Indlela Izinkantolo Eziwuchaza Ngayo Umthetho: Indima YabAhluleli Nezilahlo

Incazelo yemithetho iyisisekelo sanoma isiphi isimiso sokwahlulela esisebenzayo. Izinkantolo azifundi nje imithetho nemithetho engokomthetho; zifaka ukuphila kuyo, zisebenzisa izimiso ezibanzi ezimpikiswaneni ezithile. Lenqubo inquma amalungelo abantu, imingcele yamandla kahulumeni, nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwemfundiso engokomthetho. Ukuqonda indlela izinkantolo ezichaza ngayo imithetho − ngokubheka i-flosofiya yokwahlulela kanye nokungalawuleki kwemithetho, kubaluleke kakhulu kubameli, nanoma ubani osebenzelana nesimiso somthetho. Lesi sihloko sihlola indima ehlangene nemibono ephikisanayo, ithonya lokungavumelani kwemithetho, nezinselele eziqhubekayo eziveza indlela imithetho eqondwa futhi isetshenziswe ngayo.

Indima Yabahluleli Ekuchazeni Umthetho

Abahluleli bayizikhulu ezithatha indawo enqubweni yokuchaza. Uma umthetho, imithetho, noma ilungiselelo lomthetho-sisekelo lingacacile, ingeyamahluleli ukunquma ngokungaqondi nokuthola incazelo yomthetho. Lomthwalo wemfanelo uthwala umthwalo omkhulu, njengoba isinqumo esisodwa sokwahlulela singamisa isibonelo esibophayo esilawula izindaba esikhathini esizayo ngapha nangapha. Umsebenzi womahluleli uhilela imisebenzi eminingana ehlukile kodwa ehlukene.

Ukuchaza Imithetho

Ukuchaza umthetho kuyindlela evame kakhulu yokuhlaziya umthetho. Uma isishaya-mthetho sidlulisa umthetho, ngeke ibone kusengaphambili yonke incazelo eyiqiniso engase ivele. Abahluleli kumelwe bafunde umbhalo womthetho futhi banqume ukuthi uyasebenza yini endabeni ephambi kwabo. Lokhu kudinga ukuhlolisisa ngokucophelela ulimi, indlela, nenjongo yomthetho. Izinkantolo zivame ukubheka umthetho [[[FLT:] [[FLT]] , owethulela ukuthi uma umbhalo ucacile futhi ucacile, abahluleli kufanele bawusebenzise ngendlela ebhalwe ngaphandle kokuphendukela emithonjeni yangaphandle. Nokho, ukufiphana okuvamile, futhi abahluleli bacabange umlando ongokomthetho (ngokufana nezimfundiso [FLT:]]][FLT]][5]])[5]

Ukusebenzisa Izici Ezingaphambili

Imfundiso ye [[FLT: 0] inikeza ukungaguquguquki, nokungakhethi, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amaqembu asendaweni aphathwa ngendlela efanayo. Izinkantolo eziphansi ziboshelwe izinqumo eziphezulu phakathi kwesikhundla esifanayo. Ngisho neNkantolo ephakeme ye-U.S inamathela ezibonelweni zayo, nakuba ingazilahla ezicabeni ezingandile lapho kuphindwa noma kucatshangelwa okungathandeki kuthethelela ukuhoxa. Izibonelo ezingaphezulu ziboshelwa ngokufana. [FOLT: BBN] V[3] Izemfundo.[4] [12] [4]

Hlola Umxholo

Awukho umthetho okhona endaweni ewubala. Abahluleli ngokuvamile bacabangela umongo wezenhlalo, wezomnotho, nowomlando lapho umthetho ubekwa khona. Ngokwesibonelo, umthetho owenziwe phakathi nempi ungabonisa ukukhathazeka okuphuthumayo okuhlukile kulokhu ngesikhathi sokuthula. Izinkantolo zingacabangela imiphumela esebenzayo yezincazelo zazo, ugweme imiphumela ewubuwula engenakuhlongozwa yisishayamthetho. Ukuchazwa kombhalo kubaluleke kakhulu emthethweni wemithetho, lapho incazelo yemisho ebanzi efana nesithi “inqubo yokuqala” noma“ isivikelo esilinganayo” iqala lapho umphakathi ushintsha.

Ukuxazulula Ubunzima

Uma umthetho uqukethe amagama angacacile, amagebe, noma ukuphikisana ngaphakathi, abahluleli kumelwe baxazulule lezizinto ezingaqondakali. Bangase basebenzise amathuluzi okuchaza njengaye ukubusa kobusela [ (kumthetho wobugebengu, izigebengu ziyanqunywa ukuvuna ummangalelwa) noma ukuhlukanisa ngokumelene nokwehliswa [ (umthetho womthetho owecala akufanele ususe umthetho ngaphandle kokuba uMkhandlu wezikhali uhloselwe ukwenza kanjalo). Ukukhetha kwethuluzi ngokuvamile kubonisa ukulinganisela kwefilosofi engaphansi kwefilosofi elawulayo phakathi komthetho wokwahlulela nokubusa.

Ifilosofi Yokwahlulela Nezindlela Zokuchaza

Abahluleli abazona izigebengu ezithatha indawo; baletha amafilosofi achazayo aklama indlela abafunda ngayo imibhalo engokomthetho. Lamafilosofi aye aba isisekelo senkulumo-mpikiswano yomphakathi, ikakhulukazi phakathi neNkantolo Ephakeme yokugunyaza ukuqulwa kwecala. Izikole ezimbili eziphethe i-costalism(ukuqalwa kwakuqala nokusebenza komthetho-mthetho-sisekelo) kumelela izigxobo eziphikisanayo, kodwa kunezindawo eziningi eziphakathi.

Ukudazulula

Umthetho-sisekelo nomthetho-mthetho kufanele uchazwe ngokwencazelo yawo yomphakathi yasekuqaleni[[FLT:] ngesikhathi sokuhlohlwa noma sokumiswa kwesivumelwano. Lendlela ifuna ukunqanda ukuqondisa ngokuqondisa incazelo yomthetho ngobufakazi obungokomlando. Ababhali bakuqala baphikisa ngokuthi amajaji akumelwe afake izindinganiso zawo siqu emthethweni. UMahluleli Antonin Scalia wayengumsekeli oholayo, futhi abasunguli besikhathi esifana noMahluleli uClarence Thomas noMahluleli u-Coneymett bayaqhubeka bethonya i-juriprudence. I-mforyism ivela ngezindlela eziningana: izinhloso zakuqala [FLT:] ezingokomthetho ezingokobunjwayo, futhi iveza ukuphikisana okukhulu, futhi i-ngokomlando, futhi iveza ukuphikisana okukhulu.[FLT][FF]

Umthetho - sisekelo Ophilayo

Ngokuphambene, umthetho-sisekelo ophilayo ubheka uMthetho-sisekelo njengencwadi enamandla encazelo yayo evumelana nezimo ezishintshayo. Abasekeli baphikisa ngokuthi abasebenzisi bolimi olubanzi basebenzisa ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwesikhathi esizayo. Ngokwesibonelo, iSichibiyelo seNguqulo se-8h somthetho-Myambulo” siye sachazwa ukuthi sinqabela imikhuba eyayamukeleka ngaphambili, njengokubulala abantwana noma abantu abakhubazekile engqondweni. UJaji William Brennan noMahluleli uRuth Bader Ginsburg bamukela lendlela. Abagxeki bemisho ukuthi ukulawulwa komthetho-sisekelo wezwelo kunikeza amandla amaningi okubeka izintando zomuntu siqu ngaphansi kokuchaza, ukululaza ukulandisa kwentando yentando yeningi.

Ukwakha Okuqinile Nokubhala Ngemibhalo

Ukwakha okuqinile ngokuvamile kuhambisana nokwakheka kokuqala kodwa kulinganiselwe: kumi ukuthi amajaji kufanele asebenzise amagama aqondile omthetho, enqaba ukuchaza izincazelo ngalé kombhalo ongokoqobo. I-textalialism, ethandwa nguMahluleli Scalia, iyinguquko eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ecabangela wonke umbhalo, kuhlanganise nohlelo lwawo nomongo wawo, kodwa enqaba ukuthembela emfundweni wemithetho. Zombili izinhloso zokusebenzisa izivumelwano zisebenzisa izimpawu ngokugxila ezingenisweni zomthetho ezisekelwe olimini olumisiwe kunokuba zihloselwe. Ngalesosikhathi, i-alivism ibheka injongo ebanzi yomthetho, ngisho noma ifuna ukudlula umbhalo. Abahluleli abaningi bamukela ukuhlanganisa izici ezici ze-mo zomthetho.

Imithetho Yokwahlulela imelene nomthetho wokwahlulela

Imithetho yokunqanda ukwahlulela yeluleka ukuba izinkantolo zilalele izinqumo zezishaya-mthetho nezinhlangano eziphethe ngaphandle kokuba ziwuphule ngokucacile uMthetho-sisekelo noma imingcele. I-demont ivame ukuhambisana ne-reastism ne-reastism. Izenzo zokwahlulela, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zichaza izikhathi lapho abahluleli bezimisele ukushaya imithetho noma ukwenyusa amalungelo ngaphezu kombhalo. Ngokuvamile lamagama asetshenziswa ngokulandelana; izinqumo eziningi zinezici zazo zombili zixhomeke kulendaba. Ngokwesibonelo, iNkanto e-Warren Court (195319666) ibizwa njalo ngokuthi ukushisekela izincazelo zayo ezinkulu zamalungelo omphakathi nenqubo yobugebengu, kuyilapho iRehnquist Concation Court (198686-2006) ishisekela amandla ezwe ngaphansi kwe-Clast Claus.

Izimangalo Nethonya Lazo Ekuchazeni Umthetho

Icala elithathelwe isigwebo senkantolo lithinta ngokuqondile indlela imithetho echazwa ngayo. Izinkantolo ezihlukahlukene zisebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho ehlukene, futhi izindlela zazo zokuchaza zingawacutha ngokuphawulekayo.

Federal v. izinkantolo zikaHulumeni

E-United States, isimiso senkantolo yombuso sichaza imithetho kahulumeni kanye noMthetho-sisekelo wase-U.S., kuyilapho izinkantolo zikahulumeni zichaza umthetho kahulumeni. Ngenxa yokuthi umbuso ngamunye unomthetho wawo, imithetho, nomthetho ovamile, indaba efanayo engokomthetho , njengendinganiso yokunakekela ekunganakini [1] ixazululwa ngendlela ehlukile eNew York ngokumelene ne-California. Lezinkantolo zesifunda ngokuvamile zichaza umthetho kahulumeni ngokufana, kodwa futhi zisebenzisa umthetho wezwe ezicabeni ezihlukahlukene ngaphansi kwezezwe Imfundiso efana neyokunganakiwe, efuna ukuba zenze njengasenkantolo yombuso. Lesimiso esihlangene sidala ukuvikela okuyinkimbinkimbi kokuchaza izigebengosi - 4 ngokungenakulinganiswa, ukuphenya kwezelelwa kwezwe nemithetho yesifunda, ngokuvamile kungafani phakathi kwezentengame engokomthetho nemithetho ephakeme kakhulu.

Izinkantolo Zokuqulwa Kwecala, Izinkantolo Zokuqulwa Kwamacala, NeNkantolo Ephakeme

Izikhundla zabaphathi zezinkantolo zithonya ukuchazwa. Izinkantolo zenkantolo (izinkantolo zesifunda ezisesiteji) zinquma izinkantolo ezisekelwe ekutholweni okuyiqiniso futhi zisebenzise umthetho njengoba kuchazwa izinkantolo eziphakeme. Indima yazo yokuchaza ingeyomcimbi isheshayo futhi iqondene. Izinkantolo zihlola izinqumo zenkantolo zamaphutha omthetho, futhi izincazelo zazo zivame ukunweba, zimisa izicawa ezibopha izinkantolo eziphansi. Inkantolo ephakeme ithatha isikhululo, ixazulule imibuzo engokomthetho yesizwe. Inkantolo Ephakeme enqubeni yecala ebopha zonke ezinye izinkantolo. Inkantolo ibopha izaba [[FLT:] inqubo yokukhetha ukuthi ukuchaza izindaba ezibalulekile, njengezingalo ze-Clastleast noma izigwebo zeze-Claus."

Umthetho Ovamile Umelene Nomthetho Wasezweni

Nakuba i-United States, i-United Kingdom, kanye namanye amazwe avamile ethembele kakhulu ekwahlulelweni, amazwe amaningi aseYurophu nase-Latin America alandela isiko lomthetho wesizwe. Ezimisweni zomthetho, izimiso ezigunyaziwe ziwumthombo oyinhloko womthetho, futhi izinqumo zokwahlulela azibophi ngalé kwecala elithile. Abahluleli bachaza umthetho ngokusebenzisa indlela ehlelekile, yokususa isimilo, ngokuvamile ukunikeza ukuhlelwa okuncane kunabahluleli abavamile. Nokho, ngisho nasemazweni omthetho wesizwe, izinqumo eziphezulu zenkantolo (njengezeNkantolo yeSihlalo somthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho waseJalimane noma i-French Chour de Cassation) zithwala ubunzima obukhombayo futhi ziqondise izinkantolo eziphansi. Umehluko uqokomisa indlela ukuma kwezimiso zomthetho zokuchaza. Ukuqhubeka ukufunda ukuchaza inqubo yomthetho, utaladio lwamazisi [Flur] [Flutions]

Ukubaluleka Kokuchaza Ukwahlulela

Incazelo yokwahlulela ayikona ukusetshenziswa kwemfundo eyize; inemiphumela engokoqobo ejulile yezwe. Izizathu eziningana eziyinhloko zigcizelela ukubaluleka kwayo.

Iqinisekisa Ubulungisa

Ukuchaza kunquma ukuthi umthetho usetshenziswa ngendlela ehloselwe noma eveza imiphumela elungile. Uma abahluleli bechaza imithetho ngokuthembeka emibhalweni nasenjongweni, basekela umthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuchazwa kwe-Voting Rights Act ka-65 ku- Shelby County v. Raker[ [2013]) ngokuphawulekayo ukuqondisa kukahulumeni imithetho yokukhetha, okuthinta ukungenela izigidi zabantu.

Ukusiza Ukuba Uhlale Ulondekile

Incazelo engaguquki yenza kube nendawo engokomthetho eqinisekile. Amabhizinisi ancike ezincazelweni eziqinile zezivumelwano, amalungelo empahla, nezimfuneko ezilawulayo. Abantu baxhomeke ekwazini imingcele yomthetho wobugebengu. Isimiso sokugqolozela siqinisa ukuzinza ngokucela amajaji ukuba alandele inqubo uma kungekho isizathu esinamandla sokuphambuka. Ngaphandle kwencazelo eqinile, izakhamuzi zingashiywa ziqagela ukuthi umthetho usho ukuthini kusukela osukwini kuya kolunye.

Ukubhekana Noshintsho

Incazelo yokwahlulela ingaba futhi imoto yokushintsha kwezenhlalo. Uma izishaya-mthetho zibekwa ngemuva, ngezinye izikhathi izinkantolo zithatha isinyathelo sokuchaza kabusha imithetho ephelelwe isikhathi ngokukhanyiselwa ngezindinganiso zamanje. Ukuqashelwa komshado ofanayo wobulili obufanayo ngaphansi kweSichibiyelo seshumi nane nesine ] Obergefell v. Hodges[ [20] [20] iyisibonelo esiwuphawulo. Izinkantolo aziwakhiqizi amalungelo amasha ngaphandle komoya omncane; zichaza kabusha ulimi olukhona lwemithetho yenkululeko ukuze zibonise ukuqonda inkululeko nokulingana. Lokhu kuguqula umthetho nge-screversective , ngokuvamile ukusabela komthetho.

Izinselele Ekuchazeni Umthetho

Naphezu kokudingeka kwayo, incazelo yokwahlulela ibhekene nezinselele eziphikelelayo ezingase zilethe ukufaneleka nokuphumelela kwayo.

Ukuzitika Emithethoni

Imithetho ibhalwe yizishaya-mthetho ezithi abalawuli bezilimi, hhayi abacuphi bezilimi. Izikhombo zingaba namagama angacacile, amalungiselelo angavumelaniyo, noma izikhala ezishiyelwe izinkantolo ukuba zigcwaliseke. Ngokwesibonelo, i-Sherman AntiSlaunt Act iyazenqabela “imingcele enengqondo yokuhweba,” ishiyela ezinkantolo ukuze ichaze okunengqondo. Abahluleli abahlukene bangafinyelela iziphetho ezihlukene, babangele ukungaqiniseki. Inkinga iba yilapho imithetho ibekwa kabi noma lapho kulungiswa izimpikiswano zidala ukuphikisana kwangaphakathi.

Isayensi Yokwahlulela Nemibono

Akukho jaji elingenakho ngokuphelele ubandlululo lomuntu siqu noma ukuthambekela kwemibono. Ukuhlola kubonisa ukuthi ukujoyina kwejaji ngokwezombangazwe, uhlanga, ubulili, nokuhlangenwe nakho kokuphila kungahlangana nezindlela zokuvota (bheka ukuhlola [kuka-] uSUSC Epstein Center for Judicial Legitacy)). Nakuba abahluleli belwela ukungathathi hlangothi, ubandlululo olungazi lutho lungathonya indlela abahlola ngayo ubufakazi noma bachaze ngayo umbhalo ongaqondakali. Inqubo yokumisa ye-[FLT] ika abahluleli be-odentine, ikakhulukazi abangamiswanga nguMongameli futhi baqiniseki ngokugqwnayo ngemibono, ukuphakamisa izikhalo zokuthi izinkantolo ziyaba nezimfuneko ezithiwayo. Ukuhlola okunjalo okungahluzi, ukubukeza, kodwa abakwazi ukuyiqeda ngokuphelele.

Ukushintsha Kwezinhlamvana Ezivamile

Njengoba umphakathi ushintsha, imithetho ebekwe amashumi eminyaka noma amakhulu eminyaka adlule ingase ingasabonisi izindinganiso zamanje. ISichibiyelo Sesibili sokuphatha iziXhobo” siye sachazwa ngokuhlukile ekhulwini le-18, lama-20, namakhulu angama-21, njengoba kufakazelwa ukushintshwa kweNkantolo Ephakeme [i-Divergality of Columbia v. Heller [200] [200]]. Ngokufanayo, incazelo ye- “imvukelo nesijeziso esingavamile” ishintsha njengezindinganiso zokuziphatha ezihloniphekile. Lokhu kumandla anqumayo ukunamathela ekuqondeni incazelo engokomlando noma ukuthuthukisa umthetho, ngokuheha impikiswano engenakuphikwa yilabo abaphikisana noshintsho.

Izimfundiso Eziwumthetho Nezenqabayo

Ukunquma injongo yomthetho kunzima kakhulu. Isiphi isisindo okufanele abahluleli basenze kwimibiko yamakomiti, izitatimende zaphansi, noma ihluleka ukusilungisa? Impendulo iyahluka. Abanye abahluleli, ikakhulukazi abaqondisi bemibhalo, benqaba ukuncika emlandweni wemithetho, bephikisa ukuthi imibhalo emisiweyo kuphela ngumthetho. Abanye, njengobuPuritist, babheka umlando wemithetho njengobufakazi obuwusizo benjongo. Izimfundiso, [FLT] ukuthatha indiva (okudingeka ukuba izinkantolo zibambe izivumelwano ezinengqondo zemithetho ecacile), futhi ziye zavela ngaphansi kwesinqumo somlilo. [FOL:2] Isinqumo senkantolo esiqhubekayo.[FOLP][12][FT][12] [FFT] [FFFFT]]]

Ubuchwepheshe Nemingcele Entsha Engokomthetho

Intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe idala izinselele ezintsha. Imithetho elawula i-intanethi, ukuhlakanipha kokuzenzela, kanye nemishini eyimfihlo yabhalwa ngaphambi kokuba kube khona le mishini. Izinkantolo kumelwe zinqume ukuthi imithetho ekhona, njenge-Ved Communications Act noma i-Communic Facism and Abuse Act, isebenza emongweni omusha njengezinsalela zezezindaba zezenhlalo noma izimoto ezizimele. Ukuchaza imithetho emidala ezimweni emisha ngokuvamile kuholela ekucushweni nasekuxazululweni okuphikisanayo phakathi kwezinkantolo eziphansi, ifuna ukungenela kweNkantolo Ephakeme.

Isiphetho

Ukuchazwa kwemithetho engokomthetho yizindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi ezilinganisela ukuthembeka kombhalo, umongo ongokomlando, isiqalo, nokushintsha kwezenhlalo. Abahluleli, beqondiswa izibopho zabo zefilosofi futhi belawulwa yimingcele elawulayo, bahlele incazelo yemithetho engokomthetho ngezindlela ezithinta zonke izici zokuphila kwaseMelika. Nakuba izinselele ezinjengokungaqondi kahle, ukucwasana, nokuhlelwa kwezimiso kuyaqhubeka, inqubo yokuchaza ibalulekile ekufinyeleleni ubulungisa, ukulondoloza ukuzinza, nokuguqula imingcele ngokuhleleka. Ukuqonda indlela imithetho enika ngayo izakhamuzi amandla anele okusebenza ngokunenjongo nezimiso zokwahlulela nokuqonda umthwalo wemfanelo owenziwe abahluleli. Izindlela ezikhona ezithuthukisa ukufundwa okuqhubekayo, njengendlela yokusekela i-[FOLD] iproject: [FLD] inqubo, futhi inikeza izimpikiswano eziqondwe ngomlomo, lapho kuqondwe izimpikiswano ze-Foctive projective processss [Foctives] [Foctivesssssmentationsss, i-entation i-tiveractive promotion, i