilapho inkantolo yesizwe isingatha izindaba ezivela ngaphansi komthetho wezwe. Ukuqonda igunya kuyagxeka ngoba ukuvala icala enkantolo engalungile kungaholela ekuxoxisweni.

Izikhundla Zamankantolo

  • Izinkantolo zesifunda: Lezi zinganga lokuqala ezinkantolo lapho amacala eqala khona futhi ezwakala khona. Esimisweni sikahulumeni, lezi iziNkantolo zeSigodi zase-U.S. Ezimisweni zikahulumeni, zingabizwa ngokuthi iziNkantolo Ezikhulu, iziNkantolo zesifunda, noma iziNkantolo zesifunda. Izinkantolo zenkantolo zisingatha amacala ayiqiniso, zamukela ubufakazi, futhi zisebenzise umthetho emaqini anikezwayo.
  • Izinkantolo eziphakanyiswayo: Lezinkantolo zibukeza izinqumo ezenziwa yizinkantolo zamacala ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi umthetho uyasebenza kahle nokuthi amaphutha enqubo awawuthintanga umphumela. Izinkantolo ze-applette aziwatholi amaqiniso; zibukeza amarekhodi nezimpikiswano zomthetho. Kumthetho, lezi izinkantolo ze-U.S. zomkhandlu zokudlulisa, ngokuvamile ezihlelwe zaba yizifunda.
  • Izinkantolo eziphezulu: Inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu ephethe, enesisho sokugcina ezindabeni zomthetho. INkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. ihlala esiqongweni sesimiso sikahulumeni, kuyilapho umbuso ngamunye unenkantolo yawo ephakeme (ngezinye izikhathi ebizwa ngokuthi iNkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala). Lezinkantolo zivame ukubukeza, zisho ukuthi zikhetha maphi amacala okumelwe athathwe.

Izinkantolo Ezikhethekile

Ngaphandle kwesigaba sezikhulu, izifunda eziningi zinezinkantolo ezikhethekile ezigxile ezinhlotsheni ezithile zezindaba. Izibonelo zihlanganisa izinkantolo ezilahla imali, izinkantolo zentela, izinkantolo zemikhaya, izinkantolo zentsha, nezinkantolo zezezenkantolo. Lezinkantolo zinamajaji nezinqubo ezicushiwe zokusingatha izindaba eziyingqayizivele eziphakamayo ezindaweni zazo zomthetho.

Inqubo Yokuwa

Ukuqulwa kwamacala kuyisinyathelo sokuqala enqubweni engokomthetho. Kubangela ukuba inkantolo ilawule futhi iqale ukuqulwa kwecala. Lenqubo ihilela ukunikeza amaxwebhu angokomthetho enkantolo efanele nokwazisa iqembu eliphikisayo. Izinkantolo zanamuhla zivame ukusebenzisa izimiso ze-electronic (e-fil) ukuvala lesi sinyathelo.

Amadokhumende wenkinombho engoso

  • U-Plainth noma Isicelo: U-Placttiff (noma umceli) ufaka isikhalo esichaza icala kummangalelwa. Lombhalo kumelwe ube namazwi acacile okusho okungokomthetho, amaqiniso asekela lawomazwi, futhi impumuzo ifuna (njengemali elimazayo noma i-gileader). Imithetho ye-Federal idinga "isifushaniso nenkulumo ecacile" ukubonisa ukukhululeka.
  • Summons:[ I-appers ikhishwa yinkantolo futhi ithunyelwe kummangalelwa, yazisa isenzo esingokomthetho kanye nohlelo lwesikhathi sokuphendula (ngokuvamile izinsuku ezingu 21 kuya kwezingu-30). Inkonzo yenqubo kumelwe ihambisane nemithetho eqinile ukuqinisekisa inqubo efanelekile.
  • Imali ebhajwayo: Amafeye kumelwe akhokhelwe ukuze kuqalwe icala, elingahluka ngokwesimiso nangendlela yokulawula nohlobo lwebhokisi. Ngokwesibonelo, ukufaka icala lomphakathi likahulumeni manje elibiza ama-422 (R1,42) ezinkokhelweni zokuhlela. Amaqembu angenalusizo angafaka isicelo ku-foma pauteres ekukhokheni noma ukunciphisa izindleko.

Ukuphathwa kwecala nokwembozwana

Izinkantolo eziningi manje zidinga ukugcinwa kwezimiso ze-electronic ezinjenge-PACER (Public Access to Court Electronic Records) ezinkantolo zikahulumeni noma ezivumelana nazo. I-flalting inciphisa iphepha, isheshisa ukukhuphuka, futhi ivumela amaqembu ukuba abhale amabhukwana kude. Izinkantolo zifuna futhi inombolo yecala nejaji (noma ijaji elise jaji) ngemva kokufakwa kwe-part, okuqala ukuphatha kwenkuthalo kwenkantolo.

Izindlela Zokuthatha Iminyaka Emide

Uma icala seliqulwe futhi ummangalelwa esephendule (ngempendulo noma ngokunyakaza), icala lingena eqenjini langaphambi kwezenkantolo. Lesigaba ngokuvamile siyingxenye ethatha isikhathi futhi ebalulekile yokuqulwa kwecala, njengoba lisekela ubufakazi nezindaba ezingokomthetho ezizonikezwa enkantolo.

Ukutholakala Kwayo: Ukuthola Amaqiniso

Ukuthola ukuthi inqubo ehleliwe ehlanganisa kokubili ubufakazi nokwaziswa komunye nomunye nakumuntu wesithathu. Umgomo uwukuqeda izinto ezimangalisayo futhi uthuthukise izindawo zokuhlala ezilungile. Amathuluzi abalulekile okuthola ahlanganisa:

  • Imibuzo elotshiwe ethunyelwe omunye komunye, okumelwe iphendulwe ngaphansi kwesifungo.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Izilinganiso:[ Ubufakazi obuyindatshana obuthathwe ngaphansi kwesifungo ngaphandle kwenkantolo, nethuba lokuhlola isiphambano. Izikhombi zilondoloza ubufakazi futhi zembule amaqiniso.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Izicelo zokuveza amabhukwana: izicelo zezincwadi ezifanele, ama-imeyili, noma ulwazi olugcinwe nge-tektroniki.
  • Izimemo ezicela ukudluliswa: Izinkulumo omunye acela omunye ukuba avume noma aphike, anciphise izimpikiswano zokulingwa.

Ukuhamba: Ukulilungisa Icala Ngaphambi Kokuqulwa Kwecala

Imicimbi ingathatha ama-stem ukuze kuxazululwe izimpikiswano ezithile ngaphambi kokuqulwa komthetho. Izenzo ezivamile zangaphambi komthetho zihlanganisa:

  • Ukukhipha: Ama-Ague ukuthi ngisho noma wonke amaqiniso ekukhonondeni eyiqiniso, i-pasttiff ayinawo umbono ongokomthetho (umz., ukuntuleka kwegunya, ukwehluleka ukunquma ukuthi ikuphi).
  • Motion for Compunt Justice Justice Justice:[[FT:1] icela inkantolo ukuba inqume icala ngaphandle kwecala ngoba akukho ukuphikisana kwangempela nganoma yiliphi iqiniso lezinto ezibonakalayo. Uma imvume, inkantolo ingenela isahlulelo esivuna iqembu elihambayo.
  • Motion to Compel Discovery: ifakelwa uma ingxenye ihluleka ukuveza izimpendulo zokuthola, icela inkantolo ukuba iyale ukuthobela.

Ukuxazulula Impikiswano Nezimpikiswano Ezihlukile

Amacala amaningi axazululwa ngaphambi kokuba kuqulwe izingxoxo zokuxazulula impikiswano. Izinkantolo zikhuthaza ukukhokhwa kwezivumelwano zokulondoloza izimali zokwahlulela. Amanye ama-guant afuna ukuba amaqembu abe khona emhlanganweni wezimo noma ukuqulwa kwesivumelwano. Ememezelweni, ingxenye yesithathu ayithathi hlangothi isiza ekusizeni isivumelwano sokuzithandela. Uma ukuchithwa kwecala kuqhubeka mayelana nokuqulwa kwecala. Izinkantolo zingayala ukuba kuhlolwe ngokushesha noma kuthathwe amacala ukuze kuhlangane namacala ukuze kuhlangatshelwe inqubo.

Inqubo Yokuqulwa Komthetho

Uma icala lingaxazululeki noma linganqunywa ngokunyakaziswa, liqala ukuqulwa.

Ukukhetha I - Jury (I - voir Dire)

Ezimweni lapho icala labahluleli liphoqelelwa khona, isinyathelo sokuqala sikhetha ijaji. Inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi ivoir blash ihilela ukubuza abahluleli abangase bavuleke ubandlululo noma izingxabano. Attorney (noma ijaji kwezinye izinkantolo) babuza imibuzo, futhi uhlangothi ngalunye lungabekela abajaji inselele ngembangela (umz., ubandlululo) noma ukusebenzisa izinselele zokuhlengatha (isibalo) ukugaxa abagcini bejaji ngaphandle kokunikeza isizathu, uma nje ukugadla kungabanga okungagunyazi.

Ukuvula Izinkulumo

Bobabili abathwele icala labo banikeza umahluleli noma abasizi bejaji. Umphetho uhamba kuqala, echaza lokho okuzoboniswa ubufakazi. Ukuzivikela kunganikeza inkulumo yokuvula ngokushesha ngemva noma kugcine kuze kube ngemva kwendaba ye-pasttiff. Ukuvula izinkulumo akuwona ubufakazi kodwa akulona ibalazwe lalokho iqembu elihlose ukukufakazela.

Ukuboniswa Kobufakazi

Lokhu kuyinhliziyo yecala. Ummangalelwa uveza icala lakhe eliyinhloko kuqala, ubiza ofakazi nokwethula imibukiso. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokunqamule u-examine ufakazi ngamunye. Ngemva kokuba ummangalelwa esekhona, angase anikeze ubufakazi bakhe siqu nofakazi. Ummangalelwa ubese enethuba lokuveza ubufakazi bommangalelwa. Imithetho yobufakazi ibusa lokho okungavunywa; ngokwesibonelo, ihemuhemu livame ukuzwakala ngaphandle kokuba kusetshenziswe ufakazi ohlukile.

  • [ Ubufakazi boFakazi: ofakazi beqiniso bafakazela ngalokho abakubona, abakuzwa, noma abakuzwayo. Ofakazi abaqotho banikeza imibono esekelwe olwazini olukhethekile.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ubufakazi obuphathekayo: Amabhukwana, izithombe, amavidiyo, nezinto ziphawuleka njengemibukiso futhi zethulwe ngobufakazi.
  • [[IMITHETHO: 0] Imithetho:[ Izinsuku zingavumelana namaqiniso athile ukuze konge isikhathi.

Amampikiswano Okuvala

Iqembu ngalinye lifingqa icala lalo futhi liqokomisa ubufakazi obuyinhloko. Ubufakazi bubonisa ukuthi ubufakazi bufakazela lokho abakushoyo ngendinganiso edingekayo yobufakazi (ubufakazi obuqanjiwe ezicaleni zomphakathi; ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo ezicabeni zobugebengu). Ummangalelwa uphikisa ngokuthi ubufakazi abufinyeleli. Izimpikiswano zokuvala akuwona ubufakazi kodwa azizona izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho ngokuphathelene nalokho okufanele kuthathwe.

Ukwahlulela Nezinyathelo Zangemva Kokuthola Isigwebo

Ngemva kokuqulwa kwecala, inkantolo iyokhipha isahlulelo, lesi isinqumo esingokomthetho senkantolo sokusingatha leli cala.

Isigwebo Nokwahlulela

  • [[FLT: 0] Jury Verdict: Ekuqulweni kwecala lokwahlulela, amajaji ngamabomu futhi afinyelele isinqumo. Amajaji kumelwe alandele iziyalezo zomahluleli emthethweni. Isinqumo singaba esivamile (imvume nengozi) noma esikhethekile (impendulo emibuzweni eqondile).
  • Icala leBench: emacaleni ngaphandle komsizi wamajaji, umahluleli unquma kokubili amaqiniso nomthetho. Umahluleli uveza okutholwa kokuyiqiniso neziphetho zomthetho, okuyisisekelo sokwahlulela.
  • Ukuhlelwa kokwahlulela: Umabhalane wenkantolo ungena ekwahluleleni edokisini. Lokhu kubangela imingcele yesikhathi yokuthatha izinyawo zangemva kwe-testry kanye nezikhalo.

Ukuhamba Kwangemva Komsindo

Ngemva kwesinqumo, amaqembu angathatha amafayela ukuze aphikise ngomphumela ngaphambi kokudlulisa isikhalo. Izenzo ezivamile zangemva kwenkantolo zihlanganisa:

  • [[NT.0] Ukuqulwa kwesahlulelo njengendaba yoMthetho (JOL):[ Isho ukuthi ubufakazi abonwanga ukusekela isinqumo. U-face ngemva kokuqulwa uma benziwa esikhathini sokuqulwa kwecala.
  • [[QUT:0] Ukuqulwa kwecala elisha: kuveza amaphutha angokwesiko, ukuziphatha okubi, noma ukuthi isinqumo simelene nobunzima bobufakazi.
  • Ukuhlanganisa ukuguqula noma ukwahlulela okunganqamukiyo: kucela inkantolo ukuba ishintshe isahlulelo, ngokuvamile ukulungisa amaphutha angokomthetho noma ukulungisa umonakalo.

Uma le nqubo iphikiswa, leli cala lisuke selilungele ukukhangeka.

Inqubo Yokukhanga

Uma omunye enganelisekile ngesinqumo, bangase badlulisele icala enkantolo ephakeme. Inqubo yokudlulisa izikhalo akulona icala lesibili kodwa ukubukeza izinqubo zenkantolo equlwayo neziphetho ezingokomthetho.

Ukudluliswa Kwezicelo

  • Notice of Apple: Iqembu elikhangayo lifaka isaziso sokuqala ukudlulisa lesisicelo phakathi nosuku oluqinile (ngokuvamile izinsuku ezingu-30 enkantolo kahulumeni).
  • Iqophelo lokudlulisa ukudlulisa irekhodi elingokomthetho, kuhlanganise nokuncenga, ama-repyumu, nemifanekiso, enkantolo ye-appelta.
  • Briefs:[ Zombili izinhlangothi zifaka izimpikiswano ezibhaliwe ezichaza izikhundla zazo. I-mellant emfushane ichaza ukuthi kungani inkantolo equlwayo yecala yenze iphutha; impikiswano emfushane ye-melles ethi kungani isinqumo kufanele siqinisekiswe.

Impikiswano Edluliselwa Ngomlomo

Inkantolo ethatha icala ingaqunga inkantolo ukuze bobabili banikeze izimpikiswano zabo. Abahluleli bavame ukubuza imibuzo ukuze bacacise izimpikiswano zomthetho. Impikiswano engokwengcaphuno ngokuvamile ithatha imizuzu engu-15-30 futhi igxile emaqophelweni ayinhloko.

Izindinganiso Zokubukeza

Izinkantolo ezihlolwayo zisebenzisa izindinganiso ezihlukene kuye ngendaba. Imibuzo yomthetho ibukezwa u-ovo (intsha). Ukuthola iqiniso kubukezelwe iphutha elicacile [. Izinqumo zokuhlakanipha zibukezwa ngezakho [[[FLT:]] ukucubungula ukwahlulela kokuhlakanipha [[. Lezizindinganiso zinquma izinga le-delete-ement conmentation enkantolo ekhoselayo.

Imiphumela Engenzeka

  • Isiqinisekiso: Inkantolo ye-appellate ivumelana nenkantolo equlwayo futhi isekela isahlulelo.
  • landela: Inkantolo edlulisayo ithola iphutha futhi igumbuqele ukwahlulela, ngokuvamile ilungise icala uma kuxoxwa ngecala.
  • I-Remand: ithumela icala emuva enkantolo equlweni lecala ukuze kuqulwe ikhambi elisha noma eminye imiphumela evumelana nombono we-appletate.
  • [[UMTL:0] guqula ingxenye yokwahlulela (umz., unciphisa umonakalo).

Lenqubo yokudlulisa amacala ingaqhubeka izinkantolo eziphakathi nendawo futhi ekugcineni iye enkantolo ephakeme kunazo zonke (inkantolo ephakeme ephakeme noma iNkantolo Ephakeme yaseU.S.), nakuba ngokuvamile lezozinkantolo zinesinqumo sokuphika ukubukezwa.

Isiphetho: Indima Engenakuxazululwa Yamankantolo

Indima yezinkantolo enqubweni engokomthetho ibalulekile ekulondolozeni ukuhleleka nobulungisa emphakathini. Kusukela ekufakeni kuqala icala kuya ekwahlulelweni kokugcina (*; futhi ngenqubo yokunxusa) isinyathelo ngasinye siklanyelwe ukusekela umthetho. Izinkantolo zinikeza ukungathathi hlangothi lapho amacala engaveza khona izimpikiswano, zibe nezincazelo ezicacisiwe ezisekelwe emthethweni, futhi zifune ukubuyisela. Ukuqonda loluhambo kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofunda noma osebenza ngaphakathi kwesimiso somthetho. Ukuze kufundwe ngokwengeziwe, U. Izinkantolo.[FLT: 1] zinikeza izincazelo eziningi zemisebenzi nezimiso zomthetho. [FOLD][2] INhlangano ye-Melikanbo [F:][FT] futhi inikeza izimali ezinhle kakhulu zenkantolo ngayinye.[FT]