Isimiso somthetho se-United States sisebenza njengesimiso senkantolo ezimbili, esihlanganisa kokubili izinkantolo zikahulumeni nombuso. Lesi sakhiwo, esakhiwa nguMthetho-sisekelo we-U.S. kanye nomthetho-sisekelo kahulumeni ngokulandelana, siqinisekisa ukuthi izimpikiswano ezingokomthetho zinqunywa ezisezingeni elifanele likahulumeni. Ukuqonda ukusebenza, amandla, nokusebenza phakathi kwalezi zimiso ezimbili kubalulekile kochwepheshe bezomthetho, abafundi, nabafundisi. Lokhu kuhlola okunwebekile kunikeza ukuhlola okuqhathaniswa ezinkantolo zikahulumeni nombuso, ukuhlola izisekelo zazo zomthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, imingcele yomthetho, imingcele yezimiso zomthetho, kanye nezingalo olusebenzayo ekuqondiseni ubulungisa.

IZisekelo Zomthetho - sisekelo ZeNkantolo Ebophayo

Ukwakhiwa kwezimiso zenkantolo ezihlukene zikahulumeni nombuso kusuka ngqo ehlelweni likahulumeni kahulumeni wase-U.S. UMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., ngeSiphakamiso III, wamisa ijaji likahulumeni njengegatsha elilinganayo likahulumeni eduze kwamagatsha e-wistonel nomphathi. ISiphakamiso III, Ingxenye 1 yezahlulelo zomthetho e "INkantolo Ephakeme, nakulezoNkantolo eziphansi njengeSishayamthetho zingamiswa njalo." Leli lungiselelo lanikeza i-Candelo ukuba kusungulwe izinkantolo eziphansi zikahulumeni, kuhlanganise nezinkantolo zesifunda nezinkantolo zesifunda zezicelo, okwathiwa ngeSikhathi se-Judiary Act of 1789.

Izimiso zenkantolo yoMbuso, ngokuphambene, zithola igunya kumthetho-mthetho wezwe ngamunye nezimiso. Izifunda ezingu-50 zilondoloza izinkantolo zazo ezizimele, zinezakhiwo nezinqubo ezihluka kakhulu. Lesimiso sisho ukuthi izindaba eziningi ezingokomthetho ezithinta ukuphila kwansuku zonke njengokungathi izimpikiswano zesivumelwano, ukulimala komuntu siqu, izimpikiswano zomthetho womkhaya, nokumangalelwa komthetho womthetho wezwe ngamunye. /Izinkantolo zikahulumeni, nakuba zisebenzisa amandla abalulekile, ziyizinkantolo zegunya elilinganiselwe, zigunyazwe ukuba zilalele lezo zimpikiswano ezingokomthetho noma imithetho yombuso kuphela.

Isimiso Senkantolo Yesifunda: Isimiso Necala

Isimiso senkantolo kahulumeni sisebenza njengesigaba sabaphathi, isigaba ngasinye senza imisebenzi ehlukile. Ukuqonda la mazinga kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni ukuthi izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisebenza kanjani.

Izinkantolo Zesigodi: Izinga Lokuqulwa Kwecala

Izinkantolo zesifunda ezizimele ziyizinkantolo ezivamile zesimiso sikahulumeni. Kunezifunda ezingu-94 zokwahlulela e-United States, kuhlanganise namasimu anjenge-Puerto Rico, i-Guam, iziQhingi Ezimsulwa zase-U.S. neziQhingi zaseNyakatho Mariyana. Isifunda ngasinye sinendawo eyodwa, nezifunda ezinkulu njengeCalifornia, Texas, neNew York zinezifunda eziningi. Izinkantolo zesigodi zisingatha kokubili amacala omphakathi nawobugebengu avela ngaphansi komthetho kahulumeni. Emacala omphakathi, azwa izindaba ezihilela imibuzo kahulumeni lapho izikhulu zesifunda sesifunda sesifunda sezwe zisekelwe khona eMthethweni wezomthetho-mthetho, izivumelwano zesizwe, noma izivumelwano zezivumelwano, lapho amaqembu ehlukene, lapho amaqembu evela emazweni ahlukene nakwezingamele impikiswano engaphezulu $75 000.

Izinkantolo Zezingcingo Zesifunda: Izinga Lokuphonsa Izicelo

Izinkantolo ezingu-13 ze-appellate zikahulumeni, ezaziwa njengezinkantolo zesifunda zecala, zibukeza izinqumo ezivela ezinkantolo zesifunda ezifundeni zazo. Ishumi nambili lalezizifunda ziyizifunda, zihlanganisa amaqembu amisiwe ezifunda, kanti iFederal Frigean inegunya ezweni lonke emacaleni akhethekile, kuhlanganise neziphakamiso ezigunyazayo nezithi zimela uhulumeni. Izinkantolo zesifunda aziphathi ukuqulwa kwecala noma zizwe ubufakazi obusha; kunalokho, zibukeza umlando wecala ngamaphutha angokomthetho. Izinqumo zinikezwa ngokwesiko ngeziphakamiso ezintathu zamacala, nakuba ezimweni ezingavamile, isifunda singaphinde sizwe icala . [cc:1]. Izinkantolo zesifunda zifeza indima ebucayi emthethweni oqinile ngokumisa umthetho wazomthetho owesizwe.

INkantolo Ephakeme Yase - United States

Eqophelweni lenkantolo yejaji kahulumeni limi enkantolo ePhakeme kakhulu yase-U.S., eyakhiwa amaJaji ayisishiyagalolunye amiswe nguMongameli futhi aqinisekiswe yiSigele. INkantolo inegunya lokuqala elilawulayo emacaleni alinganiselwe, njengamacala aphakathi kwezizwe, kodwa umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko ukubukezwa. INkantolo Ephakeme ilawula igunya ngekhono, isho ukuthi yimaphi amacala okunganqunywayo, anqumayo ukuba azwe ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi imvume ukunikeza izikhalo, unyaka ngamunye, izinkulungwane zezicelo zigcinwa, kodwa iNkanto eyaziwa kakhulu ukuthi amacala angu-70 kuya kumashumi amahlanu kuphela ngenxa yokubukezwa ngokugcwele. Izinqumo eziphakeme zenkantolo ziwugcina futhi zibophanga zonke izinkantolo ngomthetho womthetho wombuso nezomthetho womthetho womthetho.

Ukumangalelwa Kwezindaba Ezibucayi Ezinkantolo Zesizwe

Izinkantolo ze-Federal zingalalela amacala angena ezigabani ezithile ezibaliwe eSiphakamiso III nasemithethweni kahulumeni. Lezi zigaba zihlanganisa:

  • I-Federal Question Jurisdition: Icala elivela ngaphansi koMthetho-sisekelo, imithetho kahulumeni, noma izivumelwano. Lokhu kuyisisekelo esivame kakhulu sokulawula kwenkantolo yezwe.
  • Icala lokungavumelani: Icala phakathi kwezakhamuzi zezifunda ezihlukene noma phakathi kwesakhamuzi sikahulumeni nesakhamuzi sangaphandle, uma nje imali ephikisanayo ingaphezu kuka $75 000 [R1].
  • Icala elihilela ukuhamba ngemikhumbi, ukuthutha, nokuhamba ngemikhumbi emanzini avulekayo.
  • Bankruptcy Juriscion: izinkantolo zeFederal zinegunya elikhethekile ekuwineni kwemali, nakuba umthetho kahulumeni uvame ukunquma amalungelo empahla phakathi kwalezozigigaba.
  • I-Ases ehlanganisa i-United States: Lapho uhulumeni kahulumeni eyiqembu, kuhlanganise nesuti emelene nezinhlangano zikahulumeni.
  • Icala elihlanganisa izivumelwano nezinye izizwe, amanxusa, nezingxabano zomhlaba wonke.

Ngenxa yokuthi izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziyizinkantolo ezinegunya elilinganiselwe, iqembu elifuna ukucela igunya likahulumeni kumelwe libonise ukuthi icala liwela kwesinye salezi zigaba. Uma igebe lingalawuleki, icala kumelwe lisuswe noma liphinde lithunyelwe enkantolo yesifundazwe.

Izinkantolo Ezikhethekile

Ngaphandle kwesakhiwo esivamile esineziqu ezintathu, isimiso sikahulumeni sihlanganisa izinkantolo eziningana ezikhethekile ezinezikhundla eziphethe izihloko ezithile:

  • Inkantolo yase-U.S. eshoyo: Izwi lokusholoza ukulimala kwemali eUnited States, kuhlanganise nezingxabano zesivumelwano kanye nokuthatha iziphakamiso ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo sesihlanu.
  • [[[INTLO] U.S.U. Court yentela:[ ikhipha izimpikiswano phakathi kwabakhokhi bentela neNkonzo yezentengiselwano.
  • [U.S. iNkantolo ye-International Trade: isingatha amacala ahilela imisebenzi yezohwebo nezezentengiselwano zamazwe ngamazwe.
  • [ Inkantolo yokudlulisa Amacala yase-U.S. eSocial Forces: Ibukeza inkantolo elawula izivumelwano zezenkolo zamalungu ebutho lezempi lase-U.S.
  • [[AKT:0] U.S. UH. Umphakathi Oncutshe Ovela Kumazwe Angaphandle (Inkantolo ye-FA):[ Izicelo zokuhlola izicelo zezimpawu zokuqapha emacaleni esizwe.

Lezinkantolo ezikhethekile zibonisa ukuthi ikomiti yokwahlulela ewuhulumeni iyinkimbinkimbi nesidingo sobuchwepheshe ezicini ezithile zomthetho.

Isimiso Senkantolo YoMbuso: Amahhashi Ezisebenzi Obulungisa BaseMelika

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisingatha amacala amaningi kakhulu e-United States. NgokweNational Center for State Courts, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zodwa zihlela amacala amasha angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu - 80 ngonyaka, uma kuqhathaniswa namacala abekwa ezinkantolo zesifunda ezingaphansi kuka-400 000. Izinkantolo zikahulumeni ziyizinkantolo ezilawula wonke umuntu, okusho ukuthi zingalalela noma iliphi icala elingagcinelwanga izinkantolo zikahulumeni ngokuqondile.

Izakhiwo Ezingokoqobo Zenkantolo KaHulumeni

Nakuba izakhiwo zenkantolo yombuso zihlukahluka, eziningi zilandela umfanekiso onezintathu ofana nesimiso sikahulumeni:

  • Izinkantolo zomthetho: Lezi izinkantolo ezingenisa amacala lapho ziqala khona. Izizwe eziningi zihlukanisa izinkantolo zecala ngezinkantolo zegunya elilinganiselwe (njengezinkantolo zikamasipala, izinkantolo zomgwaqo, noma izinkantolo ezincane) nezinkantolo zezegunya (ngokuvamile ezibizwa ngokuthi izinkantolo eziphakeme, izinkantolo zesifunda, noma izinkantolo zesifunda).
  • Izinkantolo ezithatha iziphakamiso: Izifundazwe ezingaba ngu-40 zinezinkantolo ezithatha izinqumo ezicubungula izinqumo zenkantolo. Lezi zinkantolo zisebenza njengesikhawu, zinciphisa umsebenzi wenkantolo ephakeme kakhulu kahulumeni.
  • Inkantolo yeSizwe ePhakeme: Inkantolo ephakeme kakhulu esifundazweni ngasinye, ebizwa ngokuqhelekileyo ngokuthi inkantolo ephakeme yesifundazwe (kodwa ngezinye izikhathi inkantolo yezicelo noma inkantolo ephakeme yokwahlulela). Lenkantolo inegunya lokugcina ezindabeni zomthetho wezwe, ingaphansi kokubukezwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. ngemibuzo ye-somthetho-mthetho kahulumeni.

Izinkantolo ZoMbuso Eziyicala

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zinegunya elikhulu ezindabeni eziningi zomthetho, kuhlanganise nalezi:

  • Ukuqulwa kwecala: Icala lobugebengu liyicala likahulumeni, ligwetshwa ngaphansi kwemithetho yesigwebo kahulumeni.
  • [[I-FLT:0] Imithetho egunyaza ukuphulwa kwesivumelwano, ukulimala komuntu siqu, ukunganaki, nemikhiqizo kusuka enkantolo yezwe.
  • Umthetho womkhaya:[ isehlukaniso, ukuwinwa kwabantwana, ukutholwa, kanye nobudlova basekhaya kucishe kube yizindaba zikahulumeni kuphela.
  • [[UMTH:0] Iprobathi nezakhiwo: Ukuphatha kwentando, ukwethemba, kanye nezindawo kungaphansi kwegunya lombuso.
  • Impikiswano yempahla yangempela:[ Impikiswano ehilela ukuba nendawo, ubuhlobo bendawo, nemingcele yempahla izwakala enkantolo yesifundazwe.
  • [[[I-FLT:0] Izindaba eziyingozi: Amacala aqinile nokuthembela komntanakho ahilela izingane aphathwa izinkantolo zentsha zikahulumeni.

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni nazo zihlangene ezimpindaneni eziningi zikahulumeni. Ngokwesibonelo, izinkantolo zikahulumeni zingalalela amacala ngaphansi kwemithetho yezimiso zelungelo lomphakathi noma imithetho yezezimali zikahulumeni, uma nje kungekho gunya lombuso elikhethekile. Nokho, abamangalelwa emacaleni anjalo bangalisusa icala enkantolo kahulumeni ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile.

Ukukhetha Kokwahlulela Ezinkantolo ZoMbuso

Omunye wemifantu ephawulekayo phakathi kwezinkantolo zikahulumeni nombuso ixhomeke endleleni abahluleli abakhethwa ngayo. Abahluleli bamaFederal bamiswa ngayo ukuphila uMongameli, bagunyazwe iSigele, futhi bangasuswa kuphela ngokukhipha isicelo. Lokhu kuphila kuhloselwe ukuqinisekisa inkululeko yokwahlulela.

Izindlela zokwahlulela zikahulumeni zihlukahlukene futhi zihlanganisa nalezi:

  • Ukukhethwa:[ Izifunda eziningi zikhetha amajaji azo ngokhetho oluthatha imingcele noma olungenayo. Lendlela izihloko ezithi zihlulele umphakathi ukulandisa kodwa futhi ziphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngethonya lezombangazwe nokuqoqa imali.
  • [ Isivumelwano:[ Ezinye izifundazwe zimisa abahluleli ngokumisa i-gabernator, ngokuvamile ngemvume yokushaya umthetho noma ukugunyaza.
  • [ Ukukhetha iMirit (Icebo leMissouri): Indlela exubile lapho ikhomishane iveza abameleli abafanelekayo, umbusi umisa omunye, futhi umahluleli kamuva ubhekene nokhetho lokuzibopha. Lendlela ihlanganisa ukumiswa kanye nokulandisa komphakathi ngezikhathi ezithile.

Indlela yokukhetha ingathonya ukwenza izinqumo zokwahlulela, ukusingatha amacala nokuqonda komphakathi ngokulunga.

Ukuhlaziya Okuqhathanisayo: Ukungafani Okuyinhloko Phakathi Kwezinkantolo Zesizwe NezaseHulumeni

Nakuba zombili lezi zimiso zinomgomo wokuxazulula izingxabano ezingokomthetho, zihlukile ngezindlela eziyisisekelo ezithinta izithasiselo namasu angokomthetho.

I - Jurisdictal Capes Nomqulu

Umehluko obaluleke kakhulu yizinkantolo ze-Federal ezilawula imingcele elinganiselwe. Zingalalela kuphela amacala awela eziqenjini ezithile zomthetho-sisekelo nezomthetho. Izinkantolo zoMbuso ziyizinkantolo zegunya elivamile − zingazwa noma yiliphi icala ngaphandle kokuba livele ngokusemthethweni kuphela. Lokhu kusho izimpikiswano eziningi ezingokomthetho, kusukela emathikithini ezimoto kuya emathekwini aphakeme, aqala futhi aphele enkantolo yombuso. Izinkantolo zesifunda zisingatha icala elincane, elikhethekile eligxile ekuchazeni kwemithetho kahulumeni, iziphakamiso zomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-sisekelo, izindaba ezithinta izikhundla zezentengo zezentengiselwano zezentengiselwano yezentengiselwano ezwe noma yezentengiselwano yezizwe zonke.

Imithetho Engokwemvelo

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni zisebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho efanayo elandelwayo, kuhlanganise neFederal Umthetho we-Civil Procediture, i-Federal Rules of Criminal Procediture, ne-Federal Readers of Evidence. Lemithetho inikeza ukungaguquguquki kuzo zonke izifunda zikahulumeni, yenza kube lula kubameli abasebenzisa izifunda eziningi.

Izinkantolo zikahulumeni, ngokuphambene, zinemithetho yazo siqu elawulayo, engahluka kakhulu ngokwezwe ngalinye. Ngisho nangaphakathi kwesifundazwe, izibalo ezihlukene noma izigodi zokwahlulela zingaba nemithetho yendawo ekhona ebekelwe imithetho yokwenezela ezindaweni zonke. Lokhu kudala indawo eyinkimbinkimbi kubaqondisi okumelwe balawule imithetho yezwe ngalinye lapho besebenza khona. Amanye amazwe aye athatha imithetho efana eduze nemithetho kahulumeni, kuyilapho amanye elondoloza amasiko ahlukile amasiko ezwe.

Ukukhanga Nokuphela Kwayo

Isakhiwo se-appelte kuzo zombili izimiso silandela indlela efanayo ye-heiner, kodwa kunomehluko obalulekile. Esimisweni sikahulumeni, izikhalo ezivela ezinqumweni zenkantolo yesifunda ziya enkantolo yesifunda, futhi kusukela lapho kuya eNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S., ehlolwayo. Ezimisweni zikahulumeni, izicelo zibhekisa enkantolo yenkantolo yesifunda (uma umuntu ekhona) bese ziya enkantolo ephakeme, enegama lokugcina enkantolo yombuso.

Iphuzu elibucayi lokuqubuka lapho icala lihilela kokubili umthetho kahulumeni nombuso. Izinqumo eziphezulu zenkantolo yomthetho kahulumeni zingabukezwa yiNkantolo ePhakeme yase-U.S. kodwa kuphela ngempikiswano kahulumeni. Incazelo yenkantolo yenkantolo yenkantolo yomthetho wayo ibopha futhi ayinakugumbuqelwa yizinkantolo zikahulumeni. Lesimiso sobuzwe siqinisekisa ukuthi izimisele ukugcina inkululeko phezu kwezimiso zabo zomthetho.

Ukuvivinywa Kwe - Jury Ne - Venue

Zombili izinkantolo zikahulumeni nohulumeni zinikeza ilungelo lokuqulwa kwecala lejaji ezinkantolo zomphakathi nezezigebengu, kodwa kukhona ukungezwani okusebenzayo. Amajaji ahlangene kumelwe avume ukuqulwa emacaleni obugebengu futhi ngokuvamile akhiphe izinqumo ezicatshangelwe ngokwezimo zomphakathi, nakuba amaqembu angase amise okuhlukile. Imithetho kahulumeni emayelana nemithetho yabahluleli iyahlukahluka; ezinye izifunda zivumela izinqumo ezingagunyaziwe ezicabeni zombangomuntu, noma ezicabeni zobugebengu (naseNkathi yeNkantolo Ephakeme yase-U.S. imise lomkhuba ezinqumweni zamuva).

UVenue, noma indawo lapho icala elithile lizwakala khona, iyahluka futhi. Imithetho ye-Federal yenziwa nge-odoli futhi ifuna ukuba icala lezwe lilethwe esifundeni lapho ummangalelwa ehlala khona noma lapho ingxenye enkulu yezenzakalo zenzeka khona. Imithetho yezindawo zikahulumeni iyahluka, kodwa ngokuvamile ivumela ukufakwa kwezindawo lapho ummangalelwa ehlala khona, lapho kwavela khona, noma indawo ekhona.

Izincwadi Eziwusizo Zezinhlwathi Nezingcweti

Ukukhetha phakathi kwenkantolo kahulumeni nokahulumeni kungawuthinta kakhulu umphumela wecala. Abameli nabameli babo kufanele bacabangele izici eziningana lapho benquma ukuthi bangabhala kuphi:

  • Imithetho elawulayo:[[FT:1] imithetho ye-Federal ingaba ekwaziwa kakhulu futhi ejwayelekile ngokweluleko esingekho esizweni, kodwa imithetho kahulumeni ingayekelela kakhulu ezicini ezithile, njengokuncenga izindinganiso noma imingcele yokuthola.
  • [[FLT: 0] Abahluleli bamaFederal namaCase: ngokuvamile babhekwa njengonokuhlangenwe nakho kakhulu futhi abanobunzima obulula, obungaholela ekuthatheni isinqumo ngokushesha. Abahluleli boMbuso, ikakhulukazi emagunyeni aphezulu okulayisha, bangabhekana nezinga elilibazi.
  • I-Jurtiation Comition: I-Federal jaji ithathwa kuso sonke isifunda, ngokuvamile iveza iqoqo elihlukene kakhulu lamajaji. Amajaji oMbuso athathwa esifundeni noma esifundazweni, esingase sibe sifana. Lokhu kungaba balulekile kakhulu ezimweni ezihilela ubandlululo noma izindinganiso zomphakathi.
  • [ Izindawo zokukhetha: Ukutholakala kwenkantolo ethatha izithuba eziphakathi esimisweni sombuso futhi ezizweni eziningi kunikeza ungwengwezi olungaphezulu lokubukeza, olungaba lubalulekile ekulungiseni amaphutha.
  • Ukuvunyela eFederal Court: Abalweli ngokuvamile banelungelo lokususa icala enkantolo yombuso ukuya enkantolo kahulumeni uma icala lingagcinwa ekuqaleni enkantolo kahulumeni (umz., ukubusa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene noma i-consitution quality). Leli ithuluzi elinamandla kunalo elingaguqula indawo yecala.

Isiphetho

Isimiso senkantolo samacala amabili e-United States, esihlanganisa kokubili izinkantolo zikahulumeni nombuso, siyisici esiyisisekelo se-conomistism yaseMelika. Izinkantolo ze-Federal, ezinezikhundla ezilinganiselwe zesimiso sazo kanye nabahluleli abanezimo ezimisiwe, zisingatha amacala ahilela umthetho kahulumeni, izimpikiswano zomthetho-mthetho, nezimpikiswano phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukene. Izinkantolo, njengezinkantolo zegunya elivamile, zihlela izimpikiswano eziningi ezingokomthetho futhi zinikeze ubulungisa endaweni yendawo. Ukuqonda izindima ezihlukene, izinqubo, nemithetho yesimiso ngasinye kubalulekile ekuqhubeni imingcele engokomthetho esemthethweni. Noma umfundi ufunda ngemithetho yezezezezezwe, noma umelulekiso olusemthethweni, abathengisiqonda kahle izinkantolo zombuso nezomthetho. U.