Ukuqonda amacala kubalulekile kunoma ubani oweqa umthetho ngemithetho engokomthetho — kungaba njengommangalelwa, isisulu, ufakazi, noma isakhamuzi esithembisene. Icala lobugebengu lihamba ngochungechunge oluhlelwe ngokwemithetho oluhloselwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi kulungile, ukuvikela amalungelo omthetho, nokunquma icala noma ubumsulwa. Nakuba izinqubo eziqondile zihluka ngokwemithetho, izigaba eziyinhloko zihlala zihambelana nezinkantolo zikahulumeni nezombuso eUnited States. Le siqondiso sinikeza indlela ebanzi yokudlula kulokho okwenzeka enkantolo phakathi necala lobugebengu, ekuboshweni ngokudluliswa kwecala, futhi sichaze amalungelo, indima, nezimiso eziyinhloko ezingokomthetho ezilawula ingxenye ngayinye.

Ukubukeza Kwezenzo Zesigebengu

Icala lobugebengu liyinqubo engokomthetho uhulumeni amangalela ngayo umuntu ngokumangalelwa ngokuthi wenze icala. Lesimiso sisebenza ngaphansi kwesimiso esiyisisekelo sokuthi ummangalelwa ubhekwa njengongenacala kuze kube yilapho ethola ukuthi unecala elingenakuphikwa. Izigaba ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuboshwa
  • Ukubonakala Kokuqala Nokuzimisela Okungalawuleki
  • Ukuzwa Kwangaphambili
  • Ukudlulisa Icala (Isiqalekiso noma Ulwazi)
  • Ukubekwa Icala Ne - Plea
  • Ukuhamba Nokutholakala Kwangaphambi Kokuqala
  • Ukuqulwa Kwecala
  • Ukugwetshwa
  • Ukukhanga Nezindlela Zokwelapha Zangemva Kokuthola Ikhambi

Isigaba ngasinye sifeza injongo ethile ekulinganiseni isifundazwe i’ amandla okujezisa ummangalelwa i̱ ivikela yomthetho sisekelo. Izingxenye ezilandelayo zinqamula lezi zigaba ngokuningiliziwe.

Ukuboshwa

Inqubo yobugebengu iqala ngokuboshwa — ukuphangwa komuntu ngezikhulu eziqapha umthetho. Ukuboshwa kungavela ngemvume noma ngaphandle kwemvume, kodwa ngaso sonke isikhathi kufanele kusekelwe entweni [[[FLT: 0] engenakulahlwa], esho ukuthi izikhulu zinenkolelo enengqondo, esekelwe emaqinisweni nasezimweni, ukuthi ubugebengu buye benziwa noma bengenaluphawu, nokuthi umsoleki unecala.

Izindlela ezivamile ukuboshwa kungase kwenzeke:

  • [ Enesiqinisekiso: Umahluleli unikeza isiqinisekiso sokubopha ngemva kokuba isikhulu sokuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho sithuthe isifungo se-appidavit simise imbangela okungenzeka.
  • [ Ngaphandle kwemvume: izikhulu zingabopha umuntu uma ubugebengu benziwa phambi kwabo (imposiso) noma uma bengase babe nesizathu sokuthi ihlazo lenziwe, ngisho noma bengafakazanga.
  • Ezimweni eziphuthumayo: Izimo eziphuthumayo — njengokuzilandela ngokushesha, ukusongela kokuphepha okusheshayo, noma ukubhujiswa kobufakazi — kungathethelela ukuboshwa ngaphandle kobulungisa.

Ngemva kokuboshwa, umsoli uyiswa esiteshini samaphoyisa sokubhala incwadi, esihlanganisa ukuthatha iminwe, ukuthatha izithombe, nokuqopha ukwaziswa komuntu siqu. Ummangalelwa kumelwe alethwe phambi komahluleli ngaphandle kokulibala okungadingekile, ngokuvamile phakathi namahora angu-48, ukuze abonakale okokuqala. Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngezinqubo zokubopha, bheka i-Melikan Bar Association ̱ ukucaciswa kokuboshwa kwangaphambi kwenkantolo .

2. Ukubonakala Kokuqala Nokukhuthuka

Ekuqaleni, ummangalelwa uyavela phambi kwejaji elibatshela ngalamacala, libeluleka ngamalungelo abo, futhi lenze izinqumo ngokuphathelene nokukhululwa. Lokhu kuqulwa kwecala ngokuvamile kwenzeka phakathi namahora noma izinsuku ezimbalwa zokuboshwa.

Ingqamuzana yokubukeka kokuqala:

  • Ukwaziswa ngamacala: Umahluleli ufunda amacala angokomthetho noma uqinisekisa ummangalelwa ukuba athole ikhophi yesikhalo.
  • Ingxenye yamalungelo: Ummangalelwa utshelwa ngelungelo lokuthula, ilungelo kummeli, nelungelo lokuba nendaba yokuqala.
  • Ukuzimisela kobuBail: Umahluleli unquma ukuthi angakhulula ummangalelwa ngokuqaphela kwakhe, amise isibopho, noma ijele lokuhleleka. Izici zicatshangelwa njengesimo nobukhulu bobugebengu okuthiwa buyi-̱ umlando wobugebengu, ubudlelwane nomphakathi, nengozi yokubaleka noma ingozi emphakathini.
  • Ukwabela iseluleko:[ Uma ummangalelwa engenamali yommeli, umahluleli uzomisa umlweli womphakathi noma esinye iseluleko esifanelekayo. Lelilungelo liqinisekisiwe ngeSichibiyelo sesithupha.

Inguquko yeBail iye yaba impikiswano ebalulekile ezizweni eziningi, njengoba ama-authoric eqhele ibheyili yemali yabamangalelwa abaphansi. I- National Institute of Justice ’ umbiko ngenguquko yebheyili [ unikeza ukuqonda kwezinye izinhlelo zangaphambi kokukhululwa kwenkundla.

Ukuzwa Kwangaphambi Kokuqala

Icala lokuqala, elibizwa nangokuthi imbangela yokuqulwa kwecala, lihlolwa ukuba kutholakale ubufakazi obanele bokuthethelela ukugcina ummangalelwa esejele futhi eqhubeka necala. Leli akulona icala; umahluleli uzwa ubufakazi obanele kuphela bokunquma ukuthi icala kufanele liqhubekele phambili.

Phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala kokuqala:

  • Ukunyuselwa kunikeza ubufakazi:[ oFakazi bangafakaza, futhi ubufakazi obungokoqobo bungathululwa.
  • [ I-defense ingabekela ubufakazi: Isivikelo singahlangana nofakazi be-
  • [[QURT:0] Imithetho yokwahlulela:[ Uma umahluleli ethola imbangela engaxazululwanga [ ukukholelwa ummangalelwa owenze ubugebengu, icala liyaqhubeka. Uma kungenjalo, amacala angaxoshwa.

Kwezinye izifunda, icala lokuqala liyalahlwa uma icala liqhubeka ngokuqondile kumajaji amakhulu ukuze libekwe icala. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuba khona futhi athole iseluleko kuleliqophelo. Izenzo eziningi zangaphambi kwecala — njengokuthatha unyawo ukuze kuvinjelwe ubufakazi obutholakele ngokungemthetho — zivame ukuphikiswa ngemva kwalokhu kuqulwa kwecala.

4. Ukukhipha isigwebo noma ukwaziswa

Uma nje ibangele kuqinisekiswe, idokhumende elikhokhelwayo likhishelwe. Kunezinqubo ezimbili eziyinhloko:

  • Icala: Iqembu elikhulu labasizi bejaji (iqembu lezakhamuzi) libukeza ubufakazi obunikezwa umshushisi namavoti ukuthi angakhipha icala elingokomthetho yini. Izifungo ziyadingeka ukuze kubekwe icala lecala enkantolo kahulumeni nakwezinye izifundazwe. Icala liyimfihlo, futhi ummangalelwa akakho.
  • Ulwazi:[ Umshushisi ufaka isifungo esifungela ukusho ukuthi ummangalelwa wenze ubugebengu obuthile. Lendlela ivamile kumaphutha futhi ngemisho engadingi amajaji amakhulu amacala.

Ukukhethwa phakathi kokumangalela nokwaziswa kuthinta isikhathi kanye nesilinganiso sokuhlola kwangaphambi kwezahlulelo. ILegal Information Institute ’ ukucazululwa kwejaji elikhulu ichaza lenqubo ngokuningiliziwe.

5. Ukubekwa Icala Nesimemezelo

Lapho emangalelwa, ummangalelwa ubekwa amacala ngokusemthethweni bese ecelwa ukuba angene esikhankasweni.

Kungenzeka izicelo:

  • [[FLT: 0] I-Guilty:[ Ummangalelwa uvuma icala futhi ususa ilungelo ecaleni. Icala libe selihamba ngokuqondile ukuze ligwetshwe.
  • Akanacala: Ummangalelwa uyawaphika amacala futhi afune icala. Inkantolo imisa uhlelo lwangaphambi kokwahlulela.
  • Akukho ngqungquthela (nolo imatere): Ummangalelwa akavumi ukuthi unecala kodwa wamukela isijeziso njengokungathi unecala. Lesisicelo asinakusetshenziswa njengobufakazi ecaleni elihlobene nendaba yomphakathi.

Icala elikhulu lobugebengu lixazululwa nge- ukuthengiselana , lapho ummangalelwa evuma khona ukumangalela icala ngokushintshana necala elincishisiwe noma umusho olulula. Izingxoxo zezentengiselwano ziyenzeka ngaphambi noma phakathi nesigaba sokuqulwa kwecala. Ijaji kumelwe liqinisekise ukuthi noma isiphi isicelo senziwa ngokuzithandela nangokuqonda imiphumela.

6. Ukuhamba Kwangaphambi Kokuqala Nokutholakala Kwayo

Ngemva kokuphazanyiswa, zombili izinhlangothi zihlanganyela ekutholeni ukulahla [ — ukushintshisana ngobufakazi nokwaziswa. Abashushisi kumelwe baphendule ubufakazi obuvezayo (obokuvunyelwa ummangalelwa) ngaphansi komthetho Brady [. Abameli kumelwe badalule ukwaziswa okuthile, njengofakazi noma imibiko.

Izenzo zangaphambi komthetho zixazulula izimpikiswano ngaphambi kokuba kuqale ukuqulwa kwecala. Izenzo ezivamile zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuzimela: Inselele zobufakazi obutholakele ngokuphula iSichibiyelo sesine (ukuphenya noma ukuthatheka) noma isiMithelela sesihlanu (ukuvuma izono okugunyaziwe).
  • Ukuxosha: Amasubathi athi amacala awanele ngokomthetho noma ukuthi umshushisi wephule amalungelo okuqulwa kwecala ngokushesha.
  • [ Ukuguqula indawo: kufuna ukuyisa ukuqulwa kwecala endaweni ehlukile ngenxa yokusakazwa kwangaphambi kwezobuchwepheshe noma ubandlululo.
  • [ Ukuhlobana ukuze kunqanyulwe abamangalelwa noma amanani: izicelo ezihlukanisa amacala ahlukene amacala noma abamangalelwa ababodwa ukuze bagweme ubandlululo olungafanele.

Umphumela walokhu kuqulwa kwecala ungalolonga ngokuphawulekayo, futhi abameli abanokuhlangenwe nakho bakusebenzisa ukuze bavikele amakhasimende abo i - ̱ amalungelo.

7. Ukuqulwa kwecala

Uma ummangalelwa enxusa ukuba angabi necala futhi kungagwetshwa, icala liqhubekela phambili ecaleni. Icala yinqubo yokuqulisa icala lapho umshushisi kumelwe afakazele khona icala ngaphandle kokungabaza okunengqondo[. Ummangalelwa akadingeki ukuba anikeze ubufakazi noma ubufakazi.

7.1 Ukukhetha Ijury (I - voir Dire)

Ecaleni labahluleli, iqembu labahluleli abangase bahlolwe amajaji nabameli ukuze baqinisekise ukungakhethi. Izinga ngalinye lingathethelela inani elilinganiselwe labahluleli ngaphandle kwembangela (izinselele) nenani elingenamkhawulo lembangela (impi yesithakazelo).

7,2 Izinkulumo Zokuqala

Zombili izinhlangothi zinikeza ukucubungula kobufakazi ezibulindele. Ukushushisa kuqala, kulandelwa ukuvikela (okungase kugcine ithuba lako kuze kube ngemva kokuquliswa icala i̱ icala).

Ubufakazi obungu - 7,3

Icala lamacala linikeza ubufakazi bawo, izincwadi, ubufakazi obungokoqobo, nemibono engochwepheshe. Ukuvikela kungase kudlule kufakazi ngamunye ngemva kokuphuma komshushisi, ukuzivikela kunganikeza ubufakazi bakho siqu, kuhlanganise nokubiza ummangalelwa ukuba afakazele (kodwa ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuthula, futhi abahluleli abangekwazi ukuveza ukubonakaliswa okubi kulokho kuthula).

7,4 Izimpikiswano Eziphethayo

Ohlangothini ngalunye lufingqa ubufakazi futhi luphikisa ngokuthi kungani abahluleli kufanele bafune isikhundla sabo.

7.5 Iziyalezo Nenkululeko

Umahluleli uyala abahluleli ngomthetho osebenzayo, izici zobugebengu, umthwalo wobufakazi, nendlela yokuhlola ubufakazi. Khona - ke abahluleli bathatha umhlalaphansi ngasese. isinqumo sabo kumelwe sihambisane emacala obugebengu (ezingeni likahulumeni nasezindaweni eziningi).

Isigwebo

Uma abahluleli bengenakukwazi ukufinyelela isinqumo esihlangene, kungakhishwa icala eliyiphutha (ijaji elingenacala) futhi umshushisi anganquma ukulilungisa icala. Isinqumo sokungalitholi icala lokuvinjelwa futhi uvikelwe izingozi ezimbili sivimbele ukuqulwa kwecala. Isinqumo esinecala sishukumisela ukuba ligwetshwe.

Ukuqulwa kwezigebengu kungathatha noma kuphi kusukela ngosuku kuya ezinyangeni eziningana, kuye ngokuthi udaba luyinkimbinkimbi kangakanani. Iwebhusayithi yezephulamthetho yase-U.S. inikeza ukubheka okuningiliziwe ezinqubweni zobugebengu zikahulumeni.

8. Ukugwetshwa

Uma ummangalelwa etholakala enecala (noma enxusa icala), kuqulwa icala elihlukile. Ukugwetshwa kungenye yezigaba ezilandela isigwebo, okunquma isijeziso ummangalelwa ayobhekana naso.

Izici ijaji elizicabangelayo:

  • [ Ubungcono bobugebengu: Imithetho yesigwebo ngokuvamile ibeka izijeziso ezinciphileyo nezigcwele.
  • Umlando ongokomlando: izinkolelo zangaphambili zingandisa imisho ngaphansi kwemithetho ephinda-phindwayo.
  • [ izisho eziqinile: izisulu noma imikhaya yazo ingakhuluma enkantolo ngomonakalo owenziwe.
  • Izimo ezishintshayo: Isivikelo singanikeza ubufakazi obusekela ukunxenxeka (umz., ukuzisola, izinkinga zempilo yengqondo), kuyilapho umshushisi engase asebenzise isijeziso esinzima (umk., ukusebenzisa isikhali, isisulu esilula).
  • [ Iziqondiso zokuqondisa: Izindawo eziningi zisebenzisa iziqondiso ezibophayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukungaguquguquki, nakuba abahluleli ngokuvamile benendlela yokuzihlukanisa.

Isigwebo esingase sihlanganise ukuboshwa, ukugcinwa, amafa, ukuhlawuliswa, inkonzo yomphakathi, ukuboshelwa endlini, noma inhlanganisela. Ezimweni ezibulalayo, isigaba sokugweba singase sihlanganise ukucabangela okuhlukile ngesigwebo sokufa. U.S. Sevensigsion Commission[[[FL:1] inikeza iziqondiso ezisetshenziswa ezinkantolo zikahulumeni.

9. Ukudlulisa Izingcingo Nezindlela Zokwelapha Zangemva Kokuthola Ikhambi

Isiqinisekiso asisona isiphetho somgwaqo. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokudlulisa icala noma isigwebo enkantolo ephakeme, ngokuvamile ngamaphutha angokomthetho ayenzeka phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala. Izizathu ezivamile zokudlulisa icala zihlanganisa:

  • Ukuvuma noma ukulahla ubufakazi okungafanele
  • Iziyalezo ezingalungile zabasizi bejaji
  • Ukuziphatha Okubi Kwamacala
  • Usizo olungenanzuzo lweseluleko
  • Ubufakazi obunganele bokusekela lesi sinqumo

Ukudlulisa amacala akuwona amakhambi wesibili; inkantolo ihlola irekhodi nezimpikiswano zomthetho ngaphandle kokuzwa ubufakazi obusha. Uma inkantolo ithola iphutha elingalungiseki, ingayala ukuba kuqulwe icala elisha, ilungise isigwebo, noma ilahle isigwebo. Ngalé kokudlulisa isikhalo esiqondile, abamangalelwa bangafuna usizo lwangemva kokudluliswa kwe-processition (i-corpus) enkantolo yombuso noma ye-guvement, iphikisa ngokuthi ukufakwa kwabo kuphula amalungelo omthetho. La makhambi alinganiselwe futhi azwela kakhulu.

Izimiso Ezingokomthetho Eziyinhloko Eziqhubeka Ngaphansi Kwesigebengu

Izimiso eziningana eziyisisekelo zivikela amalungelo omangalelwa futhi ziqinisekisa ubuqotho balenqubo:

  • Ukuvunywa kweNqakampu: Ummangalelwa ubhekwa njengongenacala kuze kube yilapho ethola ukuthi unecala, futhi umshushisi uphethe ubufakazi obuphelele.
  • [ Ekuqulweni kwecala okusheshayo: ISichibiyelo sesithupha siqinisekisa ukuthi icala kumelwe lenzeke ngaphandle kokulibala okungadingekile. Uma liphulwa, amacala angasuswa.
  • Isokudla koFakazi ababhekene naso: Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokunqamleza i-
  • [[[NT:0] Isimiso sokungavumelani no-Unel_information: Isichibiyeli sesihlanu sivikela ummangalelwa ekuphoqelelweni ukuba afakazele; ukuthula akunakusetshenziswa njengobufakazi becala.
  • [ Isivikelo sokulwa ne-Reopardy: Isichibiyeli sesihlanu senqabela ukuqulwa kwecala kokwesibili ngemva kokulahlwa noma ukuvunyelwa.
  • Ekulungeni ku-Imploctive Active Aresource: Isichibiyeli sesithupha sidinga ukumelelwa okungokomthetho okusemthethweni okufanelekile; ukwehluleka kungaba yizizathu zokudluliswa.

Isiphetho

Ukunquma isimiso sokwahlulela komthetho kungaba nobunzima, kodwa ukuqonda isigaba ngasinye sokuboshwa ngokunxusa kunika amandla abamangalelwa, izisulu, kanye nezingqapheli ukuba bahileleke ngokunenjongo kulenqubo. Nakuba uhlelo oluvamile lungaguquguquka lé kwemithetho, imithetho yendawo, nemikhuba kungahluka kakhulu. Noma ubani obhekene necala kufanele afune iseluleko esingokomthetho ngokushesha. Labo abanesithakazelo ekufundeni ngokuqhubekayo, umbiko wesayensi yezezenzo zobugebengu kanye nemithetho yecala ye-[FLT:] u-NU Lawmentation ̱ ukuhlaziya inqubo yobugebengu [FLT:] ejulile. Ngokuphatha abantu ngabanye, kungasekela izimiso zomthetho ezingcono, ukusekela izimiso zezemthetho zezemthetho. [FLT]