Kuyini Ukuqulwa Kwecala LobuJuda?

Icala labahluleli liyisisekelo sesimiso somthetho somthetho ovamile, sinikeza inqubo yezakhamuzi ezivamile ukuba zihlanganyele ngokuqondile ekuqondiseni izahlulelo. Ekuqulweni kwejaji, iqembu labantu ngabanye (abahluleli) lifungela ukuzwa ubufakazi, ukwamukela iziyalezo zomthetho kumahluleli, futhi ukhiphe isinqumo ezindabeni zeqiniso. Lenqubo iqinisekisa ukuthi imiphumela engokomthetho ibonakalisa izindinganiso zomphakathi nokwahlulela kwabantu abahlangene kunokuba kube nombono womahluleli oyedwa. Ilungelo lokuqulwa kwejaji livinywe ngezindawo eziningi, isibonelo, iSichibiyelo seSisithupha seSiphendulo se-U. Umthetho uqinisekisa ukuthi isebenza ezindabeni zobugebengu, futhi iSiphendulo seSishayamthetho sigcina isahlulelo esisemthethweni.

Ukuqonda indlela ukuqulwa kwecala lejaji okuqala ngayo — kusukela ngesikhathi lapho induna ifika ekuhlolweni kokugcina ngemva kweminyango evaliwe — kubalulekile kunoma ubani obizelwa ukuba akhonze, kubafundi abafunda izakhamuzi, nakothisha abafundisa inqubo engokomthetho. Lesi sihloko sihamba esiteji ngasinye, sicacisa amagama ayinhloko angokomthetho, futhi sinikeza ukuqonda okuwusizo kulokho abagcini bejaji ababhekana nakho.

Imisuka Engokomlando Yokuqulwa Kwecala LaseJury

Icala labahluleli lesimanje liye lavela emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka. Umsuka walo ungatholakala eNgilandi ephakathi, lapho abaphathi bejaji bomakhelwane babesetshenziselwa khona ukuxazulula izingxabano zezwe futhi kamuva banqume ukuthi babenecala noma babengenacala. IMagna Carta (1215) yayihlanganisa isisho esiqinisekisa ukwahlulela kontanga, isimiso esathonya izimiso zomthetho zamuva. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abahluleli baba yisivikelo ekuphathweni kwezikhulu futhi indlela yokuhilela umphakathi ebulungisa. Namuhla, nakuba imininingwane ishiyana ngokwezwe, umqondo oyinhloko ukhona: iqembu lezakhamuzi ezingenakhethelo linquma amaqiniso ngemva kokuzwa kokubili icala.

Ukuze kubhekiswe ekuhloleni ngokujulile intuthuko engokomlando, Izinqolobane zesizwe zinikeza umbhalo weSiphakamiso samalungelo ukubonisa isisekelo somthetho-mthetho sokuqulwa kwamacala abahluleli e-United States, kanye noMnyango wobulungisa wase-U.S. unikeza ukucatshangelwa kwenkonzo yamajaji [.]

Izinhlobo Zeziphuzo

Akuyona yonke imikhandlu efanayo. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko:

  • Petit (icala) liqulu lwabahluleli - Uhlobo oluzwiwayo ekuqulweni kwecala elivamile, ngokuvamile olunabantu abayisithupha kuya kwabangu-12. Ezicabeni zobugebengu isinqumo kumelwe sihlangane; kwezinye izimo zomphakathi zivumela isinqumo esikhulu uma amaqembu evuma.
  • Umkhulu ophethe amajaji - Indikimba enkulu (amalungu angu-16-16-23) ebukeza ubufakazi obunikezwa umshushisi ukuze anqume ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuba kulethe amacala obugebengu (ukumangalelwa). Izigebengu ezinkulu azinqumi icala noma ubumsulwa.

Lesi sihloko sigxila ejajini eliyilungu lejaji eliphansi nasenqubweni yokuqulwa kwecala kusukela ekubizeni abantu kuya ekucabangeni.

Izifingqi ZikaJury: Isimemo Sakho Sokukhonza

Uhambo luqala lapho umuntu ongase abe ijaji ethola izimemo zejaji. Leliphepha elingokomthetho likhishwa yinkantolo futhi liyala umamukeli ukuba avele akhethe ngosuku olucaciwe. Ukukhonza ejajini kuwumsebenzi womphakathi, kodwa futhi ukunxusa kuveza izibopho ezingokomthetho.

Lokho Okuqukethwe Yilezi Zifushaniso

Isimemo esivamile sihlanganisa:

  • Usuku, isikhathi, nendawo yenkantolo lapho kumelwe ubike khona
  • Inombolo eyikhombayo
  • Iziqondiso zokuqeda imibuzo yejaji (ngokuvamile kuyi - Internet noma ngeposi)
  • Ukwaziswa ngendlela yokucela ukuhlehliswa noma ukucela izaba ezingokomthetho
  • Imininingwane yokuxhumana nehhovisi lekhomishane enakekela amajaji

Ukusabela Ngokufanele

Uma uthola isimemo, kumelwe ulandele iziyalezo ngokucophelela. Izinkantolo eziningi manje zikuvumela ukuba ubhalise i-intanethi, ugcwalise i-athone lemibuzo, futhi uqinisekise noma uchaze ukubukeka kwakho. Uma uhluleka ukuphendula, ungadelelwa. Izaba ezivamile zokungangeni ngokomthetho noma ukuthatha indiva zihlanganisa izizathu zezokwelapha, ubunzima bemali, noma uma ungumnakekeli oyinhloko wesigelekeqe.

Izimfuneko Nezihlengo

Akuwona wonke umuntu okufanelekelayo ukukhonza. Izimfuneko ezingokoqobo zokuba ijaji zihlanganisa:

  • Izakhamuzi zase - United States (noma ezihlala njalo kwamanye amazwe)
  • Eneminyaka engu - 18 noma ngaphezulu
  • Ukuquliswa kwamacala esifundeni sokwahlulela okungenani unyaka owodwa
  • Ikhono lokufunda, ukubhala nokuqonda isiNgisi
  • Akukho gunya lokukhohliswa ngaphandle kokuba uphinde uzuze amalungelo akho

Abanye ochwepheshe bangakhululwa ngomthetho (ngokwesibonelo, amalungu asebenzayo empi, ezinye izikhulu zomphakathi, noma abameli abagunyaziwe abasebenza njengabashushisi noma abavikeli bomphakathi.

Inqubo Ye - Voir Dire: Ukukhetha I - Jury

Lapho bebizwa abantu enkantolo, bayingxenye yechibi elikhulu lapho abahluleli bezothathwa khona. Inqubo yokukhetha, ebizwa ngokuthi i - oda (IsiFulentshi se-“kukhuluma iqiniso”), iklanyelwe ukuveza ubandlululo nokuqinisekisa abahluleli abangakhethi.

Indlela Umsindo Osebenza Ngayo

Umahluleli uqala ngokukhuluma nalo lonke iqembu, echaza uhlobo lwecala nezimiso zomthetho ezihilelekile. Umahluleli nabameli babuza imibuzo − ngezinye izikhathi njengeqembu, ngezinye izikhathi ngokweqembu. Imibuzo ihlola izizinda, izinkolelo, okuhlangenwe nakho, nanoma yiluphi ulwazi lwecala elingase lithinte ukungakhethi.

  • “ Ingabe ninobuhlobo obuthile bomuntu siqu namaqembu noma nabameli?”
  • “ Ingabe wena noma ilungu lomkhaya beliyisisulu sobugebengu obufanayo?”
  • “ Unemibono eqinile ngesigwebo sokufa?” (Emacaleni okufa)

Umgomo uwukuhlukanisa noma imuphi ujula ongakwazi ukuhlaziya ubufakazi ngokufanelekile. Zombili izinhlangothi zinethuba lokushaya (ukuthutha) izijaji ezithile.

Izinselele Zezimbangela Nezinselele Ezivivinyayo

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezinselele abameli abangazisebenzisa ukuze basuse umuntu ongase abe umsizi wejaji:

  • Isizathu sokungavumelani [[[FT:1]] - Inani elingenamkhawulo lezinselele, elinikezwayo uma ijaji livuma ubandlululo, linempikiswano yesithakazelo, noma alikwazi ukulandela umthetho. Umahluleli unquma ukuthi inselele iyasebenza yini.
  • Inselele - Izinhlangothi zonke zithola inani elilinganiselwe legalelo (ama-vrentshi ngegunya; ngokuvamile 3 kuya ku 6) elingasetshenziswa ngaphandle kokusho isizathu, kodwa angesetshenziswe ukuhlukanisa ngokwezinhlanga, ubulili, noma ubuzwe ( Batson v. Kentucky[]] ivimbela ubandlululo olunjalo).

Abanye abahluleli bakhethwa ukuba bathathe indawo yanoma imuphi umvisiswano ovamile ogulayo noma oxoshwa phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala.

Ukuqulwa Kwecala: UFases Nezenzo

Ikomiti yabahluleli ifunga ukuthi icala liyoqulwa ngendlela ehlelekile.

Ukuvula Izinkulumo

La mazwi awabonakali; anikeza ubufakazi obuveza lokho okulindelwe uhlangothi ngalunye. Amazwi okuvula anikeza indaba ecacile ngaphandle kokuphikisana noma ukuqubuka. Umahluleli angase akhumbuze abahluleli ukuthi lesi siqalo siwumbukwane kuphela.

Ubufakazi: Inhliziyo Yokuqulwa Kwecala

Ngemva kwezitatimende zokuqala, iqembu elithwele umthwalo wobufakazi (ukuquliswa icala lobugebengu, ummangalelwa ecaleni lomphakathi) liveza icala lalo. Ubufakazi buvela ngezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko:

  • ubufakazi obuyi-odoli - oFakazi bathatha ukuma kanye nokuphendula imibuzo ngaphansi kwesifungo. Ukuhlola okuqondile kuqhutshwa ohlangothini olubiza ufakazi; khona - ke uhlangothi oluphikisayo lunganqamule i-examine.
  • Ubufakazi obuphathekayo nobungokoqobo – amabhukwana, izithombe, amavidiyo, izikhali, izivumelwano, noma ezinye izinto zingeniswa ngofakazi futhi zivunywe erekhodini lenkantolo.

Ukuphikisa okuvamile kuhlanganisa ukuheha, ukufaneleka, ukuhola imibuzo lapho kuhlolwa ngokuqondile, nokuqagela.

Ukungcoliswa Kwesiphambano Nenjongo Yaso

Ukuhlola isiphambano kuyithuluzi elibalulekile lokuhlola ukuthembeka nokunemba kobufakazi bofakazi. Ummeli ophikisayo angabuza imibuzo eholayo (enikeza impendulo) futhi azame ukudalula ukungavumelani, ubandlululo, noma izikhala ezisengqondweni. Ukuhlola okunekhono kungakuqeda ukuthembeka kofakazi, okumelwe abahluleli bakuhlole lapho befuna ukukukhipha.

Imithetho Yemithetho Yenkantolo

Ukuqulwa kungathatha izinsuku ezimbalwa kuya emasontweni ambalwa noma izinyanga. Umahluleli uzobiza amakhefu phakathi nosuku. Ngezikhathi zekhefu, abasizi bejaji bayalwa ukuba bangaxoxi ngecala kunoma ubani, kuhlanganise nabanye abajaji, kuze kube yilapho kuqala ukuhlobanisa, futhi baxwayiswa ukuba bagweme ukuhlanganisa imithombo yezindaba noma ukucwaninga nge-intanethi ngecala. Lo mthetho (ngokuvamile obizwa ngokuthi “ukungalawuleki kwethonya”) uphoqelelwa ukuba uvimbele ubandlululo olungafanele.

Amampikiswano Okuvala

Ngemva kokuba sekunikezwe bonke ubufakazi futhi kuphunyuke zombili izinhlangothi, umkhandlu ngamunye wenza impikiswano yokuphetha. Umshushisi noma ummangalelwa uhamba kuqala, ulandelwe yimpicabadala; umshushisi angase anikeze ukuphikisa. Izimpikiswano zokuvala ziyithuba lokugcina lokukholisa amajaji. Ama-Attney afingqa ubufakazi, aqokomisa amaqiniso ayinhloko, futhi achaze ukuthi kungani umthetho usekela isikhundla sekhasimende lawo. Uma ijaji lingase liphazamiseka uma ummeli ewuphula umthetho noma ubufakazi.

Iziqondiso Eziyimfihlo: UMthetho Osetshenziswayo

Ngaphambi kokuba abahluleli baqale ukuqagela, ijaji lifunda ngokuzwakalayo iziyalezo zejaji (elibizwa nangokuthi icala). Lezi ziyalezo zichaza izindinganiso zomthetho okumelwe zisetshenziswe emaqinisweni njengoba abahluleli bezithola. Ngokwesibonelo, ecaleni lobugebengu, umahluleli uzochaza ukuthi “kungangatshazwa ngokomthetho” futhi achaze izici zobugebengu. Endaweni yomphakathi, umahluleli uyofundisa ngomthwalo wobufakazi (ngokuvamile“kubekwa phambili kobufakazi”) nanoma yiziphi izimfundiso ezingokomthetho.

Kudingeka ukuba abahluleli balandele umthetho njengoba unikezwa, ngisho noma abahluleli ngabanye bengavumelani nawo. umahluleli unikeza nesiqondiso esiwusizo, njengokuthi ungasigcwalisa kanjani isinqumo.

Ukuzinqumela: Isikhathi SikaJury Sokunquma

Lapho beyaliwe, abasizi bejaji bathatha umhlala-khaya wegumbi lokuqulisa langasese. Isekela lenkantolo (i-bailiff) liqinisekisa ukuthi akekho ongena ngaphandle kwabaphathi bejaji. Emacaleni aphakeme e-profile, abahluleli bangacelwa ukuba bafakwe (bagcinwe ndawonye ehhotela) ukuze bavimbele ithonya langaphandle.

Indlela Isinqumo Esisebenza Ngayo

Inkululeko iyingxoxo ehlelwe kahle. Abasizi bakhetha umholi (noma umqondisi) ukuba aqondise ingxoxo futhi aqinisekise wonke umuntu ukuba abe nethuba lokukhuluma. Umphathi ugcina ingxoxo elandelanayo futhi angase asize ekusingatheni ukungaboni ngaso linye. Ijaji libukeze ubufakazi − kaningi lingacela ukubona izibonakaliso noma ukuba ufakazi ufundwe emuva. Baxoxa ngecala ngalinye noma impikiswano engokomthetho ngokwehlukana.

Lapho kucatshangelwa, kulindeleke ukuba abasizi bejaji:

  • Hlola ubufakazi nokuthembeka kofakazi
  • Sebenzisa iziyalezo ezingokomthetho ezinikezwa ijaji
  • Cabangela eminye imibono futhi uzame ukufinyelela izinto enivumelana ngazo
  • Hlala ungakhethi futhi uhloniphe imibono yabanye

Uma ijaji lenqaba ngamabomu noma lingabambisani nalo, umahluleli angase atshelwe, kodwa inkantolo ayivamile ukungenela ngaphandle kokuba kukhona ukuziphatha okubi.

Ukufinyelela Isigwebo

Ezindabeni zobugebengu, isinqumo kumelwe sihlangane: bonke abahluleli kumelwe bavumelane ngecala noma ngobumsulwa. Uma bengenakufinyelela ukungezwani ngemva kokubuzana okwengeziwe − ngokuvamile ijaji lingase libizwe ngokuthi “ijaji elidume” futhi umshushisi anganquma ukuthi angalilungisa yini icala. Ezindabeni zomphakathi, imibuso eminingi ivumela isinqumo esiningi (umk., 5 kweziyisithupha noma ezingu-9) uma amaqembu evuma kusengaphambili.

Uma isinqumo sesifinyelelwe, abahluleli bamisa i-camperf. umahluleli, amaqembu nabameli bahlangana enkantolo. Umphathi ufunda lesi sinqumo ngokuzwakalayo. Ijaji lingase lihlolwe futhi ngabanye ukuze liqinisekise isivumelwano sejaji ngalinye. Ngemva kwesinqumo, ijaji lingase libonge abahluleli, futhi inkonzo yabo iphele.

Izihloko Ezikhethekile Ezilingweni Zobujukuju

Ukuxutshwa Kwemisebe

Ukulahlwa kwecala kwenzeka lapho ijaji likhipha icala lommangalelwa naphezu kobufakazi becala ngoba abahluleli bekholwe ukuthi umthetho awulungile noma akufanele usetshenziswe kuleyondaba. Nakuba amajaji obuchwepheshe enamandla okuqeda, abahluleli abawazisi ngaleligunya, futhi abameli benqatshelwe ukuphikisana ngokuchitha. Kuseyisihloko esiphikisanayo, [1] abanye bawubheka njengokuhlolwa kwemithetho ecindezelayo, kuyilapho abanye bewubheka njengokwephula umthetho.

Ukuhlelwa Kwecala Nezingosi Eziphakeme

Ecaleni elithola ukunakekela okukhulu kwemithombo yezindaba, ijaji lingase liyale abahluleli ukuba bahlale bebodwa phakathi nokuqulwa kwecala futhi bahlongoze ukuthi bangatholani ukwaziswa okungaphandle. Ukuqulwa kungaba umthwalo kubasizi bejaji kodwa ngezinye izikhathi kudingekile ukuze balondoloze ubulungisa.

Indima Yomahluleli

Uma abahluleli benquma imibuzo eyiqiniso, umahluleli unquma imibuzo yomthetho, ufundisa abahluleli, futhi agcine ukuhleleka. Ebhentshini lokuqulwa kwecala (ayikho abahluleli), umahluleli unquma futhi amaqiniso. kodwa ecaleni labahluleli, umahluleli usebenza njengomkhokeli ongathathi hlangothi.

Amacebiso Okukhonza Njengesizungu

Uma ubizelwa emsebenzini wejaji, nakhu ukusikisela okuwusizo kokwenza okuhlangenwe nakho kwakha:

  • Zilungiselele ukunaka: Ukulingwa kungaba nobufakazi obude. Bhala amanothi uma kuvumelekile.
  • Unganciki ekwazisweni okungaphandle: Gwema ukubheka udaba, ukuvakashela indawo yesenzakalo, noma ukuxoxa nganoma ubani. Isinqumo sakho kumelwe sisekelwe kuphela kulokho okunikezwa enkantolo.
  • Zinye izinkantolo zivumela amajaji ukuba athumele imibuzo ebhaliwe yofakazi. Uma ungaqiniseki ngokuthile, buza umahluleli uma kufanele.
  • vumela ukuvuleka kwengqondo: Lalela bonke ubufakazi ngaphambi kokwakha umbono. Ukukhululeka kuyinqubo yeqembu; hlonipha eminye imibono.
  • Yazi amalungelo akho:[ Uma uzwa ukucindezela kwabanye abasizi bejaji noma uhlushwa, yazisa i-beliff noma umahluleli.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukuqonda Izindaba Zokuqulwa Kwecala

Inqubo yokuqulwa kwecala akuyona nje inqubo engokomthetho; iyinhlangano yentando yeningi enika izakhamuzi amandla okuhlanganyela ngokuqondile ebulungisani. Ngokuqonda izinyathelo ezisuka ekumezweni ukuya ekucazululeni, abantu bangafeza umsebenzi wabo ngokuqiniseka nangokuqonda. Othisha bangasebenzisa lolulwazi ukuze basize abafundi baqonde ukulinganisela phakathi kwamalungelo abo nawomsebenzi womphakathi. Ukuze bathole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngenkonzo yejaji, bavakashele [[FLT:] i-Fudiary Judiary ikhasi lenkonzo yejaji lejaji noma [[FLT:] i-National Center for State Courters Courters ].

Lapho uthola isimemo sabhá, uyokwazi kahle ukuthi yini okufanele uyilindele — futhi kungani indima yakho njengomsizi wejaji ingenye yemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu emphakathini okhululekile.